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1.
Nature ; 626(8001): 963-974, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38418916

RESUMO

Transporting small molecules across cell membranes is an essential process in cell physiology. Many structurally diverse, secondary active transporters harness transmembrane electrochemical gradients of ions to power the uptake or efflux of nutrients, signalling molecules, drugs and other ions across cell membranes. Transporters reside in lipid bilayers on the interface between two aqueous compartments, where they are energized and regulated by symported, antiported and allosteric ions on both sides of the membrane and the membrane bilayer itself. Here we outline the mechanisms by which transporters couple ion and solute fluxes and discuss how structural and mechanistic variations enable them to meet specific physiological needs and adapt to environmental conditions. We then consider how general bilayer properties and specific lipid binding modulate transporter activity. Together, ion gradients and lipid properties ensure the effective transport, regulation and distribution of small molecules across cell membranes.


Assuntos
Transporte Biológico Ativo , Íons , Bicamadas Lipídicas , Lipídeos , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras , Transporte de Íons , Íons/metabolismo , Bicamadas Lipídicas/química , Bicamadas Lipídicas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/metabolismo
2.
Eur J Immunol ; 54(2): e2350385, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38073515

RESUMO

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that initiate and regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Solute carrier (SLC) transporters mediate diverse physiological functions and maintain cellular metabolite homeostasis. Recent studies have highlighted the significance of SLCs in immune processes. Notably, upon activation, immune cells undergo rapid and robust metabolic reprogramming, largely dependent on SLCs to modulate diverse immunological responses. In this review, we explore the central roles of SLC proteins and their transported substrates in shaping DC functions. We provide a comprehensive overview of recent studies on amino acid transporters, metal ion transporters, and glucose transporters, emphasizing their essential contributions to DC homeostasis under varying pathological conditions. Finally, we propose potential strategies for targeting SLCs in DCs to bolster immunotherapy for a spectrum of human diseases.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/química , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Células Dendríticas
3.
Dis Model Mech ; 16(11)2023 Nov 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38037877

RESUMO

By controlling the passage of small molecules across lipid bilayers, membrane transporters influence not only the uptake and efflux of nutrients, but also the metabolic state of the cell. With more than 450 members, the Solute Carriers (SLCs) are the largest transporter super-family, clustering into families with different substrate specificities and regulatory properties. Cells of different types are, therefore, able to tailor their transporter expression signatures depending on their metabolic requirements, and the physiological importance of these proteins is illustrated by their mis-regulation in a number of disease states. In cancer, transporter expression is heterogeneous, and the SLC family has been shown to facilitate the accumulation of biomass, influence redox homeostasis, and also mediate metabolic crosstalk with other cell types within the tumour microenvironment. This Review explores the roles of membrane transporters in physiological and malignant settings, and how these roles can affect drug response, through either indirect modulation of sensitivity or the direct transport of small-molecule therapeutic compounds into cells.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras , Neoplasias , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/química , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico/fisiologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Celulares , Microambiente Tumoral
4.
J Vis Exp ; (199)2023 09 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37843272

RESUMO

Solute carriers (SLCs) are membrane transporters that import and export a range of endogenous and exogenous substrates, including ions, nutrients, metabolites, neurotransmitters, and pharmaceuticals. Despite having emerged as attractive therapeutic targets and markers of disease, this group of proteins is still relatively underdrugged by current pharmaceuticals. Drug discovery projects for these transporters are impeded by limited structural, functional, and physiological knowledge, ultimately due to the difficulties in the expression and purification of this class of membrane-embedded proteins. Here, we demonstrate methods to obtain high-purity, milligram quantities of human SLC transporter proteins using codon-optimized gene sequences. In conjunction with a systematic exploration of construct design and high-throughput expression, these protocols ensure the preservation of the structural integrity and biochemical activity of the target proteins. We also highlight critical steps in the eukaryotic cell expression, affinity purification, and size-exclusion chromatography of these proteins. Ultimately, this workflow yields pure, functionally active, and stable protein preparations suitable for high-resolution structure determination, transport studies, small-molecule engagement assays, and high-throughput in vitro screening.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/química , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/metabolismo , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Preparações Farmacêuticas
5.
Pharmacol Res ; 196: 106941, 2023 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37775020

RESUMO

Solute carrier (SLC) transport proteins are fundamental for the translocation of endogenous compounds and drugs across membranes, thus playing a critical role in disease susceptibility and drug response. Because only a limited number of transporter substrates are currently known, the function of a large number of SLC transporters is elusive. Here, we describe the proof-of-concept of a novel strategy to identify SLC transporter substrates exemplarily for the proton-coupled peptide transporter (PEPT) 2 (SLC15A2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) 1 transporter (SLC47A1), which are important renal transporters of drug reabsorption and excretion, respectively. By combining metabolomic profiling of mice with genetically-disrupted transporters, in silico ligand screening and in vitro transport studies for experimental validation, we identified nucleobases and nucleoside-derived anticancer and antiviral agents (flucytosine, cytarabine, gemcitabine, capecitabine) as novel drug substrates of the MATE1 transporter. Our data confirms the successful applicability of this new approach for the identification of transporter substrates in general, which may prove particularly relevant in drug research.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos , Animais , Camundongos , Ligantes , Transporte Biológico
6.
Clin Pharmacol Ther ; 114(6): 1293-1303, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37657924

RESUMO

Environmental health science seeks to predict how environmental toxins, chemical toxicants, and prescription drugs accumulate and interact within the body. Xenobiotic transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) superfamilies are major determinants of the uptake and disposition of xenobiotics across the kingdoms of life. The goal of this study was to integrate drug and environmental chemical interactions of mammalian ABC and SLC proteins in a centralized, integrative database. We built upon an existing publicly accessible platform-the "TransPortal"-which was updated with novel data and searchable features on transporter-interfering chemicals from manually curated literature data. The integrated resource TransPortal-TICBase (https://transportal.compbio.ucsf.edu) now contains information on 46 different mammalian xenobiotic transporters of the ABC- and SLC-type superfamilies, including 13 newly added rodent and 2 additional human drug transporters, 126 clinical drug-drug interactions, and a more than quadrupled expansion of the initial in vitro chemical interaction data from 1,402 to 6,296 total interactions. Based on our updated database, environmental interference with major human and rodent drug transporters occurs across the ABC- and SLC-type superfamilies, with kinetics indicating that some chemicals, such as the ionic liquid 1-hexylpyridinium chloride and the antiseptic chlorhexidine, can act as strong inhibitors with potencies similar or even higher than pharmacological model inhibitors. The new integrated web portal serves as a central repository of current and emerging data for interactions of prescription drugs and environmental chemicals with human drug transporters. This archive has important implications for predicting adverse drug-drug and drug-environmental chemical interactions and can serve as a reference website for the broader scientific community of clinicians and researchers.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras , Xenobióticos , Animais , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico , Interações Medicamentosas , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/metabolismo , Mamíferos/metabolismo
7.
Clin. transl. oncol. (Print) ; 25(7): 2265-2276, jul. 2023. graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-222393

RESUMO

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the major subtype of gastrointestinal malignancy and involves cancer-related genes and signaling pathways to regulate ferroptosis. The present study was conducted to analyze the role of alkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) in the ferroptosis of CRC cells and provide novel targets for CRC treatment. Methods The transcriptional and protein levels of ALKBH5 and solute carrier family 7 members 11 (SLC7A11) in tissues and cells were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot assay. HCT116 and SW620 cells were transfected with ALKBH5 overexpression vectors to determine cell viability and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Fe+, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase 4 using cell counting kit-8, colony formation, fluorescence probe, assay kits, and Western blot assay. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) level and the enrichment of m6A on SLC7A11 mRNA were measured by m6A quantitative analysis and m6A methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-qPCR, and the mRNA stability was determined after actinomycin D treatment. CRC cells were treated with the combination of SLC7A11 and ALKBH5 overexpression vectors to confirm the mechanism. Nude mice were subcutaneously injected with CRC cells overexpressing ALKBH5. Results ALKBH5 was downregulated in CRC and ALKBH5 overexpression promoted ROS release and ferroptosis. ALKBH5 erased the m6A modification on SLC7A11 mRNA to reduce the mRNA stability of SLC7A11, further reducing SLC7A11 expression. SLC7A11 overexpression reversed the promotive role of ALKBH5 overexpression in ferroptosis. ALKBH5 upregulation mitigated tumor growth in vivo. Conclusions ALKBH5 reduced SLC7A11 transcription by erasing m6A modification, thus promoting the ferroptosis of CRC cells (AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/genética , Fatores de Transcrição , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Morte Celular , Camundongos Nus , Carcinogênese
8.
Int J Mol Sci ; 24(11)2023 May 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37298344

RESUMO

Solute carriers (SLCs) are essential for brain physiology and homeostasis due to their role in transporting necessary substances across cell membranes. There is an increasing need to further unravel their pathophysiological implications since they have been proposed to play a pivotal role in brain tumor development, progression, and the formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) through the upregulation and downregulation of various amino acid transporters. Due to their implication in malignancy and tumor progression, SLCs are currently positioned at the center of novel pharmacological targeting strategies and drug development. In this review, we discuss the key structural and functional characteristics of the main SLC family members involved in glioma pathogenesis, along with their potential targeting options to provide new opportunities for CNS drug design and more effective glioma management.


Assuntos
Glioma , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos , Humanos , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico , Desenho de Fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral
9.
Trends Biochem Sci ; 48(9): 801-814, 2023 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37355450

RESUMO

Solute carrier (SLCs) transporters mediate the transport of a broad range of solutes across biological membranes. Dysregulation of SLCs has been associated with various pathologies, including metabolic and neurological disorders, as well as cancer and rare diseases. SLCs are therefore emerging as key targets for therapeutic intervention with several recently approved drugs targeting these proteins. Unlocking this large and complex group of proteins is essential to identifying unknown SLC targets and developing next-generation SLC therapeutics. Recent progress in experimental and computational techniques has significantly advanced SLC research, including drug discovery. Here, we review emerging topics in therapeutic discovery of SLCs, focusing on state-of-the-art approaches in structural, chemical, and computational biology, and discuss current challenges in transporter drug discovery.


Assuntos
Neoplasias , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos , Humanos , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/química , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/química , Transporte Biológico/fisiologia , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Neoplasias/metabolismo
10.
Nefrología (Madrid) ; 43(3): 335-343, may.-jun. 2023. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-220038

RESUMO

Background: The associated factors of peritoneal small solute transport was not fully understood. This research aimed to investigate the connection between dialysate inflammatory markers (e.g. macrophage migration inhibitory factor, MIF) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) effluent and peritoneal solute transport rate (PSTR) properties. Subjects and design: A total of 80 stable PD patients in the First ShaoYang Hospital were enrolled in present study. Overnight PD effluent and serum inflammatory markers including MIF, MCP-1, VEGF, IL-6, TNFα and TGFβ were detected. Pearson correlation analysis and Logistic regression was performed to determine the risk factors for the increased PSTR. Results: A trend toward increased values of MIF, MCP-1 and IL-6 in PD effluent was observed in subjects with high PSTR when compared with those with low PSTR. The Pearson correlation test showed that D/P Cr exhibited positive correlations with dialysis effluent MIF (r=0.32, p=0.01), MCP-1 (r=0.47, p=0.01), IL-6 (r=0.48, p=0.01). Conversely, no significant correlation was found between D/P Cr and TGF-β (r=0.04, p=0.70), TNF-ɑ (r=0.22, p=0.05), VEGF (r=0.02, p=0.86) and serum inflammatory markers. In the unadjusted regression analysis, dialysis effluent MIF (OR 2.41), MCP-1 (OR 1.72), IL-6 (OR 1.55) were associated with high PSTR condition. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the adjusted odds ratios (OR) of dialysis effluent MIF for high PSTR were 2.47 in all subjects (p=0.03). Conclusion: Elevated MIF, MCP-1 and IL-6 levels in PD effluent were associated with increased PSTR. Elevated dialysis effluent MIF levels was an independent risk factor for high PSTR in subjects with PD treatment. (AU)


Antecedentes: Los factores asociados del transporte peritoneal de pequeños solutos no se conocen completamente. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo investigar la conexión entre los marcadores inflamatorios del dializado (por ejemplo, el factor inhibidor de la migración de macrófagos [MIF]) en el efluente de diálisis peritoneal (DP) y las propiedades de la tasa de transporte de solutos peritoneal (PSTR). Sujetos y diseño: Se incluyó un total de 80 pacientes con DP estable en el primer Hospital de Shaoyang. Se detectaron efluentes de DP nocturnos y marcadores inflamatorios séricos, incluyendo MIF, MCP-1, VEGF, IL-6, TNF -ɑ, TGF -β. Se realizó un análisis de correlación de Pearson y regresión logística para determinar los factores de riesgo para la PSTR aumentada. Resultados: Se observó una tendencia hacia valores incrementados de MIF, MCP-1 e IL-6 en el efluente de DP en sujetos con PSTR alta, en comparación con aquellos con PSTR baja. La prueba de correlación de Pearson mostró que D/Pcr exhibe correlaciones positivas con el MIF del efluente diálisis (r = 0,32, p = 0,01), MCP-1 (r = 0,47, p = 0,01), IL-6 (r = 0,48, p = 0,01). Por el contrario, no se encontró una correlación significativa entre D/Pcr y TGF-β (r = 0,04, p = 0,70), TNF-ɑ (r = 0,22, p = 0,05), VEGF (r = 0,02, p = 0,86) y marcadores séricos de inflamación. En el análisis de regresión no ajustado, el MIF del efluente diálisis (OR 2,41), la MCP-1 (OR 1,72), la IL-6 (OR 1,55) se asociaron con una PSTR elevada. El análisis de regresión logística multivariante mostró que las odds ratios (OR) ajustadas del MIF del efluente diálisis para PSTR alta fueron de 2,47 en todos los sujetos (p = 0,03). Conclusión: Los niveles elevados de MIF, MCP-1 y IL-6 en el efluente de DP se asociaron con un aumento de la PSTR. Los niveles elevados del MIF del efluente diálisis fueron un factor de riesgo independiente para PSTR elevada en sujetos tratados con DP. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Diálise Peritoneal , Fatores Inibidores da Migração de Macrófagos , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos , Estudos Transversais , China
11.
Int. microbiol ; 26(2): 219-229, May. 2023. graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-220217

RESUMO

Ectoine and hydroxyectoine are compatible solutes with enormous potential for use in the medical and cosmetic industries. Considering the excellent osmoprotective properties of these compatible solutes, we investigate the presence of four compatible solutes (ectoine, hydroxyectoine, proline, and glutamic acid) quantitatively by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) in forty-five halophilic/halotolerant bacterial isolates. We determined ectoine production by Marinibacillus sp., Nesterenkonia xinjiangensis, Halobacillus sp., Bacillus patagoniensis, Virgibacillus picturae, Halomonas neptunia, Bacillus patagoniensis, Gracilibacillus sp., Thalassobacillus devorans, Microbacterium sp., Nesterenkonia sp., and Bacillus agaradhaerens, and this production was NaCl dependent. Additionally, the production of hydroxyectoine was observed in six bacterial isolates (Nesterenkonia xinjiangensis, Halobacillus sp., Halomonas neptunia, Thalassobacillus devorans, Nesterenkonia sp., and Bacillus agaradhaerens) which was NaCl and temperature dependent. The study identified new bacterial isolates producing ectoine or hydroxyectoine. While the ectoine production in many different Bacillus members and a few Nesterenkonia have been documented before, ectoine production by Bacillus patagoniensis and Nesterenkonia xinjiangensis has not been shown so far. Further, ectoine production by a member of the genus Thalassobacillus (Thalassobacillus devorans) was demonstrated experimentally for the first time. The findings reported in the study may serve as a basis for the large-scale production of ectoine and hydroxyectoine in the future.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Bactérias/classificação , Halobacteriales , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos
12.
Molecules ; 28(3)2023 Jan 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36770817

RESUMO

Transmembrane transport of small organic and inorganic molecules is one of the cornerstones of cellular metabolism. Among transmembrane transporters, solute carrier (SLC) proteins form the largest, albeit very diverse, superfamily with over 400 members. It was recognized early on that xenobiotics can directly interact with SLCs and that this interaction can fundamentally determine their efficacy, including bioavailability and intertissue distribution. Apart from the well-established prodrug strategy, the chemical ligation of transporter substrates to nanoparticles of various chemical compositions has recently been used as a means to enhance their targeting and absorption. In this review, we summarize efforts in drug design exploiting interactions with specific SLC transporters to optimize their therapeutic effects. Furthermore, we describe current and future challenges as well as new directions for the advanced development of therapeutics that target SLC transporters.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras , Pró-Fármacos , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/metabolismo , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos
13.
Life Sci Alliance ; 5(12)2022 09 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36260753

RESUMO

Cell death, survival, or growth decisions in T-cell subsets depend on interplay between cytokine-dependent and metabolic processes. The metabolic requirements of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) for their survival and how these are satisfied remain unclear. Herein, we identified a necessary requirement of methionine uptake and usage for Tregs survival upon IL-2 deprivation. Activated Tregs have high methionine uptake and usage to S-adenosyl methionine, and this uptake is essential for Tregs survival in conditions of IL-2 deprivation. We identify a solute carrier protein SLC43A2 transporter, regulated in a Notch1-dependent manner that is necessary for this methionine uptake and Tregs viability. Collectively, we uncover a specifically regulated mechanism of methionine import in Tregs that is required for cells to adapt to cytokine withdrawal. We highlight the need for methionine availability and metabolism in contextually regulating cell death in this immunosuppressive population of T cells.


Assuntos
Metionina , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Metionina/metabolismo , Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Racemetionina/metabolismo , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/metabolismo
15.
PLoS One ; 17(7): e0271062, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35901096

RESUMO

Solute carrier (SLC) proteins represent the largest superfamily of transmembrane transporters. While many of them play key biological roles, their systematic analysis has been hampered by their functional and structural heterogeneity. Based on available nomenclature systems, we hypothesized that many as yet unidentified SLC transporters exist in the human genome, which await further systematic analysis. Here, we present criteria for defining "SLC-likeness" to curate a set of "SLC-like" protein families from the Transporter Classification Database (TCDB) and Protein families (Pfam) databases. Computational sequence similarity searches surprisingly identified ~120 more proteins in human with potential SLC-like properties compared to previous annotations. Interestingly, several of these have documented transport activity in the scientific literature. To complete the overview of the "SLC-ome", we present an algorithm to classify SLC-like proteins into protein families, investigating their known functions and evolutionary relationships to similar proteins from 6 other clinically relevant experimental organisms, and pinpoint structural orphans. We envision that our work will serve as a stepping stone for future studies of the biological function and the identification of the natural substrates of the many under-explored SLC transporters, as well as for the development of new therapeutic applications, including strategies for personalized medicine and drug delivery.


Assuntos
Toxinas Bacterianas , Clostridioides difficile , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/genética
16.
Structure ; 30(9): 1321-1330.e5, 2022 09 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35700727

RESUMO

The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily is the largest group of proteins responsible for the transmembrane transport of substances in human cells. It includes more than 400 members that are organized into 65 families according to their physiological function and sequence similarity. Different families of SLCs can adopt the same or different folds that determine the mechanism and reflect the evolutionary relationship between SLC members. Analysis of structural data in the literature before this work showed 13 different folds in the SLC superfamily covering 40 families and 343 members. To further study their mechanism, we systematically explored the SLC superfamily to look for more folds. Based on our results, at least three new folds are found for the SLC superfamily, one of which is in the choline-like transporter family (SLC44) and has been experimentally verified. Our work has laid a foundation and provided important insights for the systematic and comprehensive study of the structure and function of SLC.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos , Transporte Biológico , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/metabolismo
17.
Trends Pharmacol Sci ; 43(5): 358-361, 2022 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35232590

RESUMO

Solute carrier transporters (SLCs) limit receptor activation via uptake of extracellular ligands. Novel concepts are emerging that describe the modulation of intracellular and plasma membrane receptors by ligand influx and efflux via SLCs, respectively. Here, we evaluate recent insights and provide an outlook for developing potential therapeutic strategies.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos , Transporte Biológico , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Humanos , Ligantes , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/metabolismo
18.
Reprod Toxicol ; 107: 1-9, 2022 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34757165

RESUMO

Species differences in developmental toxicity can be due to varying expression of xenobiotic transporters. Hence, knowledge on the ontogeny of these transporters, especially in human, rat and rabbit, is pivotal. Two superfamilies of transporters, the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and the solute carrier (SLC) transporters, are well known for their role in the absorption, distribution and/or elimination of xenobiotics and endogenous substances. The aim of this study was to compare the expression levels of these xenobiotic transporters in liver, kidney and placenta of man, Wistar rat and New Zealand White rabbit during pre- and postnatal development. For this purpose, qPCR experiments were performed for rat and rabbit tissues and the gene expression profiles were compared with literature data from man, rat and rabbit. Data analysis showed large differences in transporter expression in development and between species. These results can be used to better understand developmental toxicity findings in non-clinical species and their relevance for man.


Assuntos
Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Rim/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Placenta/metabolismo , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/genética , Animais , Embrião de Mamíferos , Feminino , Feto , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , Coelhos , Ratos Wistar , Especificidade da Espécie
19.
Hum Genet ; 141(1): 81-99, 2022 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34797406

RESUMO

The uptake and efflux of solutes across a plasma membrane is controlled by transporters. There are two main superfamilies of transporters, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) binding cassettes (ABCs) and solute carriers (SLCs). In the brain, SLC transporters are involved in transporting various solutes across the blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, astrocytes, neurons, and other brain cell types including oligodendrocytes and microglial cells. SLCs play an important role in maintaining normal brain function. Hence, mutations in the genes that encode SLC transporters can cause a variety of neurological disorders. We identified the following SLC gene variants in 25 patients in our cohort: SLC1A2, SLC2A1, SLC5A1, SLC6A3, SLC6A5, SLC6A8, SLC9A6, SLC9A9, SLC12A6, SLC13A5, SLC16A1, SLC17A5, SLC19A3, SLC25A12, SLC25A15, SLC27A4, SLC45A1, SLC46A1, and SLC52A3. Eight patients harbored pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations (SLC5A1, SLC9A6, SLC12A6, SLC16A1, SLC19A3, and SLC52A3), and 12 patients were found to have variants of unknown clinical significance (VOUS); these variants occurred in 11 genes (SLC1A2, SLC2A1, SLC6A3, SLC6A5, SLC6A8, SLC9A6, SLC9A9, SLC13A5, SLC25A12, SLC27A4, and SLC45A1). Five patients were excluded as they were carriers. In the remaining 20 patients with SLC gene variants, we identified 16 possible distinct neurological disorders. Based on the clinical presentation, we categorized them into genes causing intellectual delay (ID) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), those causing epilepsy, those causing vitamin-related disorders, and those causing other neurological diseases. Several variants were detected that indicated possible personalized therapies: SLC2A1 led to dystonia or epilepsy, which can be treated with a ketogenic diet; SLC6A3 led to infantile parkinsonism-dystonia 1, which can be treated with levodopa; SLC6A5 led to hyperekplexia 3, for which unnecessary treatment with antiepileptic drugs should be avoided; SLC6A8 led to creatine deficiency syndrome type 1, which can be treated with creatine monohydrate; SLC16A1 led to monocarboxylate transporter 1 deficiency, which causes seizures that should not be treated with a ketogenic diet; SLC19A3 led to biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease, which can be treated with biotin and thiamine; and SLC52A3 led to Brown-Vialetto-Van-Laere syndrome 1, which can be treated with riboflavin. The present study examines the prevalence of SLC gene mutations in our cohort of children with epilepsy and other neurological disorders. It highlights the diverse phenotypes associated with mutations in this large family of SLC transporter proteins, and an opportunity for personalized genomics and personalized therapeutics.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/genética , Epilepsia/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/genética , Adolescente , Povo Asiático/genética , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Paralisia Bulbar Progressiva/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Perda Auditiva Neurossensorial/genética , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Mutação , Fenótipo , Arábia Saudita
20.
Gene ; 809: 146033, 2022 Jan 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34673204

RESUMO

The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily is the largest group of transporters in humans, with the role to transport solutes across plasma membranes. The SLCs are currently divided into 65 families with 430 members. Here, we performed a detailed mining of the SLC superfamily and the recent annotated family of "atypical" SLCs in human and D. melanogaster using Hidden Markov Models and PSI-BLAST. Our analyses identified 381 protein sequences in D. melanogaster and of those, 55 proteins have not been previously identified in flies. In total, 11 of the 65 human SLC families were found to not be conserved in flies, while a few families are highly conserved, which perhaps reflects the families' functions and roles in cellular pathways. This study provides the first collection of all SLC sequences in D. melanogaster and can serve as a SLC database to be used for classification of SLCs in other phyla.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Filogenia , Proteínas Carreadoras de Solutos/genética , Animais , Humanos , Cadeias de Markov
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