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1.
J Health Organ Manag ; ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print)2024 Mar 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38436384

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Decentralization has profound implications for many health systems. This study investigates the effect of health system decentralization in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries on public health security capacity and health service satisfaction. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Multiple linear regression analyses were employed for variables related to the level of health security capacity and satisfaction with the healthcare system while controlling for all socio-demographic variables from the European Social Survey, including over 44,000 respondents from 25 OECD countries. The Health Systems in Transition series of countries were used for assessing the decentralization level. FINDINGS: The result of multiple linear regression analyses showed that the level of decentralization in health systems was significantly associated with higher health security capacity (ß-coefficient 3.722, 95% confidence interval (CI) [3.536 3.908]; p=<0.001) and health service satisfaction (ß-coefficient 1.463, 95% CI [1.389 1.536]; p=<0.001) in the study. Countries with a higher level of decentralization in health policy tasks and areas were significantly likely to have higher health services satisfaction, whereas this satisfaction had a significant negative relation with the lower level of decentralization status of secondary/tertiary care services in OECD countries (ß-coefficient -5.250, 95% CI [-5.757-4.743]; p = 0.001). ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study contributes to a better understanding of the extent to which decentralization of health services affects public health safety capacity and satisfaction with health services, whereas the level of decentralization in OECD countries varies considerably. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of public health security and satisfaction with health care delivery in assessing the effects of decentralization in health services.


Assuntos
Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico , Saúde Pública , Serviços de Saúde , Atenção à Saúde , Política
2.
Vet Rec ; 194(5): i-ii, 2024 Mar 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38427411

RESUMO

Vet and parliamentary intern to Lord Trees Fiona Shuttleworth discusses proposed implementation of trade partnerships and how animal welfare must be considered in both import and export agreements.


Assuntos
Internato e Residência , Política , Animais , Legislação Veterinária , Bem-Estar do Animal , Comércio
3.
Vet Rec ; 194(5): 168-169, 2024 Mar 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38427436

Assuntos
Política , Animais
4.
PLoS One ; 19(3): e0300113, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38466687

RESUMO

This work demonstrates how a simulation of political discourse can be formulated using variables of the agents' behaviors in a simulation, as thermodynamic variables. With these relations the methodology provides an approach to create a correspondence between the variables of an agent based social system and those of a thermodynamic system. Extended from this observation, diagrams akin to a P-V diagram for gases can be created for this social system. The basic thermodynamic variables of temperature, pressure and volume are defined from a system of agents with political and non-political actions engaged in simulated political discourse. An equation of state is defined for the simulated political phenomenon. Through this equation of state the full thermodynamic map of the system is presented under a P-V diagram with isothermal and isentropic lines, which is able to represent the political situation of the system at each point of time. The classic election cycle that takes place can be represented on this thermodynamic map (corresponding to an Otto cycle). This provides a possibility for researching macroscopic social cycles as a thermodynamic/informational cycle as the traces on the thermodynamic map show similarities to an Otto cycle. Such a formulation reinforces the endeavours of social physics to view social phenomena with physical principles.


Assuntos
Física , Política , Termodinâmica , Temperatura , Simulação por Computador
5.
BMJ Open ; 14(3): e076853, 2024 Mar 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38479747

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to answer whether the central government has been more efficient than the regional governments or vice versa. Likewise, through the analysis of the data, the aim was to shed light on whether decentralisation has had a positive impact on the efficiency of the hospital sector or not. DESIGN: In this paper, we have used data envelopment analysis to analyse the evolution of efficiency in the last 10 Autonomous Regions to receive healthcare competences at the end of 2001. PARTICIPANTS: For this study, we have taken into account the number of beds and full-time workers as inputs and the calculation of basic care units as outputs to measure the efficiency of the Spanish public sector, private sector and jointly in the years 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017 for the last Autonomous Regions receiving healthcare competences. RESULTS: Of the Autonomous Regions that received the transfers at the end of 2001, the following stand out for their higher efficiency growth: the Balearic Islands (81.44% improvement), the Madrid Autonomous Region, which practically reached absolute efficiency levels (having increased by 63.77%), and La Rioja which, together with the Balearic Islands which started from very low values, improved notably (46.13%). CONCLUSION: In general, it can be observed that the transfer of responsibilities in the health sector has improved efficiency in the National Health Service. JEL CLASSIFICATION: C14; I18; H21.


Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde , Medicina Estatal , Humanos , Setor Público , Hospitais Públicos , Eficiência Organizacional , Política
6.
PLoS One ; 19(3): e0296490, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38437210

RESUMO

Simultaneously achieving economic development and environmental protection is a shared global challenge. While the positive effect of environmental regulations on protecting the environment has been widely recognized, the attention paid to low-carbon governance and corporate green transformation remains insufficient. Based on the two-stage least square regression model (2SLS) of instrumental variables, this paper utilizes panel data from China to identify the influence mechanism of government low-carbon governance on enterprise green development. It explores the effect of low-carbon governance on enterprise green development from the perspective of fiscal decentralization. The findings show that (1) Low-carbon governance significantly promotes corporate green development, primarily through improving industrial structure and technological innovation; (2) Low-carbon governance notably promotes the green development of private enterprises but has little effect on state-owned enterprises. There are also geographical differences, and the results are better in Eastern China than in the Central and Western parts of China; (3) Fiscal decentralization at both central and local levels inhibits the effect of low-carbon governance on driving corporate green development by causing a mismatch of human resources. Therefore, to promote corporate green development, low-carbon governance must prioritize green development, actively guide industrial structural upgrading and enterprise technological innovation, implement differentiated low-carbon governance measures tailored to different ownership enterprises, and optimize the assessment indicators for fiscal decentralization. This paper helps deepen the understanding of the relationship between government low-carbon governance and enterprise green development in developing countries. It can be used as a reference for government departments to formulate relevant policies.


Assuntos
Carbono , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Humanos , China , Governo , Política
7.
Sci Adv ; 10(10): eadk9590, 2024 Mar 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38457495

RESUMO

Have perceptions of the U.S. Supreme Court polarized, much like the rest of American politics? Because of the Court's unique role, for many years, it remained one of the few institutions respected by both Democrats and Republicans alike. But the Court's dramatic shift to the right in recent years-highlighted by its Dobbs decision in 2022-potentially upends that logic. Using both eight waves of panel data and 18 nationally representative surveys spanning two decades, we show that while there was little evidence of partisan polarization in earlier years, in 2022 and 2023, such patterns are clear in favorability, trust, legitimacy, and support for reform. Factors that used to protect the Court-like knowledge about it and support for key democratic values-no longer do so. The Court has also become more important to voters, and will likely remain a political flashpoint, with disquieting implications for the Court's place in our polity.


Assuntos
Opinião Pública , Decisões da Suprema Corte , Estados Unidos , Política , Inquéritos e Questionários , Confiança
8.
AACN Adv Crit Care ; 35(1): 32-42, 2024 Mar 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38457623

RESUMO

Nursing has been perceived as an apolitical profession. Although some advancements in legislation and political engagement for nursing have occurred, the perception remains; it is considered to be a relatively silent profession in the political and policy arenas. Authors, when trying to describe this phenomenon, have raised questions about whether the nursing profession is political. In addition, the motivation for participation and advocacy, as well as the barriers to these activities, have limited investigation, making it difficult to understand the real reasons behind nursing's political and policy immobility. The purpose of this article is to familiarize readers with politics, policy, and advocacy; levels of state and federal government; and the lawmaking process in different states. The goal is to offer information and identify factors that increase confidence and efficacy when engaging with the political system.


Assuntos
Política de Saúde , Política , Humanos , Atenção à Saúde , Motivação
11.
Vet Rec ; 194(6): 236, 2024 Mar 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38488569

RESUMO

Bruce Vivash Jones argues that the recent announcement from the RCVS that it is moving to 'scrap elections to council' raises many questions and concerns.


Assuntos
Democracia , Política , Animais , Previsões
12.
Vet Rec ; 194(6): 207, 2024 Mar 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38488571
13.
Lancet ; 403(10431): 997, 2024 Mar 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38492944
14.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(13): e2313013121, 2024 Mar 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38498713

RESUMO

Democratic regimes flourish only when there is broad acceptance of an extensive set of norms and values. In the United States, fundamental democratic norms have recently come under threat from prominent Republican officials. We investigate whether this antidemocratic posture has spread from the elite level to rank-and-file partisans. Exploiting data from a massive repeated cross-sectional and panel survey ([Formula: see text] = 45,095 and 5,231 respectively), we find that overwhelming majorities of the public oppose violations of democratic norms, and virtually nobody supports partisan violence. This bipartisan consensus remains unchanged over time despite high levels of affective polarization and exposure to divisive elite rhetoric during the 2022 political campaign. Additionally, we find no evidence that elected officials' practice of election denialism encourages their constituents to express antidemocratic attitudes. Overall, these results suggest that the clear and present threat to American democracy comes from unilateral actions by political elites that stand in contrast to the views of their constituents. In closing, we consider the implications of the stark disconnect between the behavior of Republican elites and the attitudes of Republican voters.


Assuntos
Atitude , Política , Estados Unidos , Consenso
15.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 6525, 2024 03 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38499853

RESUMO

The rise of bots that mimic human behavior represents one of the most pressing threats to healthy information environments on social media. Many bots are designed to increase the visibility of low-quality content, spread misinformation, and artificially boost the reach of brands and politicians. These bots can also disrupt civic action coordination, such as by flooding a hashtag with spam and undermining political mobilization. Social media platforms have recognized these malicious bots' risks and implemented strict policies and protocols to block automated accounts. However, effective bot detection methods for Spanish are still in their early stages. Many studies and tools used for Spanish are based on English-language models and lack performance evaluations in Spanish. In response to this need, we have developed a method for detecting bots in Spanish called Botcheck. Botcheck was trained on a collection of Spanish-language accounts annotated in Twibot-20, a large-scale dataset featuring thousands of accounts annotated by humans in various languages. We evaluated Botcheck's performance on a large set of labeled accounts and found that it outperforms other competitive methods, including deep learning-based methods. As a case study, we used Botcheck to analyze the 2021 Chilean Presidential elections and discovered evidence of bot account intervention during the electoral term. In addition, we conducted an external validation of the accounts detected by Botcheck in the case study and found our method to be highly effective. We have also observed differences in behavior among the bots that are following the social media accounts of official presidential candidates.


Assuntos
Mídias Sociais , Humanos , Chile , Software , Comunicação , Política
17.
New Dir Stud Leadersh ; 2024(181): 21-30, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38467541

RESUMO

Why develop leaders? What politics are implicit in our practice? This paper uses the history and practice of Popular Education as a comparative framework to survey the politics of intentional emergence leadership pedagogy, surfacing potential alliances for building social change movements. Using a case analysis, the article elucidates the ways the classroom embodies an opportunity to explore and enact a prefigurative politics of significant social change that upends traditional relationships to authority, hierarchy, and decision-making. Exploring the opportunities and dangers of connecting the classroom to broader social movements, the article concludes by advocating that such connections could offer a firmer and more explicit stance to the question: why develop leaders?


Assuntos
Processos Grupais , Liderança , Humanos , Mudança Social , Política
18.
PLoS One ; 19(3): e0289041, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38512941

RESUMO

Social movements and their respective countermovements have evolved to use online social media platforms to recruit followers, share pertinent information, discuss relevant issues, and draw the attention of political figures. Movements' strategic use of Twitter has increasingly been studied, though there are relatively few studies that compare social movements and their corresponding countermovements simultaneously. We examine engagement in the #DefundthePolice social movement and #DefendthePolice countermovement in a Twitter network comprised of retweets using both hashtags from August 2020 to January 2021. Text and sentiment analysis as well as a content analysis of a random sample of retweets in the network's 20 largest subgroups reveal four key patterns. First, information commonly communicated in historical social movements is communicated in the online, Twitter network. Second, the use of movement and countermovement hashtags to criticize is common, suggesting Twitter engagement with the movement/countermovement is not a sufficient indicator of support for the movement. Third, social movements are inextricably embedded in politics, with political discourse present in all the 20 largest subgroups. Finally, though we do not include geo-tagged tweets in the analysis, physical geography is key theme in multiple subgroups. Broadly, our findings demonstrate the breadth of topics communicated within movement networks and highlight the importance of qualitatively examining Twitter data in the study of social movements.


Assuntos
Mídias Sociais , Humanos , Política , Rede Social , Projetos de Pesquisa , Atitude
20.
PLoS One ; 19(3): e0300048, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38507396

RESUMO

Beliefs and attitudes form the core of public opinion about climate change. Network analysis can reveal the structural configuration of these beliefs and attitudes. In this research, we utilize a belief system framework to identify key psychological elements, track change in the density of these belief systems over time and across political groups, and analyze the structural heterogeneity of belief systems within and between political groups in the United States. Drawing on fifteen waves of nationally representative survey data from 2010 to 2021 (N = 16,742), our findings indicate that worry about climate change is the most central psychological element. Interestingly, we find that among politically unaffiliated individuals, the connections between psychological elements have strengthened over time, implying an increase in the consistency of belief systems within this group. Despite the political polarization in beliefs about climate change between Republicans and Democrats, our findings reveal that the ways these two groups organize and structure climate change beliefs systems are not markedly different compared to those of other groups. These findings provide theoretical and practical insights for climate change experts and communicators.


Assuntos
Atitude , Mudança Climática , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Opinião Pública , Inquéritos e Questionários , Refração Ocular , Política
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