Práticas de enfermagem: contexto ambiental e a relação com o materialismo histórico dialético / Nursing practices: environmental context and the relationship with dialectical historical materialism / Prácticas de enfermería: contexto ambiental y la relación con el materialismo histórico dialéctico

Objetivo: Descrever as práticas dos enfermeiros em nossa sociedade e sob as circunstâncias que podem contribuir para a inclusão das práticas avançadas. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa e delineamento transversal, sob a perspectiva da teoria do materialismo histórico-dialético de Karl Marx, estruturada pela utilização do instrumento COREQ. Resultados: O campo de atuação do enfermeiro na atenção primária à saúde é diversificado, extrapola os muros do consultório. Muitas vezes o dinamismo das atividades traduz o empenho de obter os melhores resultados por meio de sua assistência. E o materialismo histórico-dialético reflete justamente a busca por uma assistência de qualidade e as mudanças no ambiente laboral, onde a interação de diversos fatores contribuem de forma direta no ambiente laboral e social. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros da atenção primária à saúde brasileira atuam nos mais diversos territórios, desse modo, precisam dinamizar os seus atendimentos para contemplar as necessidades sociais. Perante esses aspectos, as diversidades sociodemográficas brasileiras demonstraram que a escassez de recursos em regiões remotas é um dos fatores que fortalece a inclusão das práticas avançadas de enfermagem na atenção primária à saúde no Brasil. (AU)

Objective: To describe the practices of nurses in our society and under circumstances that may contribute to the inclusion of advanced practices. Methods: Descriptive study, with a qualitative approach and cross-sectional design, from the perspective of Karl Marx's dialectical historical materialism theory, structured by using the COREQ instrument. Results: The nurse's field of action in primary health care is diverse, it goes beyond the walls of the office. Often the dynamism of activities translates the effort to obtain the best results through their assistance. And dialectical historical materialism precisely reflects the search for quality care and changes in the work environment, where the interaction of several factors directly contribute to the work and social environment. Conclusion: Brazilian primary health care nurses work in the most diverse territories, therefore, they need to streamline their care to address social needs. In view of these aspects, Brazilian sociodemographic diversity has shown that the scarcity of resources in remote regions is one of the factors that strengthens the inclusion of advanced nursing practices in primary health care in Brazil. (AU)

Objetivo: Describir las prácticas de los enfermeros en nuestra sociedad y en circunstancias que puedan contribuir a la inclusión de prácticas avanzadas. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, con enfoque cualitativo y diseño transversal, desde la perspectiva de la teoría del materialismo histórico dialéctico de Karl Marx, estructurado mediante el uso del instrumento COREQ. Resultados: El campo de actuación del enfermero en la atención primaria de salud es diverso, va más allá de las paredes del consultorio. Muchas veces el dinamismo de las actividades se traduce en el esfuerzo por obtener los mejores resultados a través de su asistencia. Y el materialismo histórico dialéctico refleja precisamente la búsqueda de cuidados de calidad y cambios en el ambiente laboral, donde la interacción de varios factores contribuyen directamente al ambiente laboral y social. Conclusión: Las enfermeras brasileñas de atención primaria de salud actúan en los más diversos territorios, por lo tanto, necesitan optimizar su atención para atender las necesidades sociales. Frente a estos aspectos, la diversidad sociodemográfica brasileña ha demostrado que la escasez de recursos en regiones remotas es uno de los factores que fortalece la inclusión de prácticas avanzadas de enfermería en la atención primaria de salud en Brasil. (AU)

Norwegian pre-service teacher students' and public health nursing students' views on health - a qualitative study of students' perceptions.

PURPOSE: In 2020, the Norwegian school curriculum was revised, introducing a new cross-curricular subject, Public Health, and Life Skills. The curriculum emphasizes collaboration between teachers and the school health service. Subsequently, a research project, Literacies for Health and Life Skills, was initiated at Oslo Metropolitan University. The aim was to develop a new approach to the subject. A part of the research was to explore perceptions about good and poor health among teacher students and public health nursing students. METHODS: This study has a qualitative design using auto-photography, group discussions and photo-elicitation interviews as methods to explore the students' views on health. RESULTS: A analysis revealed three themes about good health in both student groups: Relaxation and tranquillity, belonging and relations, and enjoyment as important to health. Three themes about poor health emerged in both student groups: The ideal body and self-perception, you are as healthy as you feel, and the best in life is also the worst. The students' statements were characterized by underlying assumptions about health in society, with a focus on "healthism". No major differences between the student groups were found. CONCLUSION: This study serves as a step towards increased understanding of health perceptions among future professionals working with children and adolescents.

The effect of case-based teaching method on professional competence and clinical decision-making levels of public health nursing students: A sequential explanatory mixed-methods study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of case-based teaching method applied to fourth year nursing students on their professional competence and clinical decision-making levels. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental design study with a sequential-exploratory mixed-method approach. SAMPLE: 64 nursing students enrolled in the Public Health Nursing course. METHODS: A case-based teaching program was applied to the students that cover the topics of the Public Health Nursing course. Quantitative phase data were collected with the Clinical Decision Making in Nursing Scale and Nursing Students' Competence Scale. For the qualitative part, focus group interviews were conducted with a Structured Interview Form. RESULTS: It was determined that the total and subscale posttest scores of the students increased significantly compared to their pretest scores (p < .001). A moderate positive correlation was found between the total scores received from the scale and a significant positive correlation was found between researching information and adopting new information impartially and all sub-dimensions except care (p < .05). Three main themes emerged from the focus group interviews conducted after the case-based teaching method experience: usefulness, limitations, and improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Case-based teaching method is effective on students' professional competence and clinical decision-making scores. Students' professional competence levels positively affect their clinical decision-making levels.

The development and challenges of public health nursing education in China from 1912 to 1949: A historical study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the development and challenges of public health nursing education in China during the period of the Republic of China (1912-1949). METHODS: This study utilized a historical research design that combined a social framework and a policy framework to explore the early history of public health nursing education in China. Historical data were collected from periodicals, newspapers, archives, books and other sources. RESULTS: Public health was integrated into the nursing school curriculum for the first time during the period of the Republic of China, and health facilities and nursing schools conducted early explorations of public health nurse training. However, public health nursing education faced difficulties in terms of the curriculum, personnel training, and the localization of education. CONCLUSIONS: The achievements and difficulties associated with public health nursing education in China during the period of the Republic of China provide a historical reference for the integration of public health into current basic nursing education and the compatibility between the training of public health nurses and practical needs. Comparative studies of early public health nursing education across countries are expected to offer a better understanding of current public health nursing education.

The use of Community/Public Health Nursing Competencies during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: (1) Ascertain the use of the Quad Council Competencies for Community/Public Health Nursing (QCC-C/PHN) Competencies by community/public health nurses (C/PHNs) during the COVID-19 pandemic; (2) Inform from a systems-level the need to sustain the C/PHN workforce; (3) Assess the C/PHN infrastructure for response capacity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. Statewide email distribution lists were used for dissemination. SAMPLE: Convenience sample (n = 169) obtained using emailed Qualtrics link with the eligibility criteria of self-identification as a C/PHN who works in the state of Missouri. MEASUREMENTS: Demographic questions included employment sector, nursing education level, years of nursing, and C/PHN experience. Two Likert-type questions and one optional open-text question were created for the eight domains. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-nine participants' data were analyzed. One hundred fifty-four were employed in a local public health agency. Total 63.2% held a bachelor's degree in nursing or higher. The average number of years of nurse experience was 20.84, and C/PHN experience was 9.84. The domain of Communication Skills scored highest and Cultural Competency was the lowest. Three themes emerged from the open-ended questions including vulnerabilities of the public health system. CONCLUSION: Understanding the experiences of C/PHNs in Missouri related to the utilization of QCC-C/PHN competencies informs efforts to strengthen public health infrastructure and target resources to equip Missouri's C/PHNs.

Prediction of drinking water quality with machine learning models: A public health nursing approach.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to use machine learning models to predict drinking water quality from a public health nursing approach. DESIGN: Machine learning study. SAMPLE: "Water Quality Dataset" was used in the study. The dataset contains physical and chemical measurements of water quality for 2400 different water bodies. The process consists of four stages: Data processing with Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique, hyperparameter tuning with 10-fold cross-validation, modeling and comparative analysis. 80% of the dataset is allocated as training data and 20% as test data. ML models logistic regression, K-nearest neighbor, support vector machine, random forest, XGBoost, AdaBoost Classifier, Decision Tree algorithms were used for water quality prediction. Accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and AUC performance metrics of ML models were compared. To evaluate the performance of the models, 10-fold cross-validation was used and a comparative analysis was performed. The p-values of the models were also compared. RESULTS: N this study, where drinking water quality was predicted with seven different ML algorithms, it can be said that XGBoost and Random Forest are the best classification models in all performance metrics. There is a significant difference in all ML algorithms according to the p-value. The H0 hypothesis is accepted for these algorithms. According to the H0 hypothesis, there is no difference between actual values and predicted values. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the use of ML models in the prediction of drinking water quality can help nurses greatly improve access to clean water, a human right, be more knowledgeable about water quality, and protect the health of individuals.

Evidence of validity of the Smoking Cessation Counseling scale - Brazilian version / Evidencias de validez de la escala Smoking Cessation Counseling - versión brasileña / Evidências de validade da escala Smoking Cessation Counseling - versão brasileira

Objective: to evaluate the evidence of validity of the internal structure and reliability of the Brazilian version of the Smoking Cessation Counseling instrument Method: psychometric study of confirmatory factor analysis and reliability carried out on 250 nurses in clinical practice. For the analysis of the convergent validity of the factor model, Average Variance Extracted values were calculated, and discriminant analysis was carried out using the Fornell-Larcker criterion. Reliability was examined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability Results: it was necessary to exclude seven items from the Advanced Counseling domain and one item from the Basic Counseling domain in order to properly obtain the Average Variance Extracted values and the Fornell-Larcker criterion. The composite reliability ranged from 0.76 to 0.86 and the overall Cronbach`s alpha coefficient was 0.86, ranging from 0.53 to 0.84 depending on the domain assessed. The final version of the instrument was made up of 16 items divided into 4 domains Conclusion: the Brazilian version of Smoking Cessation Counseling obtained adequate psychometric evidence of validity and reliability. Further studies are needed to refine the instrument.

Objetivo: evaluar las evidencias de validez de la estructura interna y de la confiabilidad de la versión brasileña del instrumento Smoking Cessation Counseling. Método: estudio psicométrico de análisis factorial confirmatorio y de confiabilidad realizado en 250 enfermeras de la práctica clínica. Para el análisis de la validez convergente del modelo factorial se calcularon valores de Average Variance Extracted, el análisis discriminante se realizó mediante el criterio de Fornell-Larcker. La confiabilidad se examinó por el coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach y por la confiabilidad compuesta. Resultados: fue necesaria la exclusión de siete ítems del dominio de Asesoramiento avanzado y un ítem del dominio Asesoramiento básico para obtener adecuadamente los valores de Average Variance Extracted y del criterio de Fornell-Larcker. La confiabilidad compuesta varió de 0,76 a 0,86 y el coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach global alcanzado fue de 0,86, variando de 0,53 a 0,84 dependiendo del dominio evaluado. Se obtuvo la versión final del instrumento compuesto de 16 ítems distribuidos en 4 dominios. Conclusión: la versión brasileña de Smoking Cessation Counseling obtuvo adecuadas evidencias psicométricas de validez y confiabilidad. Estudios posteriores serán necesarios para el refinamiento del instrumento.

Objetivo: avaliar as evidências de validade da estrutura interna e da confibialidade da versão brasileira do instrumento Smoking Cessation Counseling Método: estudo psicométrico de análise fatorial confirmatória e de confiabilidade realizado em 250 enfermeiras da prática clínica. Para a análise da validade convergente do modelo fatorial foram calculados valores de Average Variance Extracted , a análise discriminante foi realizada pelo critério de Fornell-Larcker. A confiabilidade foi examinada pelo coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach e pela confiabilidade composta Resultados: foi necessária a exclusão de sete itens do domínio de Aconselhamento avançado e um item do domínio Aconselhamento básico para obtenção adequada dos valores de Average Variance Extracted e do critério de Fornell-Larcker. A confiabilidade composta variou de 0,76 a 0,86 e o coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach global alcançado foi de 0,86, variando de 0,53 a 0,84 a depender do domínio avaliado. Obteve-se a versão final do instrumento composto de 16 itens distribuídos em quatro domínios Conclusão: a versão brasileira da Smoking Cessation Counseling obteve adequadas evidências psicométricas de validade e de confiabilidade. Estudos posteriores serão necessários para o refinamento do instrumento.

[Relationship between the number of public health nurses and the total number of people receiving home-visit nursing services for mental health/intractable diseases, and those numbers' regional differences].

Objectives　The primary aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the number of public health nurses (PHNs) and the total number of people who received home-visit nursing services for mental health or intractable diseases. The secondary aim was to clarify the extent of regional differences in the number of PNHs and mental health or intractable diseases.Methods　This study used the total number of people who received home-visit nursing services for mental health or intractable diseases in 2019 from the Portal Site of Official Statistics of Japan (e-Stat) and population and area data in January 2020. Single and multiple regression analyses (covariates: population and area) were performed on the relationship between the number of PHNs per 100,000 population (abbreviated as "ratios of PHNs") and the total number of people who received home-visit nursing services for mental health or intractable diseases per 100,000 population (abbreviated as "mental health/intractable disease achievements"). Regional differences in ratios of PHNs and mental health/intractable disease achievement were examined using mean, standard deviation, maximum/minimum values, and Gini coefficients. Analyses were performed for each of the five units: the prefectures as a whole, prefectural public health centers, municipalities within the jurisdiction of prefectural public health centers, and cities in which public health centers are established (including or not including special wards).Results　Regression analyses indicated a positive relationship between the ratios of PHNs and mental health/intractable disease achievements. Multiple regression analysis indicated that both achievements were positively associated with population size and negatively associated with area size. The largest regression coefficients between the ratios of PHNs and achievements were 34.07 and 5.48 regarding mental health achievements and intractable disease achievements, respectively. For regional differences, the smallest Gini coefficient was the ratios of PHNs, and the largest was intractable disease achievements. The smallest and largest coefficient of the prefectures as a whole was 0.15 and 0.34, respectively. The maximum/minimum values of the prefectures as a whole also indicated that the smallest was 3.8 in the ratio of PHNs and the largest was 30.0 in intractable disease achievement.Conclusions　Increasing number of PHNs is needed to provide more home-visit nursing services for mental health and intractable diseases. It is particularly important to fill up the larger number of PHNs in smaller populations or larger area prefectures. Due to regional differences in the home-visit nursing service, it is important to promote the increase in the level of these activities.

Conhecimentos dos educadores do pré-escolar e professores do 1º ciclo do ensino básico sobre os maus-tratos a crianças e as suas atitudes face à sinalização / Pre-school teachers' and primary school teachers' knowledge of child abuse and their attitudes towards reporting it

Introdução: O presente Relatório Final de Estágio é o culminar de um percurso de formação que reflete a aquisição de competências comuns e específicas do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Comunitária, na área de Enfermagem de Saúde Comunitária e de Saúde Pública, com a elaboração de um projeto de intervenção para educadores do pré-escolar e professores do 1º ciclo do ensino básico. Segundo o Relatório Anual da Atividade da CPCJ de Coimbra de 2021, as entidades que mais comunicaram situações de perigo foram as autoridades policiais, seguido de anónimos, escolas e, o Ministério Público. A nível nacional, as escolas são as segundas entidades que mais sinalizam, porém, no município de Coimbra apenas sinalizaram 11,96% dos casos. Entende-se que se esteja perante uma questão de subsinalização por parte das escolas, sendo este um local de eleição para a deteção precoce de maus-tratos. Objetivos: caracterizar os contextos de estágio; descrever e refletir sobre as atividades desenvolvidas para a aquisição de competências Especializadas em Enfermagem de Saúde Comunitária e de Saúde Pública; avaliar os conhecimentos dos educadores/professores sobre maus-tratos infantis e as suas atitudes face à sinalização. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, transversal, com educadores do pré-escolar e professores do 1º ciclo do ensino básico do Agrupamento de Escolas Coimbra Sul (N=34). Foi aplicada a EAtEMtl e a ?Checklist para reconhecimento do educador de possível mau trato infantil?. Resultados: espera-se que as competências adquiridas contribuam para um crescimento pessoal e profissional e forneçam oportunidades de intervenção na área da enfermagem comunitária e de saúde pública com ganhos em saúde para as comunidades. Sobre os resultados do estudo: os educadores/professores possuem mais conhecimentos sobre maus-tratos físicos; é na tipologia de maus-tratos psicológicos que têm menos conhecimentos sobre os sinais de suspeita; foram detetados mais sinais de suspeita ao nível da negligência e menos ao nível dos maus-tratos físicos; os educadores/professores apresentam atitudes concordantes com a sinalização dos maus-tratos e discordantes quanto à autoridade parental abusiva e punição física.

Japanese public health nurses classified based on empathy and secondary traumatic stress: variable-centered and person-centered approaches.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare providers frequently help traumatized people and are regularly exposed to indirect trauma from their work, resulting in negative psychological responses, such as secondary traumatic stress. Empathy has been associated with patient's quality of care and secondary traumatic stress among healthcare providers. However, the relationship between dispositional empathy and secondary traumatic stress has not been fully elucidated. This study used person- and variable-centered approaches to explore the nature of this relationship. METHODS: A total of 1,006 Japanese public health nurses working in the Tohoku region and Saitama prefecture completed questionnaires that included scales assessing dispositional empathy, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout. First, we examined predictors of secondary traumatic stress using multiple linear regression analysis. Then, we conducted a latent profile analysis to classify participants into unique groups based on four subscales of dispositional empathy (i.e., empathic concern, perspective taking, personal distress, fantasy) and secondary traumatic stress. Finally, we compared the mean values of the study variables across these groups. RESULTS: The multiple regression indicated that in those working in Saitama prefecture, lifetime traumatic experiences, work-related distress, and personal distress were positively related to secondary traumatic stress, but perceived support was negatively related to secondary traumatic stress. Latent profile analysis extracted four unique subgroups. Group 1 displayed the highest secondary traumatic stress levels. Group 2 was characterized by the highest level of empathic concern, personal distress, and fantasy and the lowest perspective taking. Group 3 had a moderate secondary traumatic stress level. Group 4 had the lowest secondary traumatic stress and personal distress scores. In these four groups, the burnout scale (exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy) showed a pattern similar to the secondary traumatic stress scale. CONCLUSIONS: Our person-centered approach showed that this sample of public health nurses could be classified into four unique groups based on their empathy and secondary traumatic stress scores. Although this group of public health nurses was not large, one group displayed high personal distress levels and high secondary traumatic stress levels. Further research is needed to determine effective interventions for this group.

[Perception of Public Health Nurses on Health Foods and Utilization of Health Food Informationduring Specific Health Guidance].

This study aimed to investigate the awareness of public health nurses (PHNs) regarding health foods and the actual utilization of health food-related information in specific health guidance. A questionnaire survey among PHNs working in municipalities in Kagoshima Prefecture (n=170, response rate; 41.5%) was conducted in September 2022. As a result, 39.4% of the PHNs had experience using health foods, and 43.5% consulted about health food from local residents. Major topics of consultation included effectiveness (78.4%) and drug interactions (35.1%). Approximately 10.2% of the PHNs always confirm the use of health food during specific health guidance, while 41.6% did not ever check. Additionally, 36.3% of the PHN were aware of the obligation to report adverse events caused by health foods to the prefectural governments and Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. The present study showed that recognition and intelligibility on health foods varied among PHNs. Therefore, knowledge acquisition on safety and efficacy is needed for proper use of health foods.

Prevenção do risco associado à polimedicação e gestão segura do regime terapêutico no domicílio / Prevention of the risk associated with polymedication and safe management of the therapeutic regimen at home

Este relatório reporta-se à prática clínica desenvolvida na Unidade de Saúde Pública ? Polo Figueira da Foz e na Unidade de Cuidados na Comunidade Torre de Sinos. Numa abordagem inicial identificou-se como problema de saúde prioritário a polimedicação e a gestão do regime terapêutico no domicílio. Nos utentes abrangidos pela Unidade de Cuidados na Comunidade Torre de Sinos observa-se um envelhecimento crescente e um aumento da esperança média de vida, verificando-se consequentemente um aumento de patologias relacionadas com a idade e do consumo elevado de medicação. É competência específica do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Comunitária e de Saúde Pública o processo de capacitação de grupos/comunidade, assim, delineou-se e implementou-se o projeto de melhoria contínua da qualidade dos cuidados ?PoliSegura?: Prevenção do risco associado à Polimedicação e gestão segura do regime terapêutico no domicílio, dirigido às pessoas dependentes e polimedicadas e seus cuidadores informais, abrangidos pela Unidade de Cuidados na Comunidade Torre de Sinos. Para conhecer as estratégias em uso pelos cuidadores informais e/ou pessoas polimedicadas, as suas necessidades e dificuldades, e identificar potenciais riscos na gestão cotidiana da utilização em simultâneo de diversos medicamentos, realizou-se um estudo exploratório. Identificaram-se como ?Estratégias de gestão da polimedicação? o ?Acondicionamento individualizado dos medicamentos?, o ?Planeamento das tomas dos medicamentos?, e o ?Suporte escrito de gestão das tomas dos medicamentos?. Como ?Necessidades sentidas?, surgiram o ?Apoio profissional? e o ?Suporte familiar?. As ?Dificuldades sentidas? surgiram exclusivamente entre os cuidadores informais, nomeadamente o ?Desgaste emocional? e a ?Sobreposição de papeis?. Como ?Riscos de segurança medicamentosa?, identificaram-se a ?Deficiente identificação dos medicamentos e do seu efeito medicamentoso?, o ?Deficiente controle da toma dos medicamentos? e ?Erros e omissões na toma dos medicamentos?. Tendo como referenciais teóricos orientadores o Modelo da Diversidade e Universalidade do Cuidado Cultural de Leininger, e os pressupostos da Literacia em Saúde, elaborou-se o Guia de Intervenção de Enfermagem, construiu-se um Protocolo de articulação para a sinalização de utentes no âmbito da prevenção do risco associado à Polimedicação e gestão segura do regime terapêutico no domicílio, e efetuou-se parceria com Farmácia de Miranda do Corvo.

Conhecimentos e atitudes dos encarregados de educação e educadores de infância das crianças em idade pré-escolar acerca da prevenção do abuso sexual / Knowledge and attitudes of parents and kindergarten teachers about the prevention of sexual abuse

Enquadramento: Este relatório representa o trabalho desenvolvido ao longo da componente clínica de Mestrado da área específica de Enfermagem de Saúde Comunitária e de Saúde Pública, no qual foi, também, conduzido um projeto de investigação na área do abuso sexual de crianças/jovens. Este é um grave problema de violência, que se traduz numa experiência adversa na infância com consequências para a saúde física, mental e comportamental. É reconhecido que os pais e outros cuidadores desempenham um papel fundamental na prevenção do abuso sexual, contudo, em Portugal é escassa a investigação neste âmbito. Objetivos: Caracterizar os contextos clínicos onde decorreu o estágio; Contribuir para a redução de casos de abuso sexual de crianças e jovens; Caracterizar conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas de educação de pais/encarregados de educação, e conhecimentos e atitudes das educadoras de infância, acerca da prevenção do abuso sexual de crianças; Descrever as atividades realizadas em estágio e refletir sobre o seu contributo para o desenvolvimento das competências do enfermeiro especialista. Metodologia: O estudo de investigação conduzido foi do tipo transversal exploratório, de carácter descritivo e correlacional. Pais/encarregados de educação e educadores de infância das escolas selecionados de um concelho do centro de Portugal foram convidados a participar no estudo. Os questionários foram disponibilizados em Formulário Google ou em papel. Os dados foram analisados no SPSS, recorrendo a estatística descritiva e correlacional. Resultados: A investigação conduzida demostrou que, apesar, dos elevados níveis de conhecimento e atitudes positivas acerca da prevenção do abuso sexual dos pais/encarregados de educação e dos educadores de infância, há ainda algumas lacunas para as quais é necessário planear intervenções. Conclusão: As atividades realizadas durante a componente clínica possibilitaram mobilizar conhecimentos e habilidades que vão ao encontro das competências comuns e das competências específicas do Enfermeiro Especialista na área de Enfermagem de Saúde Comunitária e de Saúde Pública. Da componente de investigação emergiu a necessidade de realizar mais investigação, em Portugal, na área em apreço e implementar intervenções que permitam colmatar as lacunas identificadas ao nível dos conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas educativas dos pais/encarregados de educação e educadores de infância acerca da prevenção do abuso sexual.

Capacitar para cuidar de pessoas com Demência / Training to care for people with Dementia

Este Relatório foi elaborado durante o Estágio com Relatório Final, realizado na USP- UL Anadia e UCC Celas, e descreve o percurso de aquisição e desenvolvimento de competências especificas de Enfermagem Comunitária e de Saúde Publica. Baseado no referencial teórico MAIEC e Literacia em Saúde da OMS, delineou-se o Projeto de Intervenção na Comunidade ?Capacitar para cuidar de pessoas com demência?, direcionado aos CF que integram ERPI e Serviços de Apoio Domiciliário das IPSS, da área geográfica de abrangência da UCCC. Com o objetivo geral, capacitar os CF sobre práticas promotoras de saúde e bem-estar das pessoas com demência institucionalizadas, realizou-se um estudo exploratório, descritivo e transversal, sobre os seus conhecimentos sobre a doença, e necessidades sentidas relativamente á assistência prestada. Decorreu de junho de 2022 a fevereiro 2023, numa ERPI do concelho de Coimbra. A amostra foi constituída por 15 CF da ERPI. Os dados recolheram-se através de questionário constituído por variáveis sociodemográficas, profissionais e formativas, e a ECDA, aplicado em dois momentos: pré e pós programa formativo. Os resultados demonstram um perfil de cuidadores com idade média de 50,77 anos, níveis de escolaridade variando entre Ensino Secundário (46%), o 3ª Ciclo (27%), o Ensino Superior (13%), e o 2º e o 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (7% cada). Dos CF 53% não tinha formação adequada às suas funções antes de trabalhar na instituição. A principal dificuldade, sentida pela maioria dos CF, relaciona-se com a estimulação cognitiva e física da pessoa com demência. Acerca dos seus conhecimentos sobre a demência, os resultados da ECDA revelaram uma média de 19,2 respostas corretas antes do programa formativo, com 73,3% dos CF a responder erradamente a 10 ou mais questões, aumentando a média de respostas corretas (24,8) após o programa formativo. O programa formativo aumentou os conhecimentos dos CF sobre demências. Aumentar a LS dos CF através de programas formativos, pode contribuir para fornecer cuidados eficazes às pessoas com Demência institucionalizadas. O EEECSP, pelas suas competências especificas, assume um papel fulcral na liderança dos processos de capacitação de grupos e comunidades, e na intervenção comunitária dirigida a grupos com maior vulnerabilidade.

Cuidar (com)sigo: Características e dificuldades dos cuidadores informais / Caring (with)me: Characteristics and difficulties of informal carers

O presente Relatório de Estágio, reporta-se ao Estágio de Enfermagem Comunitária e de Saúde Pública, realizado no âmbito do I Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem Comunitária ? área de enfermagem de Saúde Comunitária e de Saúde Pública da Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra (ESEnfC). Nele consta a descrição e reflexão das atividades desenvolvidas ao longo do estágio, bem como a forma como estas contribuíram para o desenvolvimento de competências específicas do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Comunitária e de Saúde Pública. O documento reflete ainda as componentes de investigação e intervenção previstas para esta unidade curricular, cuja área de trabalho foram os Cuidadores Informais (CI). Há várias décadas que se verifica uma tendência de envelhecimento demográfico na Europa, e Portugal acompanha essa tendência. O envelhecimento e o aumento da dependência da população implicam a necessidade crescente da prestação de cuidados no domicílio por familiares (Melo, Rua & Santos, 2014). Esse envelhecimento é ainda mais relevante no concelho de Cantanhede, com um índice de envelhecimento que é superior à média nacional em 85 pontos percentuais. Torna-se assim evidente, a necessidade de estudar os CI, conhecer as suas necessidades efetivas, melhorando a resposta nos cuidados e intervenções e promovendo a sua eficácia e eficiência. Assim, o estudo de investigação tem como objetivos: Caracterizar os CI e utentes a quem prestam cuidados; identificar as principais dificuldades dos CI, aplicando o Carers? Assessment of Difficulties Index (CADI); identificar as estratégias de coping dos CI, aplicando o Carers? Assessment of Managing Index (CAMI); avaliar a sobrecarga dos cuidadores através da Escala da Sobrecarga do Cuidador (ESC); identificar fatores associados à sobrecarga dos CI; estudar a relação entre algumas das variáveis; propor intervenções adequadas às necessidades dos CI. Foi ainda desenhado um projeto de intervenção ? ?Linha de apoio ao Cuidador Informal?, que adequa as intervenções de enfermagem às necessidades da população-alvo, permitindo assim uma resposta mais eficaz e eficiente.

Critical consciousness of public health nurses: A descriptive, comparative survey.

BACKGROUND: Public Health Nurses (PHN) caring for vulnerable populations amid systemic inequality must navigate complex situations, and consequently they may experience serious moral distress known to be detrimental to PHN wellbeing. OBJECTIVE: Given PHN awareness of social inequities, the study aimed to determine if PHNs were motivated to enact social change and engage in social and political action to address inequality. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: A survey of 173 PHNs was conducted in fall 2022. The convenience sample was mainly female (96.5%), White (85%), had associate/bachelor's degrees (71.7%), and worked in governmental public health settings (70.7%). MEASURE: The study employed the Short Critical Consciousness Scales' subscales: Critical Reflection, Critical Motivation, and Critical Action. RESULTS: PHNs were highly motivated to address inequities (Critical Motivation = 20.83; SD = 3.16), with similarly high awareness (Critical Reflection = 17.89; SD = 5.18). However, social and political action scores were much lower (Critical Action = 7.13; SD = 2.63). A subgroup of PHNs with strong agreement regarding the impact of poverty were more likely to be younger (p = .039) and work in a community setting (p = .003); with higher scores across subscales (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: High critical reflection and motivation among PHNs aligned with literature. Lower Critical Action scores warrant investigation into validity for PHNs, and possible role constraints.

[Comparison and clarification of public health and public health nursing competencies: A report of the Committee on Public Health Nursing (2017-2018)].

Objectives　The Committee on Public Health Nursing (2017-2018) of the Japanese Society of Public Health aimed to elucidate the competencies of public health and public health nursing to provide basic materials for public health, public health nursing education, practice, and research.Methods　We studied the core competencies of public health professionals and public health nursing in the United States and examined similarities to and differences from those in Japan.Results　The United States and Japan shared similar public health and public health nursing competencies in that they targeted populations, identified health problems, and clarified health challenges for effective actions. However, differences were noted in the understanding of target groups, perspectives for identifying health problems and overcoming health challenges, and conceptualization of individuals in populations. In public health, the target population practiced clear boundaries, such as residing in certain geographical areas and ethnic groups, among others. In health challenges, the top-down approach was employed to resolve health problems in certain populations. The individual was recognized as a part of a population composed of a certain group. In public health nursing, target population (e.g., from individuals/families to groups/communities/social groups) were understood in a continuous and multilayered manner. Individual/family health problems were associated with the characteristics of groups, communities, and social groups that encompass the continuum. Moreover, health challenges were addressed in a manner oriented toward the transformation of social groups as a whole. Public health nursing competencies in both countries, which share many similarities, were developed to achieve the objectives of public health. In the United States, the competencies and skills considered necessary, such as analytical/assessment and cultural competency skills, were clearly expressed and constructed in line with the core competencies of public health professionals. However, in Japan, skills and abilities necessary as competencies in public health nursing mentioned above were not specified.Conclusion　Elucidating the core competencies of public health professionals in Japan is essential to develop human resources that can contribute to effective practices in public health and public health nursing. Toward this end, skills and abilities necessary as competencies in public health nursing in Japan, which were not previously verbalized, should be described in detail.

Public health nursing: Challenges and innovations for health literacy in rural area.

Health literacy is a critical component of public health nursing, particularly in rural areas where access to health services is severely limited. As it relates to quality of care, cost of care, safety of care, and appropriate decision-making in general public health, health literacy can also be seen as an important public policy issue. Several challenges that can be found in rural communities in terms of access to health literacy, such as limited access to healthcare services, limited resources, low literacy rate, cultural and language barriers, financial constraints, and digital divide. Based on these challenges, several innovations can be pursued such as community-based health education, health literacy training among healthcare professionals, digital health technology, partnerships with community-based organizations, health literacy radio programs, and community health ambassadors. This reflection highlights the challenges and innovations that nurses can do to overcome the problem of low-health literacy in rural communities. In the future, the development of community empowerment and technology will be needed to refine the progress made so that a gradual increase in health literacy in rural communities can be seen.