Sex differences in the association between the muscle quality index and the incidence of depression: A cross-sectional study.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Depression presents significant challenges to mental health care. Although physical activity is highly beneficial to mental and physical health, relatively few studies have conducted on the relationship between them. AIM: To investigate the association between muscle quality index (MQI) and incidence of depression. METHODS: The data used in this cross-sectional study were obtained from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, which included information on MQI, depression, and confounding factors. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed, while taking into account the complex multi-stage sampling design. A restricted cubic spline model was utilized to investigate the non-linear relationship between the MQI and depression. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed to identify influential factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression in this population was 8.44%. With the adjusted model, the MQI was associated with depression in females (odds ratio = 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.49-0.95) but not in males (odds ratio = 1.08, 95% confidence interval 0.77-1.52). Restricted cubic spline adjustment of all covariates showed a significant negative non-linear relationship between depression and the MQI in females. The observed trend indicated an 80% decrease in the risk of depression for each unit increase in MQI, until a value of 2.2. Subsequently, when the MQI exceeded 2.2, the prevalence of depression increased by 20% for every unit increase in the MQI. Subgroup analyses further confirmed that the MQI was negatively associated with depression. CONCLUSION: The MQI was inversely correlated with depression in females but not males, suggesting that females with a higher MQI might decrease the risk of depression.