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2.
AJOB Neurosci ; 15(1): 17-19, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38207193
3.
Philos Ethics Humanit Med ; 18(1): 20, 2023 Dec 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38115053

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In 1926, Fritz Jahr described bio-ethics (German: bio-ethik) as "the assumption of moral obligations not only towards humans, but towards all forms of life." Jahr summarized his philosophy by declaring, "Respect every living being on principle as an end in itself and treat it, if possible, as such!." Bioethics was thus originally an ethical system concerned with the "problems of interference with other living beings… and generally everything related to the balance of the ecosystem" according to the 1978 Encyclopedia of Bioethics. This definition was predicated on the work of Fritz Jahr, Menico Torchio, and Van Rensselaer Potter. METHODS: In order to proceed with depthful analysis of the origin and major bioethical flare up, we will use critical analysis of existing literature, followed by a study trip to relevant bioethical localities (collecting photo and other documentations regarding Menico Torchio). RESULTS: While Jahr and Potter are typically given intellectual credit for developing the field of bioethics, the eco-ethical contributions of Menico Torchio have been forgotten.This article will first trace the origins of "bioethics" - now commonly bifurcated into "biomedical ethics" and "environmental bioethics." The former was developed by Tom Beauchamp from the Philosophy Department and James Childress of the Religious Studies department at Georgetown University and is based on principlism, with a narrow focus on medical settings. The latter addresses the environmental impact of the medical industry and climate change health hazards. Second, we will present a panorama of Torchio's significant intellectual contribution to bioethics. Menico Torchio's concept of bioethics synthesized work of both Jahr and Potter, advocating "the need to expand our ethical obligations and embrace the most developed groups of animals, not only physically but also psychologically." Third, we will reflect on the lasting legacy of "bioethics" on biomedical and environmental bioethics today. Thematic elements such as interconnectedness of planetary health and human health, dedication to living in harmony with nature, and emphasis on systems and symbiosis remain unchanged from the legacy of Tochio onward. CONCLUSION: Our conclusion will underscore the necessity of understanding the connections between planetary, environmental, and human health.


Assuntos
Bioética , Ecossistema , Animais , Humanos , Bioética/história , Obrigações Morais , Princípios Morais , Filosofia , Ética Baseada em Princípios , História do Século XX
4.
Med Health Care Philos ; 26(4): 615-623, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37642834

RESUMO

The difficulty of explaining the outputs of artificial intelligence (AI) models and what has led to them is a notorious ethical problem wherever these technologies are applied, including in the medical domain, and one that has no obvious solution. This paper examines the proposal, made by Luciano Floridi and colleagues, to include a new 'principle of explicability' alongside the traditional four principles of bioethics that make up the theory of 'principlism'. It specifically responds to a recent set of criticisms that challenge the supposed need for such a principle to perform an enabling role in relation to the traditional four principles and therefore suggest that these four are sufficient without the addition of explicability. The paper challenges the critics' premise that explicability cannot be an ethical principle like the classic four because it is explicitly subordinate to them. It argues instead that principlism in its original formulation locates the justification for ethical principles in a midlevel position such that they mediate between the most general moral norms and the contextual requirements of medicine. This conception of an ethical principle then provides a mold for an approach to explicability on which it functions as an enabling principle that unifies technical/epistemic demands on AI and the requirements of high-level ethical theories. The paper finishes by anticipating an objection that decision-making by clinicians and AI fall equally, but implausibly, under the principle of explicability's scope, which it rejects on the grounds that human decisions, unlike AI's, can be explained by their social environments.


Assuntos
Inteligência Artificial , Bioética , Humanos , Análise Ética , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Teoria Ética
5.
Cuad. bioét ; 34(111): 155-162, may.- ago. 2023.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-226230

RESUMO

El artículo describe y analiza los Principios Generales del Código de Deontología Médica de 2022 que están recogidos en los artículos 4 a 6 del capítulo segundo. Los Principios Generales permiten comprender e interpretar el conjunto de preceptos y recomendaciones del Código, por lo que el estu dio de estos artículos tiene especial relevancia. Además, se contextualizan relacionándolos con otros documentos internacionales ético-deontológicos actuales. También revisaremos cómo se prolongan en el amplio articulado del nuevo Código. Observaremos que hay una clara relación entre los Principios Generales del nuevo Código respecto a Códigos de Deontología de la Organización Médica Colegial anteriores, lo cual es lógico puesto que reúnen valores permanentes de la ética médica. Se propone que el médico está al servicio del ser humano y de la sociedad y tiene como deberes primordiales, el respeto a la vida humana, a la dignidad de la persona, así como el cuidado de la salud del individuo y de la comunidad (Artículo 4.1) (AU)


The article describes and analyses the General Principles of the 2022 Code of Medical Ethics that are included in the articles 4 to 6 of the second chapter. The General Principles make it possible to understand and interpret the set of precepts and recommendations of the code, for which reason the study of this second chapter is of special relevance. In addition, I contextualize General Principles by relating them to other current international ethical-deontological documents. We will also review how they are extended in the broad articles of the new code. We will observe that there is a clear relationship between the General Principles of the new code with respect to previous Spanish Medical Codes, which is logical since they gather permanent values of Medical Ethics. In the General Principles is proposed that each doctor is at the service of the human being and of society and has as primary duties, respect for human life, dignity of each person, as well as the health care of the individual and the society (Article 4.1) (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Direitos do Paciente , Códigos de Ética , Ética Médica , Teoria Ética , Espanha
6.
Med Health Care Philos ; 26(4): 549-556, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37470922

RESUMO

Principlism is an ethical framework that has dominated bioethical discourse for the past 50 years. There are differing perspectives on its proper scope and limits. In this article, we consider to what extent principlism provides guidance for the abortion and euthanasia debates. We argue that whilst principlism may be considered a useful framework for structuring bioethical discourse, it does not in itself allow for the resolution of these neuralgic policy discussions. Scholars have attempted to use principlism to analyse the ethics and legality of abortion and euthanasia; but such efforts are methodologically problematic. We close with a consideration of the proper scope of principlism in bioethics-a vision that is more modest than the manner in which principlism is often deployed in contemporary academic bioethics and medical education.


Assuntos
Bioética , Eutanásia , Humanos , Princípios Morais , Análise Ética , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Temas Bioéticos
7.
J Eval Clin Pract ; 29(7): 1090-1094, 2023 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37128128

RESUMO

RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES: Under conditions of vaccine scarcity, the socially optimal dosing (SOD) strategy administers a lower dose of vaccine to a larger number of people than the individually optimal dosing (IOD) strategy, which administers a higher dose of vaccine to a smaller number of people. In the context of vaccines that generate diminishing returns of effectiveness with each additional dose beyond the first, SOD therefore generates a greater total amount of vaccine-induced protection than IOD and, as such, constitutes the socially optimal strategy. While the clinical and public health arguments in favour of SOD have previously been outlined, this article conducts an ethical analysis of SOD for scarce vaccines through the ethical framework of principlism. METHODS: SOD is examined with regard to each principle within the principlism framework-nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice. RESULTS: SOD is found to satisfy each of the ethical requirements under examination. Regarding nonmaleficence, SOD induces less iatrogenic harm than IOD since the dose of vaccine administered to each individual is lower in the former than the latter. Furthermore, both the good and bad effects of SOD are foreseen while only the good effects are intended, meaning this strategy simultaneously satisfies the doctrine of double effect. Regarding autonomy, SOD makes vaccine-induced protection available to a greater number of individuals who wish to receive it, thereby respecting their capacity for self-determination and to make independent decisions. Regarding beneficence, SOD renders the good-namely the protection of health-more widely available to the individuals that constitute the population in question. Finally, SOD promotes theories of justice that treat individuals equally and is unlikely to reduce the effectiveness of other distribution policies that allocate scarce vaccines in a just manner. CONCLUSION: In conditions of vaccine scarcity, SOD favourably satisfies the ethical framework of principlism.


Assuntos
Ética Baseada em Princípios , Vacinas , Humanos , Análise Ética , Beneficência , Justiça Social
8.
Hastings Cent Rep ; 53(2): 26-35, 2023 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37092650

RESUMO

In this article, I reject the "principlism" of Tom Beauchamp and James Childress and argue that respect for autonomy is, and ought to be, the fundamental value of bioethics. To do so, I offer a reconstruction of what I call the field's "founding myth," a genealogy that affords primacy to the right to be respected as a human being with dignity. Next, I examine the relationship between this basic right and a derivative right of autonomy. I suggest that principlism has promulgated an uncharitable understanding of respect for autonomy, one that ensures that the principle cannot occupy the central position I claim for it. Finally, I sketch a more plausible understanding of respect for autonomy and explore its implications.


Assuntos
Bioética , Teoria Ética , Humanos , Respeito , Princípios Morais , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Autonomia Pessoal
9.
Hastings Cent Rep ; 53(2): 1, 2023 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37092652

RESUMO

Two articles in the March-April 2023 issue of the Hastings Center Report challenge principlism and propose new moral frameworks for bioethics. In the lead article, Tyler Tate and Joseph Clair argue that bioethics must be grounded in an understanding of ideal character and relationship to others. The virtue of love, they propose, provides the fundamental conceptual and emotional resources that physicians need. In the second article, Samuel Reis-Dennis offers historical and philosophical explorations of Kantian versus bioethical conceptions of autonomy as he argues that bioethics should be centered on the idea of dignity.


Assuntos
Bioética , Humanos , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Princípios Morais , Virtudes , Autonomia Pessoal
10.
Psicol. ciênc. prof ; 43: e254483, 2023. tab
Artigo em Português | LILACS, Index Psicologia - Periódicos | ID: biblio-1440795

RESUMO

Compreender as estratégias de resolução de conflitos utilizadas por adolescentes na relação com seus pais é fundamental para entender como ocorre seu desenvolvimento saudável. Este artigo investigou a resolução de conflitos de adolescentes em situações de confronto entre o seu domínio pessoal e o controle parental. 36 adolescentes com idades entre 15 e 17 anos, divididos igualmente conforme o sexo, responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada, que continha quatro situações de conflito hipotéticas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo semântica e a testes não paramétricos. Os resultados foram categorizados em sete estratégias: Assunção de culpa, Submissão, Mentira, Hostilidade, Diálogo/Explicação, Negociação e Outra. A forma predominante de resolução utilizada foi o Diálogo/Explicação, considerada como uma forma recorrente de defender o domínio pessoal. Foram encontradas diferenças em relação ao sexo dos participantes e à situação hipotética. Por fim, os resultados são discutidos em termos de grau de autonomia e tipo de defesa do domínio pessoal.(AU)


Understanding the conflict resolution strategies used by adolescents in their relationship with their parents is fundamental to understanding how their healthy development occurs. This article investigated the resolution of conflicts by adolescents in confrontation situations between their personal domain and parental control. A total of 36 adolescents, aged 15 to 17 years, divided equally according to sex, answered a semi-structured interview that contained four hypothetical conflict situations. Data were subjected to semantic content analysis and non-parametric tests. The results were categorized into seven strategies: Assumption of Guilt, Submission, Lie, Hostility, Dialogue/Explanation, Negotiation, and Other. The predominant form of resolution used was Dialogue/Explanation, considered a recurrent form of defense of the personal domain. Differences were found depending on the participants' gender and the hypothetical situation. Finally, the results are discussed regarding the degree of autonomy and type of defense of the personal domain.(AU)


Enterarse de las estrategias de resolución de conflictos que los adolescentes utilizan en la relación con sus padres es fundamental para comprender cómo ocurre el desarrollo saludable de los adolescentes. A partir de una entrevista semiestructurada, presentamos cuatro situaciones hipotéticas de conflicto que fueron analizadas y respondidas por 36 adolescentes de entre 15 y 17 años, divididos según el género. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis de contenido semántico y a pruebas no paramétricas. Los resultados se categorizaron en siete estrategias de resolución de conflictos: Asunción de culpa, Sumisión, Mentira, Hostilidad, Diálogo/Explicación, Negociación y Otros. La forma de resolución más utilizada fue Diálogo/Explicación, y esta categoría fue una forma de defensa del dominio personal. Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias en función del género de los participantes y conforme la situación hipotética. Los resultados se discuten en términos de grado de autonomía y tipo de defensa del dominio personal.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adolescente , Negociação , Conflito Familiar , Ansiedade , Orientação , Relações Pais-Filho , Satisfação Pessoal , Personalidade , Desenvolvimento da Personalidade , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Psicologia , Psicologia Social , Desenvolvimento Psicossexual , Psicoterapia , Política Pública , Qualidade de Vida , Papel (figurativo) , Sexo , Autoritarismo , Transtornos do Comportamento Social , Mudança Social , Predomínio Social , Meio Social , Socialização , Estereotipagem , Estresse Psicológico , Aprendizagem da Esquiva , Tabu , Temperamento , Temperança , Violência , Comportamento e Mecanismos Comportamentais , Escolha da Profissão , Atitude , Defesa da Criança e do Adolescente , Proteção da Criança , Comportamento de Escolha , Saúde Mental , Puberdade , Comportamento do Adolescente , Poder Familiar , Relação entre Gerações , Codependência Psicológica , Entrevista , Comunicação , Assistência Integral à Saúde , Privacidade , Adulto , Sexualidade , Transtorno da Conduta , Retroalimentação Psicológica , Revelação , Comportamento Perigoso , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Tomada de Decisões , Redução do Dano , Desenvolvimento Moral , Dissidências e Disputas , Confiança , Amigos , Desenvolvimento do Adolescente , Desenvolvimento Sexual , Dominação-Subordinação , Educação , Escolaridade , Ego , Emoções , Reação de Fuga , Medo , Inteligência Emocional , Senso de Coerência , Perdão , Fatores de Proteção , Normas Sociais , Ajustamento Emocional , Consumo de Álcool por Menores , Influência dos Pares , Tratamento Conservador , Perfeccionismo , Uso do Telefone Celular , Incivilidade , Autogestão , Etnocentrismo , Liberdade , Frustração , Angústia Psicológica , Integração Social , Empoderamento , Modelo Transteórico , Desinformação , Coesão Social , Cidadania , Terapia Gestalt , Apoio Familiar , Bem-Estar Psicológico , Culpa , Felicidade , Hormônios , Hostilidade , Desenvolvimento Humano , Direitos Humanos , Crise de Identidade , Individuação , Delinquência Juvenil , Ira , Atividades de Lazer , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Solidão , Amor , Enganação , Princípios Morais , Narcisismo , Apego ao Objeto
11.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2023. 152 f p.
Tese em Português | LILACS | ID: biblio-1516524

RESUMO

A tuberculose (TB) é uma doença infecciosa, causada pelo bacilo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), que atinge os pulmões durante o contágio inicial e que pode ser transmitida através da tosse, fala ou espirro. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHO, 2019) classificou a TB como a principal causa de morte no mundo por único agente etiológico, à frente do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV), sendo ainda considerada como grave problema de Saúde Pública, e declarou, em 1993, a TB como estado de emergência mundial, diante dos altos índices de incidência e mortalidade existentes à época. Em 1999, o Brasil normatizou seu Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose (PNCT) e isso aconteceu diante da permanência do "problema da TB", com índices elevados de abandono do tratamento, redução na taxa de cura e de identificação dos casos. O PNCT introduziu: a extensão da cobertura (com a distribuição de medicamentos gratuitamente), o tratamento diretamente observado (no qual o paciente deve tomar a medicação diante de um agente de saúde) e a busca ativa por pessoas portadoras de infecção latente da TB (ILTB). Há, de fato, questões sociais, políticas e econômicas que ainda influenciam na permanência da TB, considerada como Determinante Social de Saúde (DSS). Contudo, há questões éticas envolvidas na maneira como a TB é abordada pela Saúde Pública, tanto pelo PNCT quanto pela OMS, e que também influenciam nas altas taxas de casos de TB na sociedade e na diferenciação desta sociedade. Mesmo com medicamentos eficazes (incluindo o tratamento da ILTB), a TB permanece como um desafio ético para o governo pois, na prática, foi o governo que permitiu que o indivíduo ficasse doente. O principialismo, por ser uma das referências bioéticas da prática médica no Brasil, será a base dessa reflexão, com o intuito de ajudar na compreensão de como as políticas públicas de saúde são feitas no Brasil e quais devem ser suas prioridades, conciliando os interesses da sociedade e do indivíduo. A comparação com outras realidades que enfrentam o mesmo problema, como a Inglaterra, o debate sobre as justificativas da OMS para sua estratégia pelo Fim da TB e os direitos dos pacientes com TB igualmente contribuirão pela busca de quais são essas questões éticas e como podem colaborar na abordagem e erradicação da TB no mundo, mudando a narrativa e a perspectiva de como "enxergar" a doença e o doente. (AU)


Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), which affects the lungs during the initial contagion and can be transmitted through coughing, talking, or sneezing. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2019) classified TB as the leading cause of death in the world by a single etiological agent, ahead of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), still being considered a serious Public Health problem and, in 1993, declared TB a global state of emergency, given the high incidence and mortality rates existing at the time. In 1999, Brazil standardized its National Tuberculosis Control Program (PNCT) and this happened in the face of the permanence of the "TB problem", with high rates of treatment abandonment, reduction in the cure rate, and identification of cases. The PNCT introduced: the extension of coverage (with free distribution of medication), directly observed treatment (in which the patient must take the medication in front of a health agent), and the active search for people with latent TB infection (LTBI). There are, in fact, social, political, and economic issues that still influence the permanence of TB, considered a Social Determinant of Health (SDH). However, there are ethical issues involved in the way TB is approached by Public Health, both by the PNCT and the WHO, which also influence the high rates of TB cases in society and the differentiation of this society. Even with effective drugs (including LTBI treatment), TB remains an ethical challenge for the government because, in practice, it was the government that allowed the individual to get sick. Principlism, as one of the bioethical references of medical practice in Brazil, will be the basis of this reflection, to help understand how public health policies are carried out in Brazil and what their priorities should be, reconciling the interests of society and the individual. In comparison with other realities that face the same problem, such as England, the debate on the justifications of the WHO for its End TB Strategy and the rights of patients with TB will also contribute to the search for what these ethical issues are and how they can collaborate in the approach and eradication of TB in the world, changing the narrative and perspective of how to "see" the disease and the sick person. (AU)


Assuntos
Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Sistema Único de Saúde , Autonomia Pessoal , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Direitos Humanos , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Brasil
12.
Edumecentro ; 152023.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1448152

RESUMO

En el ideario de Fidel Castro se aprecian sus consideraciones acerca de la necesidad de la unidad para vencer cualquier obstáculo que pretenda detener el curso de la Revolución cubana, en lo fundamental dirigidas hacia las maniobras desestabilizadoras de los enemigos de la patria; sin embargo, esa convicción fidelista de que la unidad garantiza el triunfo está presente en la batalla que se ha librado, y aún se libra, contra la COVID-19, donde el pueblo, organizado en diversos sectores, continúa obteniendo resultados positivos en contra de esta pandemia. Es objetivo de estos autores compartir algunas de sus ideas que servirán de análisis e inspiración para su aplicación en el actual contexto epidemiológico.


In Fidel Castro's ideology, his considerations about the need for unity to overcome any obstacle that tries to stop the course of the Cuban Revolution are appreciated, fundamentally directed towards the destabilizing maneuvers of the enemies of the homeland; however, this Fidel´s conviction that unity guarantees victory is present in the battle that has been waged, and is still being waged, against COVID-19, where the people, organized in various sectors, continue to obtain positive results against this pandemic. It is the objective of these authors to share some of their ideas that will serve as analysis and inspiration for their application in the current epidemiological context.


Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Educação Médica , Ética Profissional
13.
Edumecentro ; 152023.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1440049

RESUMO

El trabajo educativo consiste en transmitir un mensaje coherente desde la propia ciencia y estimula la motivación del aprendizaje de los estudiantes y su propia actividad cognoscitiva. El propósito de la educación médica superior es egresar un profesional integral; por tanto, se trata de instruir y educar a los estudiantes en los más altos valores patrióticos, morales y éticos en cada uno de los escenarios docentes, desde la propia ciencia. El objetivo de esta comunicación es ejemplificar algunos contenidos sobre la temática referente a medicamentos antiulcerosos en los que se puede intencionar el trabajo educativo desde la propia ciencia.


The educational work consists of transmitting a coherent educational message from science itself and stimulates the students' learning motivation and their own cognitive activity. The purpose of higher medical education is to graduate a comprehensive professional; therefore, it is about instructing and educating students in the highest patriotic, moral and ethical values in each of the teaching scenarios, from science itself. The objective of this research paper is to exemplify some content on the subject related to antiulcer drugs from which educational work can be intentioned from science itself.


Assuntos
Farmacologia , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Educação Médica , Ética Profissional
14.
Quad. psicol. (Bellaterra, Internet) ; 25(2): e1867, 2023. graf, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-223895

RESUMO

Awareness of ethics codes and professional guidelines is crucial to a professional role in psychotherapy practice. Psychotherapy practice is increasingly heterogeneous, and there is much discussion about their effectiveness for clients. In some countries, psychotherapy is an autonomous profession. In others, is part of the professional features of psychologists and psychiatrists, and it is possible to find other health professionals working as psychotherapists in some countries. Considering that ethical principles are central to the performance of a profession, we intend to find connections between the ethical principles for psychotherapists and psychologists or psychiatrists. A critical review was done to promote an integrative vision of ethics codes in psychotherapy. Content analysis of the ethics codes in psychotherapy was per-formed. Confidentiality, competence, and integrity were the principles more frequently found. Psychotherapists seem to have a major concern with interpersonal relationshipsand are less linked to social responsibility. (AU)


El conocimiento de los códigos éticos y las directrices profesionales es crucial para desempeñar un papel profesional en la práctica de la psicoterapia. La práctica de la psicoterapia es cada vez más heterogénea y se discute mucho sobre su eficacia para los clientes. En algunos países, la psicoterapia es una profesión autónoma. En otros forma parte de las características profesionales de psicólogos y psiquiatras, y es posible encontrar a otros profesionales de la salud trabajando como psicoterapeutas en algunos países. Considerando que los principios éticos son centrales para el desempeño de una profesión, pretendemos encontrar conexiones entre los principios éticos para psicoterapeutas y psicólogos o psiquiatras. Se realizó una revisión crítica para promover una visión integradora de los códigos de ética en psicoterapia. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de los códigos de ética en psicoterapia. La confidencialidad, la competencia y la integridad fueron los principios más frecuentemente encontrados. Los psicoterapeutas parecen tener una mayor preocupación por las relaciones interpersonales y están me-nos vinculados a la responsabilidad social. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Códigos de Ética , Ética Profissional , Psicoterapia/ética , Teoria Ética , Psicologia/ética
15.
Cochabamba; s.n; nov. 2022. 110 p. ilus., tab..
Tese em Espanhol | LIBOCS, LILACS, BDENF - Enfermagem, LIBOE | ID: biblio-1400965

RESUMO

La infección por el Virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, el estigma y la discriminación, así como su interrelación con los derechos humanos, se han transformado en los ejes centrales de las campañas contra el SIDA y a favor de los derechos de las personas viviendo con el VIH/SIDA, constituyéndose en uno de los problemas más frecuentes en el área hospitalaria. El presente estudio se realizó para identificar los principios bioéticos y actitudes del personal de enfermería, elementos de valoración y cuidados que implementan el personal para la prevención de las mismas; con el enfoque cualitativo - cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo y transversal, en el servicio de Infectología del HCV, gestión II/2021. Los resultados más significativos del personal de enfermería son: discriminación con el 20%; rechazo, 20%; actitudes negativas, 20% un 27% percibe una mala atención y 13% trato inadecuado, por tanto 100% de la población ha recibido algún tipo de maltrato del personal de enfermería. Pese a que estos conocen los principios bioéticos de autonomía, beneficencia, no maleficencia y equidad con los pacientes, solo en la parte teórica, ya que en la práctica no las aplican. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Bioética , HIV , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Direitos Humanos/ética , Bolívia , Discriminação Social/ética
17.
Cambios rev. méd ; 21(1): 746, 30 Junio 2022.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1392775

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN. Los Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos deben proteger la dignidad, los derechos, el bienestar y la seguridad de los sujetos investigados; evalúan aspectos éticos, metodológicos y jurídicos de los protocolos de investigación, competencia otorgada por el ente sanitario del país que ameritó observar si se cumplió. OBJETIVO. Evaluar la situación de los Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos, basados en la percepción del cursillista, la normativa, las repercusiones y consecuencias para mantener su condición activa y su trascendencia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio descriptivo, transversal y ambispectivo con un universo de 1 327 profesionales del área de la salud y una muestra de 385 encuestados que expresaron su percepción sobre trece Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos a nivel nacional, con revisión bibliográfica nacional e internacional, se excluyeron los suspendidos. Se aplicó encuesta validada online, período abril a octubre de 2019. Data analizada en Excel y SPSS versión 23. RESULTADOS. El 76,92% Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos fueron de la ciudad de Quito. Los cursillistas percibieron que el 64,16%, no trascendieron en su labor; desconocieron que: la Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia de la Salud, cuestionó el nombramiento de algún miembro un 97,14%; el cuestionamiento estuvo basado en la norma vigente un 79,48%; sobre la aprobación del plan anual de capacitación en investigación, 2019, un 95,06%; el plan anual de capacitación específico un 77,40%, y no recibieron directrices ni retroalimentación en temas de capacitación en calidad de investigador, un 90,39%. Además, percibieron que los Comités fueron responsables de capacitar otros Comités de ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos, un 81,82% y a los investigadores, un 85,71%; que deben elaborar el plan anual de educación específica para los miembros del comité, un 89,35%. CONCLUSIÓN. Se identificó entre los problemas que los investigadores casi no los conocen y hay necesidad de actualizar la norma que afectó el funcionamiento. Los justificativos para mantener la condición activa no se cumplieron, se evidenció la necesidad de asesoría para los comités por parte de las autoridades competentes, sin lograr conformación consolidada con actores y repercutió en su trascendencia.


INTRODUCTION. The Research Ethics Committees on Human Beings must protect the dignity, rights, well-being and safety of the research subjects; evaluate ethical, methodological and legal aspects of the research protocols, a competence granted by the health entity of the country that merited see if it is done. OBJECTIVE. Evaluate the situation of the Ethics Committees for Research in Human Beings, based on the perception of the trainee, the regulations, the repercussions and consequences to maintain their active condition and their transcendence. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Descriptive, cross-sectional and ambispective study with a universe of 1,327 professionals in the health area and a sample of 385 respondents who expressed their perception of thirteen Research Ethics Committees on Human Beings at the national level, with national and international bibliographic review. those suspended were excluded. An online validated survey was applied, from April to October 2019. Data analyzed in Excel and SPSS version 23. RESULTS. 76.92% Human Research Ethics Committees were from the city of Quito. The trainees perceived that 64,16%, did not transcend in their work; they did not know that: the National Directorate of Health Intelligence, questioned the appointment of a member 97,14%; the questioning was based on the current norm 79,48%; on the approval of the annual research training plan, 2019, 95,06%; the specific annual training plan 77,40%, and did not receive guidelines or feedback on training issues as a researcher, 90,39%. In addition, they perceived that the Committees were responsible for training other Human Beings Research Ethics Committees, 81,82% and the researchers, 85,71%; that they must prepare the annual specific education plan for the members of the committee, 89,35%. CONCLUSION. It was identified among the problems that the researchers hardly know them and there is a need to update the norm that affected the operation. The justifications to maintain the active condition were not fulfilled, the need for advice for the committees by the competent authorities was evidenced, without achieving a consolidated conformation with actors and had repercussions on its importance. hardly know them and there is a need to update the norm that affected the operation. The justifications to maintain the active condition were not fulfilled, the need for advice for the committees by the competent authorities was evidenced, without achieving a consolidated conformation with actors and had repercussions on its importance.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Projetos de Pesquisa , Bioética , Revisão Ética/normas , Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Ética em Pesquisa , Pesquisadores , Protocolos Clínicos , Guias como Assunto , Eticistas , Aconselhamento Diretivo , Sujeitos da Pesquisa , Equador , Advisory Committee on Health Research , Ética Institucional , Legislação Médica
18.
Rev Cardiovasc Med ; 23(2): 55, 2022 Feb 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35229546

RESUMO

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in the elderly. The prevalence of ACS increases with age and patients with advanced age have some co-morbidities that require an individualized approach, which includes a comprehensive geriatric assessment. Ageism is a matter of great concern. In this scenario, some ethical conflicts may arise which should be anticipated, considered, and solved. Clinicians will need to prioritize and allocate resources, to avoid futility/proportionality, which is not always easy to assess in these patients. This review aims to summarize the evidence regarding ethical conflicts that may arise in the management of patients with ACS and advanced age. We will discuss how to choose the best option (which frequently is not the only one) with the lowest risk for harm, considering and respecting the patients' decision. The four basic principles of bioethics (beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice) are thoroughly reviewed, and discussed, regarding their role in the decision making process.


Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda , Ética Médica , Direitos do Paciente , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/diagnóstico , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/epidemiologia , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/terapia , Idoso , Etarismo/ética , Beneficência , Comorbidade , Avaliação Geriátrica , Humanos , Direitos do Paciente/ética , Autonomia Pessoal , Medicina de Precisão/ética , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Justiça Social/ética
19.
Camb Q Healthc Ethics ; 31(2): 199-211, 2022 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35243974

RESUMO

Tom Beauchamp and James Childress's revolutionary textbook, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, shaped the field of bioethics in America and around the world. Midway through the Principle's eight editions, however, the authors jettisoned their attempt to justify the four principles of bioethics -autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice-in terms of ethical theory, replacing it with the idea that these principles are part of a common morality shared by all rational persons committed to morality, at all times, and in all places. Other commentators contend that their theory has never been empirically confirmed and is unfalsifiable, since counterexamples can be deemed irrational, or as held by those living lives not committed to morality. The thesis of this paper is that common morality theory is the artifact of a category mistake-conflating common areas regulated by moral norms with common norms regulating moral conduct-that accords mid-twentieth century American liberal morality the status of transcultural, transtemporal, eternal moral truths. Such a conception offers bioethicists no tools for analyzing moral change-moral progress, regress, reform, evolution, devolution, or revolution-no theoretical basis for deconstructing structural classicism, racism, and sexism, or for facilitating international cooperation on ethical issues in the context of culturally based moral differences.


Assuntos
Bioética , Teoria Ética , Beneficência , Humanos , Princípios Morais , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Justiça Social
20.
Camb Q Healthc Ethics ; 31(2): 185-191, 2022 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35243976

RESUMO

Tom Beauchamp and James Childress are confident that their four principles-respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice-are globally applicable to the sorts of issues that arise in biomedical ethics, in part because those principles form part of the common morality (a set of general norms to which all morally committed persons subscribe). Inevitably, however, the question arises of how the principlist ought to respond when presented with apparent counter-examples to this thesis. I examine a number of strategies the principlist might adopt in order to retain common morality theory in the face of supposed counter-examples. I conclude that only a strategy that takes a non-realist view of the common morality's principles is viable. Unfortunately, such a view is likely not to appeal to the principlist.


Assuntos
Bioética , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Beneficência , Teoria Ética , Humanos , Princípios Morais , Justiça Social
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