Dysfunction of type 1 and type 2 immune cells: a lesson from exhausted-like ILC2s and their activation-induced cell death.
Int Immunol
; 2024 May 24.
Article
in En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-38788198
ABSTRACT
The concept of immune cell exhaustion/dysfunction has developed mainly to understand impaired type 1 immune responses especially by CD8 T cells against tumors or virus-infected cells and has been applied to other lymphocytes. Natural killer (NK) cells and CD4 T cells support the efficient activation of CD8 T cells but exhibit a dysfunctional phenotype in tumor microenvironments and in chronic virus infections. In contrast, the concept of type 2 immune cell exhaustion/dysfunction is poorly established. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and T-helper 2 (Th2) cells are the major lymphocyte subsets that initiate and expand type 2 immune responses for antiparasitic immunity or allergy. In mouse models of chronic parasitic worm infections, Th2 cells display impaired type 2 immune responses. Chronic airway allergy induces exhausted-like ILC2s that quickly fall into activation-induced cell death to suppress exaggerated inflammation. Thus, the modes of exhaustion/dysfunction are quite diverse and rely on the types of inflammation and the cells. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of lymphocyte exhaustion/dysfunction in the context of type 1 and type 2 immune responses and discuss ILC2-specific regulatory mechanisms during chronic allergy.
Full text:
1
Collection:
01-internacional
Database:
MEDLINE
Language:
En
Journal:
Int Immunol
Journal subject:
ALERGIA E IMUNOLOGIA
Year:
2024
Type:
Article
Affiliation country:
Japan