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1.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 30(3): 469-477, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38289719

RESUMO

Total joint arthroplasty is a commonly used surgical procedure in orthopedics. Revision surgeries are required in >10% of patients mainly because of prosthetic joint infection caused by bacteria or aseptic implant loosening caused by chronic inflammation. Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidium, an obligate intracellular parasite, capable of exploiting migrating proinflammatory immune cells for dissemination within the host. We used molecular detection methods to evaluate the incidence of E. cuniculi among patients who had total hip or knee arthroplasty revision. Out of 49 patients, E. cuniculi genotypes I, II, or III were confirmed in joint samples from 3 men and 2 women who had implant loosening. Understanding the risks associated with the presence of microsporidia in periprosthetic joint infections is essential for proper management of arthroplasty. Furthermore, E. cuniculi should be considered a potential contributing cause of joint inflammation and arthrosis.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon cuniculi , Encefalitozoonose , Microsporídios , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Microsporídios/genética , Encephalitozoon cuniculi/genética , República Tcheca/epidemiologia , Encefalitozoonose/epidemiologia , Inflamação
2.
Indian J Med Microbiol ; 44: 100362, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37356849

RESUMO

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the frequency of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis in patients with diarrhea in the immunosuppressed. METHODS: Patients between the ages of 18-85 who applied to different clinics of Mus Bulanik and Bitlis State Hospitals and were referred to the microbiology or parasitology laboratory were selected for this study. A total of 200 individuals, including 88 immunosuppressed with diarrhea patients, 38 immunocompetent with diarrhea patients, 38 immunosuppressed without diarrhea patients, and 36 immunocompetent without diarrhea individuals, were included. Collected stool samples were evaluated using IFA-MAbs and real-time PCR methods to determine the frequency of E.intestinalis and E.bieneusi. RESULTS: E. intestinalis was detected in 59 (29.5%) of 200 samples and E. bieneusi was detected in 46 (23.0%) of them. Mixed infection was detected in 16 (8%) of the positive samples. While there was no statistically significant difference between E. intestinalis positivity and gender, age, diarrhea status and immune system status, a statistically significant relationship was determined between E. bieneusi positivity and diarrhea. When the real-time PCR method was accepted as the gold standard, the sensitivity of the IFA-MAbs method in the diagnosis of E. intestinalis was 94.54%, the specificity was 97.24, the sensitivity in the diagnosis of E. bieneusi was 95.45%, and the specificity was 98.72%. The overall accuracy of the IFA-MAbs method was 96.5% for the diagnosis of E. intestinalis and 98% for the diagnosis of E. bieneusi. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that E. intestinalis and E. bieneusi should be considered in both immunosuppressed and healthy individuals with diarrhea. IFA-MAbs method can be used in addition to the real-time PCR method to diagnose E. intestinalis and E. bieneusi.


Assuntos
Encefalitozoonose , Enterocytozoon , Microsporidiose , Animais , Camundongos , Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Encefalitozoonose/diagnóstico , Encefalitozoonose/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Enterocytozoon/genética , Microsporidiose/diagnóstico , Microsporidiose/epidemiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Diarreia/diagnóstico , Anticorpos Monoclonais
3.
Vet Rec ; 193(2): e2948, 2023 Jul 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37095703

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: There is a relative paucity of data examining the prevalence of renal pathology in wild rabbits. METHODS: Sixty-two wild rabbits that had been shot for population control in Cambridgeshire, UK, underwent postmortem examination, including macroscopic and microscopic renal assessment. RESULTS: The majority (82%) of the animals had macroscopically and microscopically normal kidneys. One animal (1.6%) had severe perirenal abscessation. Pasteurella spp. was isolated from this lesion. Ten rabbits (16%) had microscopic renal pathology comprising minimal to mild renal inflammation or fibrosis. No Encephalitozoon cuniculi organisms were detected histologically. LIMITATIONS: The sample population was composed of shot rabbits, so the probability of detecting moribund individuals was reduced. Extrapolation of these data to the wider UK wild rabbit population may be limited as rabbits were shot at two sites within a 3 km radius of each other. CONCLUSION: Renal pathology is rare in the population examined.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon cuniculi , Encefalitozoonose , Animais , Coelhos , Rim , Encéfalo/patologia , Encefalitozoonose/epidemiologia , Encefalitozoonose/veterinária , Encefalitozoonose/diagnóstico
4.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36917992

RESUMO

A 2-year-old female mixed-breed canine patient from Namibia presented originally with chronic uveitis. A serum antibody titer and a PCR test performed on the aqueous humor were positive for encephalitozoon cuniculi. The left eye showed an immature anterior focal cortical cataract in the periphery with suspected lens capsule rupture and signs of chronic uveitis. An incipient anterior focal cortical cataract was also perceivable in the patient's right eye. Despite local treatment as well as systemic administration of carprofen, prednisolone, and fenbendazol recurrent uveitis occurred. The patient then underwent bilateral extracapsular lensextraction via phacoemulsification. A PCR test of the lens material was positive for encephalitozoon cuniculi strain III. Recurring uveitis and secondary glaucoma 10 months post-op resulted in permanent blindness of the left eye. The patient then continued to receive local anti-inflammatory treatment. The last recheck examination of both eyes, 31 month post-op, revealed no signs of uveitis. This is the first case reported of a cataract in a canine patient caused by encephalitozoon cuniculi strain III.


Assuntos
Catarata , Doenças do Cão , Encephalitozoon cuniculi , Encefalitozoonose , Uveíte , Feminino , Animais , Cães , Encefalitozoonose/diagnóstico , Encefalitozoonose/tratamento farmacológico , Encefalitozoonose/veterinária , Melhoramento Vegetal , Catarata/complicações , Catarata/diagnóstico , Catarata/veterinária , Uveíte/diagnóstico , Uveíte/tratamento farmacológico , Uveíte/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico
5.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol ; 252: 110481, 2022 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36037670

RESUMO

Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores cause severe granulomatous inflammation in the brain where mononuclear cells and macrophages infiltrate. Here, we orally infected New Zealand white rabbits with 1 × 106E. cuniculi viable spores to study the recruitment and localization of macrophages in brain granulomas. At day 30 post-infection, the positive phenotype markers iNOS (M1) and Arg-1 (M2) were located in the periphery and center of granulomas, respectively. Live intracytoplasmic spores were found only in positive Arg-1 cells. This is the first work to describe the recruitment and distribution of M1 and M2 macrophages in the brain granulomas of rabbits infected with E. cuniculi.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon cuniculi , Encefalitozoonose , Animais , Encéfalo , Encefalitozoonose/veterinária , Granuloma/veterinária , Macrófagos , Coelhos
6.
Parasitol Res ; 121(9): 2463-2479, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35840730

RESUMO

Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidian parasite mostly associated with its natural host, the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). However, other animals can be infected, like other mammals, birds, and even humans. Although it usually causes subclinical infection, it can also lead to encephalitozoonosis, a clinical disease characterized by neurological, ocular, and/or renal signs that can be even fatal, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, this multidisciplinary review contributes with updated information about the E. cuniculi, deepening in its molecular and genetic characterization, its mechanisms of infection and transmission, and its prevalence among different species and geographic locations, in a One Health perspective. Recent information about the diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the main host species and the prophylaxis and infection control measures currently suggested are also discussed.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon cuniculi , Encefalitozoonose , Saúde Única , Animais , Infecções Assintomáticas , Encephalitozoon cuniculi/genética , Encefalitozoonose/diagnóstico , Encefalitozoonose/epidemiologia , Encefalitozoonose/veterinária , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Mamíferos , Coelhos
7.
J Vet Med Sci ; 84(6): 777-783, 2022 Jun 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35491103

RESUMO

Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi) is a microsporidian parasite commonly detected in rabbits and can infect humans and cause encephalitozoonosis. And Toxoplasma gondii is a prevalent parasite distributed worldwide and can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. The aim of the current study was to investigate the seroprevalence of E. cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii, and risk factors of infection in pet rabbits reared in eastern coastal areas of China (Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Fujian). Total 222 blood samples of pet rabbits were collected from local veterinary hospitals. The seropositivity rates of E. cuniculi were 16.22% (36/222) according to an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Female pet rabbits was significantly higher than that in males (P=0.002), Zhejiang were markedly higher than those in Jiangsu and Shanghai (P=0.017, P=0.022), and cross-breed rabbits were dramatically higher than those in Chinchilla, New Zealand white, Rex (P=0.02, P=0.006, P=0.008). The seroprevalence of T. gondii was 13.06% (29/222) by the method of ELISA. The seroprevalence in Zhejiang was significantly higher than that in Shanghai (P=0.017). No difference in seroprevalence was detected with respect to the gender, age, species, health status, or season. These findings show that E. cuniculi and T. gondii are present and spread in pet rabbits. Therefore, pet rabbits should be considered as an important reservoir of encephalitozoonosis for humans and maybe important implication for public health in eastern coastal areas of China.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon cuniculi , Encefalitozoonose , Toxoplasma , Animais , Anticorpos Antifúngicos , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários , China/epidemiologia , Encefalitozoonose/epidemiologia , Encefalitozoonose/veterinária , Feminino , Masculino , Melhoramento Vegetal , Coelhos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos
8.
Immunobiology ; 227(3): 152194, 2022 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35278762

RESUMO

Opportunistic fungal pneumonia is a cause of concern in immunocompromised patients due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. One such opportunistic agent affecting immunocompromised patients is the microsporidia called Encephalitozoon cuniculi. This study aimed to evaluate pneumonia caused by E. cuniculi in mice treated with the immunosuppressive agent cyclophosphamide (Cy). This study also aimed to describe the immune cells associated with the microsporidial pneumonia. C57BL/6 mice were infected intravenously with E. cuniculi spores and treated with Cy (75 mg/kg/week, intraperitoneally). Thirty days post-infection, the fungal burden (qPCR), histopathological lesions, cytokine production, and the phenotype of the immune cells in the lung parenchyma were evaluated. Histologically, interstitial pneumonia with lymphocytic infiltrate was observed in the infected animals. The infiltrate mainly consisted of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, with reduced populations of B lymphocytes and macrophages. The production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was significant in the animals of the infected groups. Also, the fungal burden was higher in the Cy-treated animals, which was confirmed by the immunohistochemical observation of spores. These results demonstrated that E. cuniculi infection of C57BL/6 mice caused lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (characterized by a predominant lymphocytic infiltrate), which was aggravated by Cy-induced immunosuppression. Thus, these results can be used to understand the different pathological, immunological, and therapeutic aspects of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia.


Assuntos
Cuniculidae , Encefalitozoonose , Pneumonia , Animais , Ciclofosfamida/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pneumonia/tratamento farmacológico
9.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 28(3): 705-708, 2022 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35202528

RESUMO

We identified Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype II parasites as a cause of extraintestinal microsporidiosis in 2 owners of birds also infected with E. cuniculi. Patients experienced long-lasting nonspecific symptoms; the disease course was more progressive in a patient with diabetes. Our findings suggest direct bird-to-human transmission of this pathogen.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon cuniculi , Encefalitozoonose , Microsporidiose , Animais , Aves , Encephalitozoon cuniculi/genética , Encefalitozoonose/epidemiologia , Encefalitozoonose/parasitologia , Encefalitozoonose/veterinária , Genótipo , Humanos , Microsporidiose/diagnóstico , Microsporidiose/epidemiologia
10.
Acta Vet Scand ; 64(1): 2, 2022 Feb 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35109904

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Neurological signs, such as head tilt, torticollis, paralysis, and seizures, are common in rabbits. Differential diagnoses include two zoonotic infections caused by the microsporidial fungi Encephalitozoon cuniculi and the apicomplexan protozoa Toxoplasma gondii. Both infections are mainly latent in rabbits but may cause severe or even fatal disease. Although several international studies have reported the seroprevalence of these pathogens in different commercial rabbit populations, similar prevalence studies and risk-factor analyses among family-owned pet rabbits are uncommon and lacking in Scandinavia. We sought to estimate the seroprevalence and possible risk factors for E. cuniculi and T. gondii among Finnish pet rabbits. We used ELISA to measure E. cuniculi IgG seroprevalence of 247 rabbits and modified direct agglutination test for T. gondii seroprevalence of 270 rabbits. Samples were collected as part of the Finnish Pet Rabbit Health Research project. Internet-based questionnaires (n = 231) completed by the rabbit owners were used for risk-factor analysis. RESULTS: The apparent seroprevalence of E. cuniculi was 29.2% and true seroprevalence of T. gondii 3.9%. Risk factors were analysed only for E. cuniculi due to the low T. gondii seroprevalence. The final multivariable logistic regression model revealed that rabbits spending the whole summer outdoors had a higher risk of being E. cuniculi seropositive than rabbits with limited outdoor access. Additionally, rabbits living in households with only one or two rabbits had higher risk of being E. cuniculi seropositive than those in multi-rabbit households. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly one third of Finnish pet rabbits participating in this study had E. cuniculi IgG antibodies, indicating previous exposure to this pathogen. The prevalence is similar to that reported previously in clinically healthy rabbit populations in UK and Korea. While the seroprevalence of T. gondii was low (3.9%), antibodies were detected. Therefore, these zoonotic parasitic infections should be considered as differential diagnoses when treating rabbits.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon cuniculi , Encefalitozoonose , Toxoplasma , Animais , Anticorpos Antifúngicos , Encefalitozoonose/epidemiologia , Encefalitozoonose/veterinária , Finlândia , Coelhos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos
11.
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis ; 81: 101742, 2022 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35074660

RESUMO

Encephalitozoon cuniculi, an intracellular pathogen, lives in a balanced relationship with immunocompetent individuals based on the activity of T lymphocytes. We previously highlighted the greater susceptibility of B-1 cell-deficient mice (XID mice) to encephalitozoonosis. This study aimed to develop a model of disseminated and severe encephalitozoonosis in mice with combined immunodeficiency to elucidate the role of B cells. To address this objective, cyclophosphamide (Cy)-treated BALB/c and XID mice were inoculated with E. cuniculi, followed by the evaluation of the immune response and histopathological lesions. Immunosuppressed BALB/c mice manifested no clinical signs with an increase in the populations of T lymphocytes and macrophages in the spleen. Immunosuppressed and infected XID mice revealed elevated T cells, macrophages populations, and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6) with the presence of abdominal effusion and lesions in multiple organs. These clinical characteristics are associated with extensive and severe encephalitozoonosis. The symptoms and lesion size were reduced, whereas B-2 and CD4+ T cells populations were increased in the spleen by transferring B-2 cells adoptive to XID mice. Moreover, B-1 cells adoptive transfer upregulated the peritoneal populations of B-2 cells and macrophages but not T lymphocytes and decreased the symptoms. Herein, we speculated the consistency in the development of severe and disseminated encephalitozoonosis in mice with genetic deficiency of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) associated with Cy immunosuppression develop with that of the models with T cell deficiency. Taken together, these data emphasized the crucial role of B cells in the protective immune response against encephalitozoonosis.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon cuniculi , Encefalitozoonose , Doenças dos Roedores , Transferência Adotiva/veterinária , Animais , Encefalitozoonose/veterinária , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Baço
12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34501921

RESUMO

The involvement of animals for therapeutic purposes has very ancient roots. To date, it is clear that animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), in addition to ensuring the replacement of missing or deficient affects, improves psychophysiological parameters connected to human health. However, AAI could potentially present risks related to the transmission of infectious agents from animals to humans. Among these microorganisms, E. cuniculi is a microspore which induces pathological effects (fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, breathlessness, respiratory symptoms, and weakness) in both humans and animals. Consequently, an accurate and fast diagnosis of E. cuniculi infection, as well as the identification of new diagnostic approaches, is of fundamental importance. This literature review was carried out to provide an extensive and comprehensive analysis of the most recent diagnostic techniques to prevent and care for E. cuniculi-associated risks in the AAI field.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon cuniculi , Encefalitozoonose , Animais , Humanos , Laboratórios
13.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 17467, 2021 09 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34471179

RESUMO

Intestinal parasitic infections have high prevalence rate in many regions especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and genotype/subtype of some intestinal protozoa in livestock in Iran. Stool samples were collected from cattle, sheep, chickens, and horses. The presence of targeted parasites was evaluated using real-time PCR. Genotyping/subtyping of positive samples was characterized using sequencing of the ITS and barcoding region, respectively. Blastocystis sp., 27.7% (48/173) and Enterocytozoon bieneusi 26.0% (45/173) were the most frequent protozoa followed by Encephalitozoon spp., 0.57% (1/173). Cryptosporidium spp. were not detected among samples. Encephalitozoon spp., was detected only in chickens 2.2% (1/45). A statistically correlation was seen between animals and the prevalence of targeted protozoa. E. bieneusi genotypes I (9/38; 23.68%), BEB6 (22/38; 57.89%), D (6/38; 15.79%), and horse1 (1/38; 2.63%) were detected among samples. A statistically significant correlation was seen between the genotypes and animals (P ≤ 0.05). Blastocystis sp., ST1 (1/45; 2.22%), ST5 3/45; 6.66%), ST7 (1/45; 2.22%), ST10 (24/45; 53.33%), and ST14 (16/45; 35.55%) were characterized among samples. There was no significant correlation between certain subtypes and animals (P = 0.173). The presence of zoonotic potential genotypes of E. bieneusi in animals and zoonotic potential subtypes ST1 and ST7 among our samples provide a clue about the transmission dynamic of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. between animals-animals and humans-animals.


Assuntos
Blastocystis/fisiologia , Encephalitozoon/fisiologia , Enterocytozoon/fisiologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Animais , Blastocystis/genética , Infecções por Blastocystis/epidemiologia , Infecções por Blastocystis/parasitologia , Bovinos , Galinhas , Encephalitozoon/genética , Encefalitozoonose/epidemiologia , Encefalitozoonose/microbiologia , Enterocytozoon/genética , Genótipo , Cavalos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Gado , Microsporidiose/epidemiologia , Microsporidiose/microbiologia , Epidemiologia Molecular , Filogenia , Prevalência , Ovinos , Zoonoses/microbiologia , Zoonoses/parasitologia
14.
Foodborne Pathog Dis ; 18(9): 661-667, 2021 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33978456

RESUMO

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of pasteurization and coagulation during goat cheese production on the infectivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores for immunodeficient (SCID, CD4-/-, and CD8-/-) and immunocompetent (BALB/c and C57BL/6) mice. Goat milk and fecal samples were screened for the presence and quantity of microsporidial DNA using molecular methods. Experimentally produced cheese from E. cuniculi-enriched goat milk or goat cheese purchased from retail producers was fed with experimental mice susceptible to E. cuniculi infection. The mice were sacrificed in the presumed acute phase of infection and samples of their tissues were subject to molecular detection of specific E. cuniculi DNA. Specific DNA of E. cuniculi genotype II was detected in feces and milk of three out of 99 goats kept on 6 farms in the Czech Republic. Under experimental conditions, spores of E. cuniculi genotype II remained viable in artificially enriched fresh cheese and were able to cause infection in laboratory mice. E. cuniculi genotype I and II DNA were detected in eight of the nine goat cheeses purchased from various producers/breeders in the Czech Republic and these cheeses were able to develop infection in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice. The results of these experiments showed that spores of E. cuniculi genotype I and II are able to remain viable after cheese processing and thus fresh and soft cheeses should be considered a potential source of microsporidia.


Assuntos
Queijo , Encephalitozoon cuniculi , Encefalitozoonose , Animais , Cabras , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos SCID , Leite
15.
Exp Parasitol ; 224: 108101, 2021 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33773998

RESUMO

Out of three genotypes of Encephalitozoon cuniculi (I-III) available for experimental studies, E. cuniculi genotype I remains the less characterized. This study describes for the first time individual phases of microsporidiosis caused by E. cuniculi genotype I and efficacy of albendazole treatment in immunocompetent BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice and immunodeficient SCID, CD4-/- and CD8-/- mice using molecular detection and quantification methods. We demonstrate asymptomatic infection despite an intense dissemination of microsporidia into most organs within the first weeks post infection, followed by a chronic infection characterized by significant microsporidia persistence in immunocompetent, CD4-/- and CD8-/- mice and a lethal outcome for SCID mice. Albendazole application led to loss E. cuniculi genotype I infection in immunocompetent mouse strains, decreased spore burden by half in CD4-/- and CD8-/- mice, and prolongation of survival of SCID mice. These results showed Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype I infection extend and albendazole sensitivity was comparable to E. cuniculi genotype II, but the infection onset speed and mortality rate was similar to E. cuniculi genotype III. These imply that differences in the course of infection and the response to treatment depend not only on immunological status of the host, but also on the genotype causing the infection.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon cuniculi/classificação , Encefalitozoonose/parasitologia , Albendazol/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagem , Antígenos CD4/genética , Antígenos CD8/genética , Encephalitozoon cuniculi/genética , Encefalitozoonose/imunologia , Genótipo , Imunocompetência , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos SCID , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real
16.
Parasite Immunol ; 43(6): e12828, 2021 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33682117

RESUMO

Microsporidia are a group of obligate, intracellular, spore-forming eukaryotic pathogens, which predominantly infects immunocompromised individuals worldwide. Encephalitozoon spp. is one of the most prevalent microsporidia known to infect humans. Host immune system plays a major role in combating pathogens including Encephalitozoon spp. infecting humans. Both innate and adaptive arms of host immune system work together in combating Encephalitozoon infection. Researchers are conducting studies to elucidate the role of both arms of immune system against Encephalitozoon infection. In addition to cell-mediated adaptive immunity, role of innate immunity is also being highlighted in clearance of Encephalitozoon spp. from host body. Therefore, the current review will give a clear and consolidated update on the role of innate as well as adaptive immunity in protection against Encephalitozoon spp.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon , Encefalitozoonose , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Imunidade Inata , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido
17.
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis ; 75: 101616, 2021 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33524813

RESUMO

Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidian which is frequently reported from rabbits. This microorganism can either ravage rabbit farms or transmit to humans from pet rabbits. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and the genotype distribution of E. cuniculi among pet rabbits. In this study urine samples were collected from 50 pet rabbits, aged 2 months to 3 years, admitted to teaching veterinary hospital. Four races Lop, Dutch, Mix, and Angora were screened for E. cuniculi. The clinical symptoms were recorded and total DNA was extracted from urine samples. E. cuniculi was identified using amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA) gene and its genotypes were characterized using PCR/sequencing of the polar tube protein (PTP) gene. Phylogenetic tree was drawn to confirm the characterized genotypes. Out of 50 samples, 41 (82 %) of rabbits were asymptomatic, while nine (18 %) had at least one of symptoms including head-tilt, circling, and ataxia. A statistical correlation was seen between mean age + SD and symptoms (P-value = 0.039). The presence of E. cuniculi was confirmed in 16/50 (32 %) rabbits and all of them were identified as the genotype I. Our findings represented no consistency between E. cuniculi PCR - positive and the presence of symptoms (P-value = 0.318). Our results showed positive correlation between symptoms and age; however, the lack of correlation between PCR results with age may signify the latent infection in younger rabbits. All identified E. cuniculi were the genotype I, which is reported from rabbits and humans, highlighting the zoonotic concern for this genotype, particularly among subjects who keep pet rabbits.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon cuniculi , Encefalitozoonose , Animais , Encephalitozoon cuniculi/genética , Encefalitozoonose/diagnóstico , Encefalitozoonose/epidemiologia , Encefalitozoonose/veterinária , Genótipo , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Coelhos
18.
J Vet Med Sci ; 83(2): 280-284, 2021 Mar 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33441499

RESUMO

Corneal lesions appearing as white mass beneath intact epithelium, with ocular discharge in one mouse, was observed in a batch of laboratory-raised BALB/c mice (n=9 of 56). The affected mice remained active, well-groomed and had normal appetite. Isolates recovered from swab cultures of the external and internal contents of the eye had partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of 99.1% similarity to Streptococcus cuniculi. No previous report of S. cuniculi infection in laboratory rodents has been presented. The isolate was susceptible to all antibiotics tested. We suggest S. cuniculi is an opportunistic bacteria in laboratory mice but are uncertain of its source. Our findings revealed that S. cuniculi is able to colonize laboratory mice and should be considered when mice present with eye lesion or ocular discharge.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon cuniculi , Encefalitozoonose , Doenças dos Roedores , Animais , Encephalitozoon cuniculi/genética , Encefalitozoonose/veterinária , Laboratórios , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Streptococcus
19.
Acta Parasitol ; 66(2): 397-405, 2021 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33033999

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Encephalitozoon intestinalis affects many physiological processes of host cells to survive, proliferate, and spread to different regions within the body. In this study, the effects of the parasite on host cell apoptosis and proliferation were investigated. METHODS: To determine the impact of the parasite on the host cell apoptosis, changes in the expression profile of genes were investigated with the qPCR array using the Human Apoptosis Panel in infected and non-infected macrophage cells. Also, the rate of apoptosis in the cells was determined by Giemsa staining method. Cell proliferation was determined by measuring the DNA concentration in infected and non-infected cells. RESULTS: The thirty-six of apoptosis-related genes were down-regulated, while 20 of apoptosis-related genes were up-regulated in infected cells compared to uninfected cells. However, there were no significant changes detected in 32 analyzed genes between infected and control groups. E. intestinalis was determined to decrease cell proliferation in U937 macrophage cells. Unexpectedly, Giemsa staining showed an increase in the rate of apoptosis in infected cells. CONCLUSION: Regulated genes after infection are involved in many different biological pathways and various components of the cell. This suggests that the parasite uses highly sophisticated ways to maintain the viability of the cell.


Assuntos
Encephalitozoon , Encefalitozoonose , Apoptose , Humanos , Células U937
20.
J Feline Med Surg ; 22(11): 1084-1088, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33100172

RESUMO

OVERVIEW: Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a common obligate intracellular microsporidian parasite of rabbits that is increasingly recognised as a pathogen of cats and other mammalian species. These guidelines aim to review the literature on feline E cuniculi infection and provide recommendations on prevention and management. INFECTION IN CATS: E cuniculi infection should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of feline uveitis and cataract formation. It is not significantly associated with either chronic kidney disease or meningoencephalitis. E cuniculi infection is more common in stray or feral cats than in pet cats. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: Serological tests for antibody detection in the blood are easy to perform and can be useful for diagnosis, but their specificity is low as antibodies have been found in apparently healthy cats. PCR appears to be more sensitive than histopathology for diagnosis, and is more sensitive when performed on cataractous lenses compared with aqueous humour, although ease of sampling is an obvious limitation. Treatment is with fenbendazole for 3 weeks and phacoemulsification to remove microsporidia from cataractous lenses. ZOONOTIC RISK: E cuniculi is a potential zoonotic agent, and there is a particular risk to immunocompromised humans posed by infected rabbits. Albeit infrequent, spore shedding has been identified in cats, so care should be taken around infected cats.


Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/terapia , Catarata/veterinária , Encephalitozoon cuniculi/fisiologia , Encefalitozoonose/veterinária , Uveíte/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/prevenção & controle , Catarata/diagnóstico , Catarata/parasitologia , Gatos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Encefalitozoonose/diagnóstico , Encefalitozoonose/prevenção & controle , Encefalitozoonose/terapia , Uveíte/diagnóstico , Uveíte/parasitologia
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