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1.
Molecules ; 29(5)2024 Feb 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38474459

RESUMO

The essential oils and aroma derived from the leaves (L), stems (St), and spikes (s) of Piper nigrum L. cv. Guajarina were extracted; the essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation (HD), and steam distillation (SD), and the aroma was obtained by simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE). Chemical constituents were identified and quantified using GC/MS and GC-FID. Preliminary biological activity was assessed by determining the toxicity against Artemia salina Leach larvae, calculating mortality rates, and determining lethal concentration values (LC50). The predominant compounds in essential oil samples included α-pinene (0-5.6%), ß-pinene (0-22.7%), limonene (0-19.3%), 35 linalool (0-5.3%), δ-elemene (0-10.1%), ß-caryophyllene (0.5-21.9%), γ-elemene (7.5-33.9%), and curzerene (6.9-31.7%). Multivariate analysis, employing principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), revealed three groups among the identified classes and two groups among individual compounds. The highest antioxidant activity was found for essential oils derived from the leaves (167.9 41 mg TE mL-1). Larvicidal potential against A. salina was observed in essential oils obtained from the leaves (LC50 6.40 µg mL-1) and spikes (LC50 6.44 µg mL-1). The in silico studies demonstrated that the main compounds can interact with acetylcholinesterase, thus showing the potential molecular interaction responsible for the toxicity of the essential oil in A. salina.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Óleos Voláteis , Piper nigrum , Piper , Sesquiterpenos , Animais , Óleos Voláteis/química , Acetilcolinesterase , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Piper/química , Óleos de Plantas/química
2.
J Exp Biol ; 227(Suppl_1)2024 Mar 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38449328

RESUMO

Whether specific immune protection after initial pathogen exposure (immune memory) occurs in invertebrates has long been uncertain. The absence of antibodies, B-cells and T-cells, and the short lifespans of invertebrates led to the hypothesis that immune memory does not occur in these organisms. However, research in the past two decades has supported the existence of immune memory in several invertebrate groups, including Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Nematoda, Mollusca and Arthropoda. Interestingly, some studies have demonstrated immune memory that is specific to the parasite strain. Nonetheless, other work does not provide support for immune memory in invertebrates or offers only partial support. Moreover, the expected biphasic immune response, a characteristic of adaptive immune memory in vertebrates, varies within and between invertebrate species. This variation may be attributed to the influence of biotic or abiotic factors, particularly parasites, on the outcome of immune memory. Despite its critical importance for survival, the role of phenotypic plasticity in immune memory has not been systematically examined in the past two decades. Additionally, the features of immune responses occurring in diverse environments have yet to be fully characterized.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Memória Imunológica , Animais , Invertebrados , Adaptação Fisiológica , Anticorpos
3.
Turkiye Parazitol Derg ; 48(1): 66-71, 2024 03 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38449371

RESUMO

Acanthocephaliasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection of vertebrates. The phylum Acanthocephala contains nearly 1500 acanthocephalan species. The Archiacanthocephala class is observed in terrestrial habitats and usually has a large, spineless trunk. Acanthocephalans are parasitic worms that use insects as intermediate hosts in their two-host life cycles. Insects, millipedes, and crustaceans in terrestrial areas serve as intermediate hosts and birds and mammals as definitive hosts. Acanthocephalans collected from the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) found dead on the road to Sarikamis-Kars in 1995 and stored in formaldehyde were kept in Ondokuz Mays University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Parasitology Laboratory Museum until 2023 after our parasitological study found an infected red fox with Pachysentis sp. This study provides the anatomy of the acanthocephalans and the laboratory practice necessary for a good and reliable diagnosis. This study reports a new species, Pachysentis sp., of acanthocephalan (thorny-headed worm) found in red foxes for Türkiye. On the basis of relevant articles, we have created a key to Acanthocephala species occurring in mammals.


Assuntos
Acantocéfalos , Artrópodes , Humanos , Animais , Raposas , Turquia , Zoonoses
4.
J Gen Virol ; 105(3)2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38441560

RESUMO

Plant viruses are transmitted mechanically or by vegetative propagation, and by vectors such as arthropods, fungi, nematodes, or parasitic plants. Sources to access available information regarding plant virus transmissions are scattered and require extensive literature searches. Here, a recently created plant virus transmission database is described. This was developed to provide access to the modes of transmission and vectors of over 1600 plant viruses. The database was compiled using over 3500 publication records spanning the last 100 years. The information is publicly accessible via https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/virus and fully searchable by virus name, taxonomic position, mode of transmission or vector.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Vírus de Plantas , Animais , Vírus de Plantas/genética , Bases de Dados Factuais
5.
Nat Commun ; 15(1): 2117, 2024 Mar 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38459063

RESUMO

Uncovering the complexity of systems in non-model organisms is critical for understanding arthropod immunology. Prior efforts have mostly focused on Dipteran insects, which only account for a subset of existing arthropod species in nature. Here we use and develop advanced techniques to describe immune cells (hemocytes) from the clinically relevant tick Ixodes scapularis at a single-cell resolution. We observe molecular alterations in hemocytes upon feeding and infection with either the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi or the rickettsial agent Anaplasma phagocytophilum. We reveal hemocyte clusters exhibiting defined signatures related to immunity, metabolism, and proliferation. Depletion of phagocytic hemocytes affects hemocytin and astakine levels, two I. scapularis hemocyte markers, impacting blood-feeding, molting behavior, and bacterial acquisition. Mechanistically, astakine alters hemocyte proliferation, whereas hemocytin affects the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in I. scapularis. Altogether, we discover a role for tick hemocytes in immunophysiology and provide a valuable resource for comparative biology in arthropods.


Assuntos
Anaplasma phagocytophilum , Artrópodes , Borrelia burgdorferi , Ixodes , Doença de Lyme , Animais , Hemócitos , Ixodes/microbiologia , Borrelia burgdorferi/fisiologia
6.
Methods Mol Biol ; 2756: 351-382, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38427305

RESUMO

The growing interest in the use of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria as promising biocontrol agents of many arthropod pests and pathogens has created running technologies to expand their use globally. The related laboratory procedures and tests on these nematodes such as their isolation, count, culture, identification, pathogenicity, virulence, and environmental tolerance should form the solid basis for such an expansion with reliable uses. Extensive practical details of such procedures and tests as well as how to identify and overcome the problems associated with these aspects are addressed in this chapter.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Nematoides , Animais , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Reprodução , Simbiose
7.
Zootaxa ; 5406(4): 588-600, 2024 Feb 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38480126

RESUMO

Based on the review of the original descriptions of Pachymerium antipai Cpue, 1968, P. atticum Verhoeff, 1901 and P. tabacarui Cpue, 1968 from Romania and the direct study of the external anatomy of P. ferrugineum (C. L. Koch, 1835) and Geophilus flavus (De Geer, 1778) from Romania, Egypt, Italy and Russia, P. antipai and P. aticum sensu Cpue (1968) are proposed as junior subjective synonyms of P. ferrugineum, while P. tabacarui is proposed as a junior subjective synonym of G. flavus. The presence of P. atticum in Romania is hereby considered doubtful. Revisions to the diagnosis of Pachymerium are proposed to help differentiate it from other geophilid genera. A discussion of the relative suitability of different morphological characters for distinguishing species within Pachymerium is also included.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Quilópodes , Animais , Romênia
8.
Zootaxa ; 5415(1): 56-76, 2024 Feb 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38480215

RESUMO

The paradoxosomatid genus Iulidesmus Silvestri, 1895 in the fauna of Colombia is shown to presently contain nine species. Three of them are still obscure, two of which could be revised based on type (I. alacer (Attems, 1944)) or new material (Orthomorpha proxima Silvestri, 1898), one is a nomen dubium (Strongylosoma glabrum Peters, 1864), while further six are described as new here: Iulidesmus garciae n. sp., I. minerus n. sp., I. florezi n. sp., I. sabaneta n. sp., I. icni n. sp., and I. jeekeli n. sp. A key to all six new species of the genus and their distribution map are provided.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Animais , Colômbia
9.
Zootaxa ; 5419(4): 545-562, 2024 Mar 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38480309

RESUMO

Thailand hosts a very rich but underexplored giant pill-millipede (Sphaerotheriida) fauna, with 11 of its 13 species described in the last three years. Currently, all known Thai giant pill-millipedes belong to the genera Zephronia Gray, 1832 (nine species) and Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924 (four species). Here we describe the first two species of the genus Prionobelum Verhoeff, 1924 (previously restricted to Vietnam and China), Prionobelum inthanonense n. sp. and P. naevium n. sp. from Thailand. The species occur at Thailands highest mountain (2500 m) Doi Inthanon and the lowland rainforests at Bang Lang National Park touching the border with Malaysia. Both species are described integratively, utilizing light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy as well as DNA barcoding. Both new species of Prionobelum differ from other Zephroniidae species, as well as from one another, by more than 20% p-distance in the COI barcoding gene suggesting that potential closer related species are still awaiting discovery.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Animais , Tailândia , Artrópodes/genética , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura
10.
Zootaxa ; 5419(3): 401-418, 2024 Mar 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38480317

RESUMO

Schendyla antici sp. nov., a dwarf geophilomorph from the Mt. Medvednik (Western Serbia, Balkan Peninsula), is described and illustrated based on the specimens extracted from the soil samples. A detailed comparison with all species within the genus is provided. The new species has the lowest number of leg-bearing segments within the genus Schendyla Bergse & Meinert, 1866, and one of the lowest in the order Geophilomorpha in general.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Quilópodes , Animais , Península Balcânica , Sérvia
11.
Zootaxa ; 5405(2): 281-295, 2024 Jan 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38480384

RESUMO

A new species of Alloscopus Brner, 1906 (Orchesellidae: Heteromurinae), A. arborealis sp. nov., is herein described from Mt. Makiling, Laguna, Philippines. The new species is distinct from its blind congeners by the combination of: 7+7 macrochaetae on head An series and 1+1 on M series; 13+13 macrochaetae on thorax II (vs. 912) and 7+7 central on thorax III (vs. 6+6); absence of the microsensilla on abdomen I; abdomen IV with four sensilla (vs. three); and ventral tube with a small number of chaetae on its posterior face (45 vs. 1123) and lateral flap (7 vs. 916). The complete body chaetotaxic pattern of the new species and a revised key to the world fauna of Alloscopus are also provided.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Animais , Filipinas
13.
Proc Biol Sci ; 291(2018): 20232937, 2024 Mar 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38471545

RESUMO

Collembola is a highly diverse and abundant group of soil arthropods with chromosome numbers ranging from 5 to 11. Previous karyotype studies indicated that the Tomoceridae family possesses an exceptionally long chromosome. To better understand chromosome size evolution in Collembola, we obtained a chromosome-level genome of Yoshiicerus persimilis with a size of 334.44 Mb and BUSCO completeness of 97.0% (n = 1013). Both genomes of Y. persimilis and Tomocerus qinae (recently published) have an exceptionally large chromosome (ElChr greater than 100 Mb), accounting for nearly one-third of the genome. Comparative genomic analyses suggest that chromosomal elongation occurred independently in the two species approximately 10 million years ago, rather than in the ancestor of the Tomoceridae family. The ElChr elongation was caused by large tandem and segmental duplications, as well as transposon proliferation, with genes in these regions experiencing weaker purifying selection (higher dN/dS) than conserved regions. Moreover, inter-genomic synteny analyses indicated that chromosomal fission/fusion events played a crucial role in the evolution of chromosome numbers (ranging from 5 to 7) within Entomobryomorpha. This study provides a valuable resource for investigating the chromosome evolution of Collembola.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Genoma , Animais , Artrópodes/genética , Genômica , Sintenia , Cariótipo , Evolução Molecular
14.
Genes (Basel) ; 15(2)2024 Feb 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38397243

RESUMO

This study presents the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Litostrophus scaber, which is the first mitogenome of the genus Litostrophus. The mitogenome is a circular molecule with a length of 15,081 bp. The proportion of adenine and thymine (A + T) was 69.25%. The gene ND4L used TGA as the initiation codon, while the other PCGs utilized ATN (A, T, G, C) as the initiation codons. More than half of the PCGs used T as an incomplete termination codon. The transcription direction of the L. scaber mitogenome matched Spirobolus bungii, in contrast to most millipedes. Novel rearrangements were found in the L. scaber mitogenome: trnQ -trnC and trnL1- trnP underwent short-distance translocations and the gene block rrnS-rrnL-ND1 moved to a position between ND4 and ND5, resulting in the formation of a novel gene order. The phylogenetic analysis showed that L. scaber is most closely related to S. bungii, followed by Narceus magnum. These findings enhance our understanding of the rearrangement and evolution of Diplopoda mitogenomes.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Genoma Mitocondrial , Animais , Genoma Mitocondrial/genética , Filogenia , Composição de Bases , Artrópodes/genética , Códon de Iniciação
15.
Nat Commun ; 15(1): 1570, 2024 Feb 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38383614

RESUMO

Visual systems are homogeneous structures, where repeating columnar units retinotopically cover the visual field. Each of these columns contain many of the same neuron types that are distinguished by anatomic, genetic and - generally - by functional properties. However, there are exceptions to this rule. In the 800 columns of the Drosophila eye, there is an anatomically and genetically identifiable cell type with variable functional properties, Tm9. Since anatomical connectivity shapes functional neuronal properties, we identified the presynaptic inputs of several hundred Tm9s across both optic lobes using the full adult female fly brain (FAFB) electron microscopic dataset and FlyWire connectome. Our work shows that Tm9 has three major and many sparsely distributed inputs. This differs from the presynaptic connectivity of other Tm neurons, which have only one major, and more stereotypic inputs than Tm9. Genetic synapse labeling showed that the heterogeneous wiring exists across individuals. Together, our data argue that the visual system uses heterogeneous, distributed circuit properties to achieve robust visual processing.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Neurônios , Humanos , Animais , Feminino , Neurônios/fisiologia , Drosophila/fisiologia , Sinapses/fisiologia , Percepção Visual , Encéfalo , Vias Visuais/fisiologia
16.
PLoS One ; 19(2): e0295377, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38335167

RESUMO

Land modification causes biodiversity loss and ecosystem modification. Despite many studies on the impacts of this factor, there is little empirical evidence on how it affects the interaction networks of plants, herbivores and their natural enemies; likewise, there is little evidence on how those networks change due to differences in the complexity of the communities they comprise. We analyzed the effects of land use and number of trophic levels on the interaction networks of exotic legume species and their associated arthropods. We collected seedpods from five exotic legume species (one of them invasive) in four land use types (urbanization, roadside, L. leucocephala plantation, wooded pasture) on Santa Cruz Island in the Galapagos, and obtained all arthropods that emerged from the seeds. Then, we built and analyzed the interaction networks for each land use at two community scales, each with different numbers of trophic levels: (1) three levels: plant-seed beetle-parasitoid (PSP), and (2) more than three levels: plant-seed beetle-parasitoid-predator and other trophic guilds (PSPP). Land use was more relevant than number of trophic levels in the configuration of species interactions. The number of species and interactions was highest on roadsides at PSPP and lowest in plantations at PSP. We found a significant effect of land use on connectance and interaction evenness (IE), and no significant effect of number of trophic levels on connectance, diversity or IE. The simultaneous analysis of land use and number of trophic levels enabled the identification of more complex patterns of community structure. Comparison of the patterns we found among islands and between exotic and native legumes is recommended. Understanding the structure of the communities analyzed here, as well as the relative contribution of their determinants of change, would allow us to develop conservation plans according to the dynamics of these neo-ecosystems.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Ecossistema , Animais , Biodiversidade , Plantas , Herbivoria
18.
Braz J Biol ; 83: e276127, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38422265

RESUMO

The study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts of edible mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes against Rhyssomatus nigerrimus. Methanol:water extracts (70:30) of P. ostreatus and L. edodes were made and evaluated in two in vitro tests (exposure and immersion toxic effect) against R. nigerrimus. Subsequently, the toxicity test of the extracts against Artemia salina was evaluated. These extracts were subjected to colorimetric tests and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed a mortality effect against R. nigerrimus of 50% for the P. ostreatus 2 extracts at a concentration of 20% in the immersion test. Likewise, in the toxic effect test, 90% mortality was observed after five days of exposure to a concentration of 10%. On the other hand, for the toxicity test, the extract that showed the values with the highest mortality against A. salina was P. ostreatus, starting with 80% mortality at 100µg/mL. The functional groups present in the extracts were saponins, coumarins, and alkaloids. Furthermore, the presence of more than 7 compounds in the mushroom extracts evaluated is reported. This study demonstrates the insecticidal activity of P. ostreatus and L. edodes fungal extracts and indicates the importance of using different in vitro tests to elucidate the mechanism of action for future studies.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Inseticidas , Pleurotus , Cogumelos Shiitake , Gorgulhos , Animais , Metanol , Artemia
19.
J Environ Manage ; 353: 120277, 2024 Feb 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38325288

RESUMO

In Europe, agri-environment schemes (AES) are a key instrument to combat the ongoing decline of farmland biodiversity. AES aim is to support biodiversity and maintain ecosystem services, such as pollination or pest control. To what extent AES affect crop yield is still poorly understood. We performed a systematic review, including hierarchical meta-analyses, to investigate potential trade-offs and win-wins between the effectiveness of AES for arthropod diversity and agricultural yield on European croplands. Altogether, we found 26 studies with a total of 125 data points that fulfilled our study inclusion criteria. From each study, we extracted data on biodiversity (arthropod species richness and abundance) and yield for fields with AES management and control fields without AES. The majority of the studies reported significantly higher species richness and abundance of arthropods (especially wild pollinators) in fields with AES (31 % increase), but yields were at the same time significantly lower on fields with AES compared to control fields (21 % decrease). Aside from the opportunity costs, AES that promote out-of-production elements (e.g. wildflower strips), supported biodiversity (29-32 % increase) without significantly compromising yield (2-5 % increase). Farmers can get an even higher yield in these situations than in current conventional agricultural production systems without AES. Thus, our study is useful to identify AES demonstrating benefits for arthropod biodiversity with negligible or relatively low costs regarding yield losses. Further optimization of the design and management of AES is needed to improve their effectiveness in promoting both biodiversity and minimizing crop yield losses.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Ecossistema , Animais , Biodiversidade , Agricultura , Produtos Agrícolas
20.
Nature ; 627(8002): 116-122, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38355803

RESUMO

Terrestrial animal biodiversity is increasingly being lost because of land-use change1,2. However, functional and energetic consequences aboveground and belowground and across trophic levels in megadiverse tropical ecosystems remain largely unknown. To fill this gap, we assessed changes in energy fluxes across 'green' aboveground (canopy arthropods and birds) and 'brown' belowground (soil arthropods and earthworms) animal food webs in tropical rainforests and plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia. Our results showed that most of the energy in rainforests is channelled to the belowground animal food web. Oil palm and rubber plantations had similar or, in the case of rubber agroforest, higher total animal energy fluxes compared to rainforest but the key energetic nodes were distinctly different: in rainforest more than 90% of the total animal energy flux was channelled by arthropods in soil and canopy, whereas in plantations more than 50% of the energy was allocated to annelids (earthworms). Land-use change led to a consistent decline in multitrophic energy flux aboveground, whereas belowground food webs responded with reduced energy flux to higher trophic levels, down to -90%, and with shifts from slow (fungal) to fast (bacterial) energy channels and from faeces production towards consumption of soil organic matter. This coincides with previously reported soil carbon stock depletion3. Here we show that well-documented animal biodiversity declines with tropical land-use change4-6 are associated with vast energetic and functional restructuring in food webs across aboveground and belowground ecosystem compartments.


Assuntos
Artrópodes , Floresta Úmida , Animais , Ecossistema , Cadeia Alimentar , Borracha , Solo
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