Tumor Microenvironment before and after Chemoradiation in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Beyond PD-L1.

BACKGROUND: In locally advanced rectal cancer treatment, neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiation therapy (cCRT) is the standard of care. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex entity comprising of tumor cells, immune cells and surrounding stroma and is closely associated with tumor growth and survival, response to antitumor therapies and also resistance to treatment. We aimed to assess the change in biomarkers associated with TME following standard neoadjuvant cCRT in rectal cancer. METHODS: We accessed archival tissue from rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant cCRT at Allegheny Health Network (AHN) facilities over the past 14 years. Pre-treatment and post-treatment biopsies were assayed for PD-L1, CD8+ T-cells, CXCL9, TIM-3, IDO-1, IFN-G, IL17RE, LAG-3, and OX40 in 41 patients. RESULTS: We found statistically significant upregulation in multiple biomarkers namely CD8, IL17RE, LAG3 and OX40 post neoadjuvant cCRT and a trend towards upregulation, although not statistically significant, in biomarkers PD-L1, CXCL9, TIM-3, IDO-1 and IFN-G expression. CONCLUSIONS: This provides a glimpse into the TME before and after neoadjuvant cCRT. We suggest that the biomarkers noted to be upregulated could be used for designing appropriate clinical trials and development of therapeutic targeted drug therapy in an effort to achieve better response to neoadjuvant therapy, increasing clinical and pathological complete response rates and improved overall outcomes.