Novel AI-Based Algorithm for the Automated Measurement of Cervical Sagittal Balance Parameters. A Validation Study on Pre- and Postoperative Radiographs of 129 Patients.

ABSTRACT

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, mono-centric cohort research study. OBJECTIVES: The analysis of cervical sagittal balance parameters is essential for preoperative planning and dependent on the physician's experience. A fully automated artificial intelligence-based algorithm could contribute to an objective analysis and save time. Therefore, this algorithm should be validated in this study. METHODS: Two surgeons measured C2-C7 lordosis, C1-C7 Sagittal Vertical Axis (SVA), C2-C7-SVA, C7-slope and T1-slope in pre- and postoperative lateral cervical X-rays of 129 patients undergoing anterior cervical surgery. All parameters were measured twice by surgeons and compared to the measurements by the AI algorithm consisting of 4 deep convolutional neural networks. Agreement between raters was quantified, among other metrics, by mean errors and single measure intraclass correlation coefficients for absolute agreement. RESULTS: ICC-values for intra- (range .92-1.0) and inter-rater (.91-1.0) reliability reflect excellent agreement between human raters. The AI-algorithm could determine all parameters with excellent ICC-values (preop0.80-1.0; postop0.86-.99). For a comparison between the AI algorithm and 1 surgeon, mean errors were smallest for C1-C7 SVA (preop -.3 mm (95% CI-.6 to -.1 mm), post .3 mm (.0-.7 mm)) and largest for C2-C7 lordosis (preop-2.2° (-2.9 to -1.6°), postop 2.3°(-3.0 to -1.7°)). The automatic measurement was possible in 99% and 98% of pre- and postoperative images for all parameters except T1 slope, which had a detection rate of 48% and 51% in pre- and postoperative images. CONCLUSION: This study validates that an AI-algorithm can reliably measure cervical sagittal balance parameters automatically in patients suffering from degenerative spinal diseases. It may simplify manual measurements and autonomously analyze large-scale datasets. Further studies are required to validate the algorithm on a larger and more diverse patient cohort.