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1.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis ; 15(3): 102315, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38301344

RESUMO

Canine babesiosis has been increasingly diagnosed in various regions of Germany such as north-eastern Germany in recent years. A dog with several relapses of Babesia canis infection after treatment with imidocarb is described. A 9-year-old male Magyar Viszla with B. canis infection was referred after two treatments with imidocarb (dosage 2.1 mg/kg SC) because of lethargy, fever and pancytopenia (additional treatments with prednisolone and doxycycline). Merozoites were detected in the blood smear and imidocarb treatment was repeated. Clinical signs, pancytopenia and a positive B. canis PCR occurred after the 3rd (6 mg/kg SC), 4th (7.7 mg/kg SC) and 5th (7.5 mg/kg SC and doxycycline for 4 weeks in addition) imidocarb injection and thorough tick prevention with isoxazoline and permethrin products. 12 days after the 5th injection, the PCR was negative for the first time. The dog was again presented with fever 35 days after the 5th injection. The B. canis PCR was positive and laboratory examination revealed pancytopenia. Treatment with atovaquone/azithromycin for 18 days was performed and no further relapse occurred for 32 weeks. In the case of suspected imidocarb resistance in B. canis infection, treatment with atovaquone/azithromycin can be an alternative.


Assuntos
Antiprotozoários , Babesia , Babesiose , Doenças do Cão , Pancitopenia , Masculino , Cães , Animais , Imidocarbo/uso terapêutico , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Atovaquona/farmacologia , Atovaquona/uso terapêutico , Doxiciclina/uso terapêutico , Azitromicina/uso terapêutico , Pancitopenia/tratamento farmacológico , Babesiose/tratamento farmacológico , Babesiose/epidemiologia , Babesiose/diagnóstico , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Falha de Tratamento , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico
2.
Trop Anim Health Prod ; 55(5): 315, 2023 Sep 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37737958

RESUMO

Chemoprophylaxis with dipropionate imidocarb (IMD) is a method adopted to prevent cattle tick fever (TF). Sixty weaned dairy heifers (±60 days old), without previous exposure to Rhipicephalus microplus ticks, were housed in Tifton paddocks and were subsequently exposed to R. microplus ticks and monitored up to 315 days old. Thirty animals were kept as controls (T01) and 30 received five preventive strategic treatments with IMD at 21-day intervals (T02). The heifers were monitored weekly by means of packed cell volume (PCV) and blood smears to evaluate the presence of TF agents. Salvage treatments (ST) with diminazene and enrofloxacin were administered when animals showed PCV ≤ 24%. The A. marginale prevalence was 39.3% and 37.7%, B. bovis 6.0%, and 7.3%, and B. bigemina 16.3% and 13.7% for T01 and T02, respectively. Regarding PCV values, group T01 showed lower PCV than group T02, between 119 and 161 days of life, but when animals were 196, 210, 217, and between 252 to 301 days old, an inversion occurred. The IMD treatment protocol was effective in group T02 from day 91 to 175 while treatment was being administered, but from day 182 to 315 after the IMD treatment protocol was completed, the number of salvage treatments against TF agents performed in T02 group increased significantly. The sequential application of IMD treatments with intervals less than 21 days is not recommended.


Assuntos
Anaplasmose , Babesiose , Doenças dos Bovinos , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Imidocarbo , Diminazena , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle
3.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis ; 14(4): 102145, 2023 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37011497

RESUMO

In the present study, the effect of a combination therapy consisting of diminazene aceturate (DA) and imidocarb dipropionate (ID) on the in vitro growth of several parasitic piroplasmids, and on Babesia microti in BALB/c mice was evaluated using a fluorescence-based SYBR Green I test. We evaluated the structural similarities between the regularly used antibabesial medications, DA and ID, and the recently found antibabesial drugs, pyronaridine tetraphosphate, atovaquone, and clofazimine, using atom pair fingerprints (APfp). The Chou-Talalay approach was used to determine the interactions between the two drugs. A Celltac MEK-6450 computerized hematology analyzer was used to detect hemolytic anemia every 96 hours in mice infected with B. microti and in those treated with either mono- or combination therapy. According to the APfp results, DA and ID have the most structural similarities (MSS). DA and ID had synergistic and additive interactions against the in vitro growth of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis, respectively. Low dosages of DA (6.25 mg kg-1) and ID (8.5 mg kg-1) in conjunction with each other inhibited B. microti growth by 16.5 %, 32 %, and 4.5 % more than 25 mg kg-1 DA, 6.25 mg kg-1 DA, and 8.5 mg kg-1 ID monotherapies, respectively. In the blood, kidney, heart, and lung tissues of mice treated with DA/ID, the B. microti small subunit rRNA gene was not detected. The obtained findings suggest that DA/ID could be a promising combination therapy for treating bovine babesiosis. Also, such combination may overcome the potential problems of Babesia resistance and host toxicity induced by utilizing full doses of DA and ID.


Assuntos
Babesia , Babesiose , Theileria , Animais , Camundongos , Babesiose/tratamento farmacológico , Babesiose/parasitologia , Imidocarbo/uso terapêutico
4.
J Vet Intern Med ; 37(1): 140-149, 2023 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36629833

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Vector-borne diseases are of increasing importance in Germany. Since 2015, autochthonous cases have been increasingly documented in Berlin/Brandenburg. OBJECTIVES: Describe autochthonous Babesia canis infection in the Berlin/Brandenburg region. ANIMALS: Forty-nine dogs with autochthonous B. canis infection. METHODS: Evaluation of history, clinical signs, laboratory abnormalities, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS: Dogs were presented between March and August (9) and September and January (40) in the years 2015-2021. Historical and clinical findings were lethargy (100%), pale mucous membranes (63%), fever (50%), and pigmenturia (52%). Common clinicopathological findings were thrombocytopenia (100%), anemia (85%), intravascular hemolysis (52%), pancytopenia (41%), and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS; 37%). Babesia detection was based on blood smear evaluation (n = 40) and PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene of piroplasms (n = 49). Sequencing indicated 99.47% to 100% identity to B. canis sequences from GenBank. All dogs were treated with imidocarb (2.4-6.3 mg/kg; median, 5 mg/kg); 8 dogs received 1, 35 received 2, and 1 dog each received 3, 4, or 5 injections, respectively. Continued PCR-positive results were detected in 7 dogs after the 1st, in 5 after the 2nd, in 2 after the 3rd, and in 1 28 days after the 4th injection. Four dogs were euthanized and 3 dogs died. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Autochthonous B. canis infections in Berlin/Brandenburg were associated with severe clinicopathological changes, SIRS, and multiorgan involvement. Testing by PCR during and after treatment is advisable to monitor treatment success. Screening of blood donors in high-risk areas and year-round tick protection is strongly recommended.


Assuntos
Babesia , Babesiose , Doenças do Cão , Cães , Animais , Babesia/genética , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Babesiose/diagnóstico , Babesiose/tratamento farmacológico , Babesiose/epidemiologia , Imidocarbo/uso terapêutico , Alemanha/epidemiologia
5.
Parasit Vectors ; 15(1): 329, 2022 Sep 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36123705

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: An innovative approach has been introduced for identifying and developing novel potent and safe anti-Babesia and anti-Theileria agents for the control of animal piroplasmosis. In the present study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of Malaria Box (MBox) compounds (n = 8) against the growth of Babesia microti in mice and conducted bioinformatics analysis between the selected hits and the currently used antibabesial drugs, with far-reaching implications for potent combinations. METHODS: A fluorescence assay was used to evaluate the in vivo inhibitory effects of the selected compounds. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted using hierarchical clustering, distance matrix and molecular weight correlation, and PubChem fingerprint. The compounds with in vivo potential efficacy were selected to search for their target in the piroplasm parasites using quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS: Screening the MBox against the in vivo growth of the B. microti parasite enabled the discovery of potent new antipiroplasm drugs, including MMV396693 and MMV665875. Interestingly, statistically significant (P < 0.05) downregulation of cysteine protease mRNA levels was observed in MMV665875-treated Theileria equi in vitro culture in comparison with untreated cultures. MMV396693/clofazimine and MMV665875/atovaquone (AV) showed maximum structural similarity (MSS) with each other. The distance matrix results indicate promising antibabesial efficacy of combination therapies consisting of either MMV665875 and AV or MMV396693 and imidocarb dipropionate (ID). CONCLUSIONS: Inhibitory and hematology assay results suggest that MMV396693 and MMV665875 are potent antipiroplasm monotherapies. The structural similarity results indicate that MMV665875 and MMV396693 have a similar mode of action as AV and ID, respectively. Our findings demonstrated that MBox compounds provide a promising lead for the development of new antibabesial therapeutic alternatives.


Assuntos
Babesia microti , Babesiose , Cisteína Proteases , Malária , Theileria , Animais , Atovaquona/farmacologia , Atovaquona/uso terapêutico , Babesiose/tratamento farmacológico , Babesiose/parasitologia , Clofazimina/farmacologia , Clofazimina/uso terapêutico , Cisteína Proteases/farmacologia , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Imidocarbo/análogos & derivados , Camundongos , Theileria/fisiologia
6.
PLoS One ; 17(6): e0270130, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35749453

RESUMO

Imidocarb (IMD) is commonly used for treatment of eperythrozoon, babesia, piroplasma and trypanosoma in animals, but there are few studies on its pharmacokinetics in cattle. The purpose of this study was to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters and assess the bioequivalence of subcutaneous injections of two IMD formulations in cattle. Forty-eight healthy cattle, 24 males and 24 females, were randomLy divided into two groups (test group and reference group) with 12 males and 12 females per group. The generic IMD was injected subcutaneously with a single dose of 3.0 mg/kg in the test group. Reference group animals were given one injection of the marketed IMD at the same dosage. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for IMD in cattle plasma were 0.05 ng/mL and 0.1 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 88.50% to 92.42%, and the equation of this calibration curve was Y = 13672.1X+187.43. The pharmacokinetics parameters of the test group showed that the maximum concentration of 2257.5±273.62 ng/mL was obtained at 2.14±0.67 h, AUC0-t 14553.95±1946.85 ng·h/mL, AUC∞ 15077.88±1952.19 ng·h/mL, T1/2 31.77±25.75 h, CL/F 0.14±0.02 mL/h/g, and Vz/F 6.53±5.34 mL/g. There was no significant difference in AUC0-t, AUC∞ and Cmax between the test group and the reference group (P>0.05). The 90% confidence interval of AUC0-t, AUC0-∞ and Cmax in the test group was included in 80%-125% AUC0-t, AUC0-∞ and 70%-143% Cmax in the reference group, respectively. Based on these results, the two preparations were found to be bioequivalent.


Assuntos
Imidocarbo , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Masculino , Área Sob a Curva , Estudos Cross-Over , Injeções Subcutâneas , Comprimidos , Equivalência Terapêutica
7.
Molecules ; 26(23)2021 Nov 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34885700

RESUMO

Babesiosis is an infectious disease with an empty drug pipeline. A search inside chemical libraries for novel potent antibabesial candidates may help fill such an empty drug pipeline. A total of 400 compounds (200 drug-like and 200 probe-like) from the Malaria Box were evaluated in the current study against the in vitro growth of Babesia divergens (B. divergens), a parasite of veterinary and zoonotic importance. Novel and more effective anti-B. divergens drugs than the traditionally used ones were identified. Seven compounds (four drug-like and three probe-like) revealed a highly inhibitory effect against the in vitro growth of B. divergens, with IC50s ≤ 10 nanomolar. Among these hits, MMV006913 exhibited an IC50 value of 1 nM IC50 and the highest selectivity index of 32,000. The atom pair fingerprint (APfp) analysis revealed that MMV006913 and MMV019124 showed maximum structural similarity (MSS) with atovaquone and diminazene aceturate (DA), and with DA and imidocarb dipropionate (ID), respectively. MMV665807 and MMV665850 showed MMS with each other and with ID. Of note, a high concentration (0.75 IC50) of MMV006913 caused additive inhibition of B. divergens growth when combined with DA at 0.75 or 0.50 IC50. The Medicines for Malaria Venture box is a treasure trove of anti-B. divergens candidates according to the obtained results.


Assuntos
Babesia/efeitos dos fármacos , Babesiose/tratamento farmacológico , Patógenos Transmitidos pelo Sangue/efeitos dos fármacos , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Atovaquona/farmacologia , Babesia/patogenicidade , Babesiose/parasitologia , Diminazena/análogos & derivados , Diminazena/farmacologia , Humanos , Imidocarbo/análogos & derivados , Imidocarbo/farmacologia , Malária/epidemiologia , Malária/parasitologia , Plantas Medicinais/química
8.
J Food Sci ; 86(8): 3413-3421, 2021 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34268739

RESUMO

Imidocarb (IM) is an antiprotozoal agent, which is mainly used to treat babesiosis and piroplasmosis for animals. However, overdose or improbable utilization cause IM residues in animal origin products, which would be harmful to human health. Here, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against IM with extremely sensitive and specific features has been successfully prepared from a novel immunogen synthesized by virtue of the active ester method. The concentration of half-maximal inhibition (IC50 ) of the mAb was 0.074 ng/ml and the affinity constant was 4.58 × 1010 L/mol. On the basis of this condition, an immunochromatographic strip (ICS) is proposed that could be applied in milk samples to test IM rapidly. For the ICS, the visual detection limit (cut-off value) was 5 ng/ml, IC50 was 0.4 ng/ml, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.078 ng/ml, the linear detection scope was 0.117 to 1.37 ng/ml. The recovery rates ranged from 88.83% to 91.47% and coefficients of variation (CV) were in the spectrum of 7.31% to 9.43%. In general, the recommended test strip provided an exceedingly simple and reliable detection method for quickly testing the IM. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In our joint efforts, an extremely sensitive monoclonal antibody against imidocarb was obtained and a test strip for the rapid detection of imidocarb in milk was developed. The developed method could be applied to the field and provided great potential for analytical of imidocarb in other matrixes.


Assuntos
Análise de Alimentos , Imidocarbo , Imunoensaio , Leite , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/metabolismo , Cromatografia de Afinidade , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Imidocarbo/análise , Limite de Detecção , Leite/química
9.
Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports ; 23: 100513, 2021 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33678368

RESUMO

The expansion of anaplasmosis to non-endemic areas in Argentina has created the need for specific treatments to eliminate Anaplasma marginale from carriers. The most recent studies have failed to chemosterilize A. marginale infections. In this work, we compare the efficacy of long-acting oxytetracycline (OTC) and imidocarb dipropionate (IMD) to chemosterilize the A. marginale infection. For this purpose, twenty steers were randomly clustered into two groups of ten animals each 78 days after A. marginale experimental infection (day 0). Cattle from group 1 (G1) were treated with three doses of 20 mg kg-1 of OTC (Terramycin® LA, 200 mg/ml) 7 days apart by intramuscular injection. Cattle from G2 were treated with two doses of 5 mg kg-1 of IMD (Imizol®, 120 mg/ml) 14 days apart by intramuscular injection. The efficacy of sterilizing treatments was evaluated by detection of DNA by nested PCR, anti-MSP5 antibodies by ELISA and by inoculation of splenectomized calves with blood from the steers 104 days post-treatment (dpt). The results showed 50% efficacy of the OTC treatment to chemosterilize persistent A. marginale infections in cattle and the failure of the IMD treatment under the evaluated conditions. The persistence of specific antibody levels in the sterilized animals (56 dpt) was shorter than the period of DNA detection. The ELISA was the test of choice to confirm the sterilizing outcome after 60 dpt. In spite of its limitations, the sterilization of A. marginale carrier status using OTC, could be useful for high-value bovines in non-endemic areas.


Assuntos
Anaplasmose , Doenças dos Bovinos , Imidocarbo/análogos & derivados , Oxitetraciclina , Anaplasma marginale , Anaplasmose/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Argentina , Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Imidocarbo/uso terapêutico , Oxitetraciclina/uso terapêutico
10.
J AOAC Int ; 103(4): 980-988, 2020 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33241347

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Imidocarb dipropionate (IMD) is an immunomodulator agent commonly used for treatment of anaplasmosis in cattle. OBJECTIVE: Thus, two sensitive, specific, and precise stability-indicating chromatographic methods have been developed, optimized, and validated for its determination in presence of its acid, alkaline, and oxidative stressed degradation products. METHOD: The first method is based on separation of IMD and its forced induced degradation products on reversed phase cyano column using isocratic elution system consisted of sodium acetate buffer-methanol-acetonitrile (55: 30:15, v/v/v), pH 4.6 at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, and UV detection at 254 nm. The second method utilized TLC combined with densitometric determination of the separated bands at 254 nm. The separation was achieved using silica gel 60 F254 TLC plates with a mixture of ethyl acetate-methanol-ammonia-water (8.5:1:0.5:0.2, v/v/v/v) as a developing system. RESULTS: HPLC analysis was applied in range of 0.25-40 µg/mL with LOD of 0.073 µg/mL. While densitometric measurements showed linearity in the range of 0.1-1.8 µg/band with LOD of 0.02 µg/band. CONCLUSIONS: The suggested methods were validated in compliance with the ICH guidelines and were successfully applied for determination of IMD in its commercial veterinary formulations with good recoveries. Furthermore, the proposed HPLC method was extended to the determination of IMD residues in bovine meat and milk samples. HIGHLIGHTS: Bovine meat, HPLC, Imidocarb dipropionate, Milk, TLC.


Assuntos
Carne , Leite , Animais , Bovinos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia em Camada Delgada , Densitometria , Imidocarbo/análogos & derivados , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes
11.
Exp Parasitol ; 217: 107958, 2020 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32730769

RESUMO

Anaplasma marginale is the causative agent of the severe bovine anaplasmosis. The tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the main vectors of A. marginale in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. After the tick bite, the bacterium invades and proliferates within the bovine erythrocytes leading to anemia, impairment of milk production and weight loss. In addition, infection can cause abortion and high mortality in areas of enzootic instability. Immunization with live and inactivated vaccines are employed to control acute bovine anaplasmosis. However, they do not prevent persistent infection. Consequently, infected animals, even if immunized, are still reservoirs of the bacterium and contribute to its dissemination. Antimicrobials are largely employed for the prophylaxis of bovine anaplasmosis. However, they are often used in sublethal doses which may select pre-existing resistant bacteria and induce genetic or phenotypic variations. Therefore, we propose a new standardized in vitro assay to evaluate the susceptibility of A. marginale strains to different antimicrobials. This tool will help health professionals to choose the more adequate treatment for each herd which will prevent the selection and spread of resistant strains. For that, we initially evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility of two field isolates of A. marginale (Jaboticabal and Palmeira) infecting bovines. The least susceptible strain (Jaboticabal) was used for the standardization of an antimicrobial assay using a culture of Ixodes scapularis-derived tick cell line, ISE6. Results showed that enrofloxacin (ENRO) at 0.25, 1 or 4 µg/mL and oxytetracycline (OTC) at 4 or 16 µg/mL are the most efficient treatments, followed by OTC at 1 µg/mL and imidocarb dipropionate (IMD) at 1 or 4 µg/mL. In addition, this proposed tool has technical advantages compared to the previously established bovine erythrocyte culture. Thereby, it may be used to guide cattle farmers to the correct use of antimicrobials. The choice of the most suitable antimicrobial is essential to eliminate persistent infections, prevent the spread of resistant strains and help controlling of bovine anaplasmosis.


Assuntos
Anaplasma marginale/efeitos dos fármacos , Anaplasmose/prevenção & controle , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Vetores Aracnídeos/citologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Rhipicephalus/citologia , Anaplasmose/tratamento farmacológico , Anaplasmose/microbiologia , Animais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Vetores Aracnídeos/parasitologia , Brasil , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Linhagem Celular , Enrofloxacina/farmacologia , Eritrócitos/microbiologia , Imidocarbo/análogos & derivados , Imidocarbo/farmacologia , Imidocarbo/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Oxitetraciclina/farmacologia , Oxitetraciclina/uso terapêutico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Rhipicephalus/parasitologia
12.
Prev Vet Med ; 181: 105040, 2020 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32516747

RESUMO

In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of diminazene diaceturate at a dose of 7 mg/kg (DA), imidocarb dipropionate at 4.8 mg/kg (IMD), isometamidium chloride at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg (ISM 0.5 and ISM 1.0) and combinations applied through different methods to treat Trypanosoma vivax in experimentally infected calves. Thirty male Girolando calves were kept indoors and infected intravenously with T. vivax trypomastigotes (approximately 1 × 106). On D-1, the calves were randomized based on the quantity of infecting parasites per animal, yielding six groups of five animals each: G1: positive control group without treatment; G2 animals treated with DA on Day 0 intramuscularly (IM); G3 animals treated with IMD on Day 0 and D + 14 subcutaneously; G4 animals treated with ISM 0.5 on Day 0 IM; G5 animals treated with ISM 1.0 on Day 0 IM; G6 animals received DA on Day 0 and ISM 1.0 on D + 14, both IM. Throughout 180 days, blood samples were collected for the evaluation of T. vivax using the Woo, Brener and PCR methods. The results indicated that the treatment protocols with DA and/or ISM 0.5 and ISM 1.0 had high efficacy (100 %) against T. vivax. Interestingly, cattle that received ISM remained free of parasites until D + 180. In contrast, animals treated with IMD had relapsed T. vivax detected on the 10th and 14th days post-treatment (DPT). Cattle that received ISM 1.0 did not exhibit relapsed T. vivax in the blood, even after reinfection performed on the 50th DPT. However, treatment with DA on Day 0 failed to prevent a new infection of T. vivax on the 50th DPT. The animals that received ISM 1.0 had a transient decrease in packed cell volume similar to that found in the control group. The reappearance of T. vivax in herds in Brazil treated with DA likely occurred due to the short half-life of the drug and not necessarily due to T. vivax resistance to DA.


Assuntos
Diminazena/análogos & derivados , Imidocarbo/análogos & derivados , Fenantridinas/farmacologia , Tripanossomicidas/farmacologia , Trypanosoma vivax/efeitos dos fármacos , Tripanossomíase Africana/prevenção & controle , Tripanossomíase Bovina/prevenção & controle , Animais , Bovinos , Diminazena/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Imidocarbo/farmacologia , Masculino
13.
J Vet Intern Med ; 34(3): 1214-1221, 2020 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32267035

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Concerns for recrudescence of Ehrlichia canis infection arise when immunosuppressive drugs are used to treat immune-mediated diseases in dogs previously infected with E. canis. OBJECTIVES: Determine whether administration of prednisolone and cyclosporine would reactivate E. canis infection in dogs previously treated with doxycycline during the acute or subclinical phases. ANIMALS: Seven beagles previously experimentally infected with E. canis and administered doxycycline for 4 weeks were included. Three of the 7 dogs were incidentally concurrently infected with Anaplasma platys and Babesia vogeli and were administered 2 doses of imidocarb 2 weeks apart before enrollment in the current study. METHODS: Experimental study. Each dog was administered prednisolone and cyclosporine for 6 weeks. Clinical signs, complete blood cell count (CBC), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for E. canis, A. platys, and B. vogeli DNA in blood, E. canis indirect fluorescent antibodies (IFA) titers, and flow cytometry for antiplatelet antibodies were monitored. RESULTS: All dogs completed the immunosuppressive protocol. No evidence for recrudescence of E. canis, A. platys, or B. vogeli were detected based on clinical signs or results of CBC, PCR, IFA, and flow cytometry for antiplatelet antibodies. E. canis IFA titers were negative in 5/7 dogs at the end of immunosuppressive protocol and were negative 6 months after the protocol in 5/5 dogs available for testing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Dogs administered with a 4-week course of doxycycline with or without imidocarb failed to show evidence of activation of E. canis infection after administration of a commonly used immune suppressive protocol.


Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Doxiciclina/uso terapêutico , Ehrlichia canis/efeitos dos fármacos , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Anaplasma/efeitos dos fármacos , Anaplasmose/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Babesia/efeitos dos fármacos , Babesiose/tratamento farmacológico , Ciclosporina/efeitos adversos , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Cães , Ehrlichiose/tratamento farmacológico , Ehrlichiose/imunologia , Imidocarbo/uso terapêutico , Imunossupressores/efeitos adversos , Prednisolona/efeitos adversos
14.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32325501

RESUMO

Equine piroplasmosis, caused by the protozoan pathogens Theileria equi or Babesia caballi, is endemic in many (sub-)tropical regions worldwide, including Southern Europe. In Germany, it mainly plays a role as an imported parasitosis. Nevetherless, tick species with known vector potential for equine piroplasms occur in Germany. Thus, a long-term establishment of autochthonous cycles after introduction via infected equids or ticks cannot be excluded. In the present case, 2 horses developed clinical T. equi infection after returning from a trail riding trip to southern France. During treatment, a feeding tick was discovered on one of the horses, which was identified as a Rhipicephalus bursa specimen. This tick species cannot establish in Germany under the current climatic conditions; nevertheless, this discovery illustrates the potential of introducing infected ticks to Germany. The 2 horses were treated with imidocarb (3 mg/kg i. m.; 3 treatments in 3-day intervals) and no adverse drug effects were recorded. To prevent establishment of autochthonous infection cycles in Germany as well as a chronic manifestation of piroplasmosis, treatment should aim at eliminating the parasites despite possible adverse effects of imidocarb.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos/parasitologia , Theileriose/etiologia , Animais , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Vetores Aracnídeos/classificação , Feminino , França , Alemanha , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Cavalos/etiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/terapia , Cavalos , Imidocarbo/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Rhipicephalus/classificação , Theileria/classificação , Theileria/genética , Theileriose/diagnóstico , Theileriose/terapia , Viagem
15.
J Vet Pharmacol Ther ; 43(1): 33-37, 2020 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30933371

RESUMO

This study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of imidocarb, a carbanilide derivative, in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The pharmacokinetic properties of a single intramuscular (IM) dose of imidocarb were determined in 10 deer. A single IM injection of 3.0 mg/kg imidocarb dipropionate was administered, and blood samples were collected prior to, and up to 48 hr after imidocarb administration. Plasma imidocarb concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The disposition of plasma imidocarb was best characterized by a two-compartment open model. The mean ± SE maximal imidocarb concentration in deer was 880.78 ± 81.12 ng/ml at 38.63 ± 5.30 min postinjection. The distribution phase had a half-life (t1/2α ) of 25.90 ± 10.21 min, and plasma imidocarb concentration declined with a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2ß ) of 464.06 ± 104.08 min (7.73 ± 1.73 hr). Apparent volume of distribution based on the terminal phase (VZ /F) was 9.20 ± 2.70 L/kg, and apparent total body clearance (Cl/F) was 15.97 ± 1.28 ml min-1  kg-1 .


Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/farmacocinética , Cervos/sangue , Imidocarbo/análogos & derivados , Animais , Antiprotozoários/sangue , Área Sob a Curva , Feminino , Meia-Vida , Imidocarbo/sangue , Imidocarbo/farmacocinética , Injeções Intramusculares
16.
Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports ; 18: 100336, 2019 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31796172

RESUMO

Babesia venatorum was isolated from a captive reindeer calf in Switzerland. The clinical signs consistent with acute babesiosis included hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria. The diagnosis was made based on visualization of intraerythrocytic parasites in the stained blood smears and confirmed by PCR analysis of the 18S rRNA gene, with subsequent species identification within Babesia confirmed by sequencing. The reindeer calf was initially treated with supportive care and an antiprotozoal drug (imidocarb dipropionate) but died a few days after hospitalization. Babesia venatorum is also known as Babesia sp. EU1 and can infect different mammalian species, including humans. The current case report aims to increase awareness among veterinarians and reindeer owners about the presence and the associated risk of this zoonotic pathogen. Considering the high morbidity and possible mortality associated with acute babesiosis, captive reindeer should receive tick prevention measures and be tested for subclinical infections in endemic area.


Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Babesia/efeitos dos fármacos , Babesiose/parasitologia , Imidocarbo/análogos & derivados , Rena , Animais , Babesia/isolamento & purificação , Babesiose/tratamento farmacológico , Evolução Fatal , Imidocarbo/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Suíça
17.
J Parasitol ; 105(4): 491-496, 2019 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31268412

RESUMO

Canine babesiosis (CB) is a significant tick-borne disease caused by intra-erytrocytic protozoa of the genus Babesia (Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida) and is currently emerging or re-emerging in many European countries. Despite the increasing incidence of clinical CB, little is known of the epidemiology of this disease in Romania. Therefore, the present study was conducted to provide epidemiological data on CB in the coastal area of the Black Sea (Dobrogea), southeastern Romania. For this, 306 owned dogs presented during 2016-2018 at a veterinary clinic in the area and clinically suspected for CB were tested for the presence of intra-erytrocytic piroplasms using Giemsa-stained thin blood smears. Overall, 27.8% (95% CI: 22.83-33.16) of dogs were positive for large piroplasms. The Babesia spp.-positive dogs were 51 males and 34 females aged from 3 mo to 13 yr (mean 4.2 yr; SD = 3.6). A higher rate of infection was registered in Bichon Maltese (n = 13) and mixed-breed (n = 28) dogs. Most cases (76/85; 89.4%) were diagnosed from March to June, with only a few cases registered in November and December (1 case each). Infected dogs displayed different clinical presentations, varying from mild (38.8%) to moderate (29.4%) and severe disease (29.4%). Based on clinical- pathological changes, 38 (44.7%), 34 (40.0%), and 13 (15.3%) dogs were diagnosed with uncomplicated babesiosis, complicated babesiosis with a single organ dysfunction, and complicated babesiosis with multiple-organ-dysfunction syndrome (MODS), respectively. The recovery rate (81.6%, 70.1%, and 38.4%, respectively) was significantly different in these groups. The age of dogs appeared to be a risk factor for both severe disease (mean age of 5.8 yr) and MODS (mean age 6.8 yr). These findings document the common occurrence of CB in Dobrogea, southeastern Romania, and suggest that appropriate control measures need to be taken.


Assuntos
Babesiose/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Distribuição por Idade , Fatores Etários , Animais , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Babesia/isolamento & purificação , Babesiose/tratamento farmacológico , Babesiose/etiologia , Babesiose/parasitologia , Mar Negro/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Cão/mortalidade , Cães , Eritrócitos/parasitologia , Feminino , Imidocarbo/análogos & derivados , Imidocarbo/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Romênia/epidemiologia , Estações do Ano , Distribuição por Sexo , Infestações por Carrapato/complicações , Infestações por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária
18.
Vet Clin Pathol ; 48(3): 435-440, 2019 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31250464

RESUMO

In this case report, a Swedish flat-coated retriever was diagnosed with an extensive Hepatozoon canis infection. The dog had a prominent monocytosis (14.0 × 109 /L) with H canis gamonts detected in most monocytes, but none were found in the neutrophils. On the hematology system ADVIA 2120 peroxidase (PEROX) cytogram, most leukocytes were seen as a distinct cell population above the lymphocytes, which indicated that most of the cells were larger than lymphocytes and had weak myeloperoxidase staining. This distinct cell cluster appeared to be of a single cell type but was incorrectly divided by the ADVIA 2120 into lymphocytes, monocytes, and large unstained cells (LUC). The total leukocyte counts on the ADVIA 2120 WBC basophil (BASO) channel were much higher than that on the WBC PEROX count. The WBC BASO cytogram appeared abnormal with two parallel cell populations, so the BASO WBC count was considered erroneous. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing verified H canis infection. The dog was treated with subcutaneous imidocarb dipropionate (6 mg/kg) injections every other week. Post-treatment hematology analyses indicated that the percentage of parasitized leukocytes decreased from 40% to 5% about 4 weeks after the start of treatment and were not found in any monocytes 6 weeks after the beginning of the treatment. In conclusion, H canis infection in this dog was associated with a strong monocytosis, and gamonts were present in many monocytes, which caused aberrant automated leukocyte counts to occur.


Assuntos
Coccidiose/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Monócitos/parasitologia , Animais , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Coccidiose/tratamento farmacológico , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Coccidiose/patologia , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães , Feminino , Imidocarbo/análogos & derivados , Imidocarbo/uso terapêutico , Contagem de Leucócitos/veterinária , Leucócitos/parasitologia , Parasitemia/veterinária
19.
Parasitol Int ; 72: 101945, 2019 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31228586

RESUMO

Three different Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa, Hepatozoidae) species have been described infecting domestic cats in Europe (i.e. H. felis, H. canis and H. silvestris), however, reports on clinical hepatozoonosis are uncommon and treatment protocols are not clearly defined. A six-year-old male European short-hair cat from Austria presented poor general condition, lethargy, anorexia, icterus, a painful abdomen, fever, ruffled hair and a tick infestation, and it had never left Austria. Laboratory tests revealed leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and increased serum levels of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and bilirubin. In May Grünwald-Giemsa-stained blood smears, structures resembling Hepatozoon gamonts were observed inside neutrophil granulocytes. A PCR targeting a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene of Hepatozoon spp. and DNA sequencing allowed the diagnosis of H. felis-DNA in blood samples. The cat was treated with imidocarb dipropionate (6 mg/kg body weight, repeated after 14 days) and doxycycline monohydrate (5 mg/kg body weight twice a day, p.o., for four weeks) and recovered completely. A broad haematological and biochemical laboratory control after six months showed all evaluated parameters under normal ranges. Coinfection with other feline pathogens (i.e. feline leukaemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, feline Coronavirus, Leishmania and Dirofilaria immitis) could not be detected. This study reveals the presence of H. felis in Austria and provides more evidence on the geographical distribution and pathogenicity of this parasite for domestic cats. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first autochthonous case of feline hepatozoonosis in Central Europe.


Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Gatos/parasitologia , Coccidiose/veterinária , Eucoccidiida/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Áustria , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Coccidiose/diagnóstico , Eucoccidiida/genética , Imidocarbo/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Resultado do Tratamento
20.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis ; 10(3): 690-693, 2019 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30852178

RESUMO

Rangeliosis, caused by protozoan Rangelia vitalii, is transmitted by the tick Amblyomma aureolatum. The disease is characterized by hemolytic and hemorrhagic disorder and has been described in dogs and other wild canids. The aim of this study was to compare clinicopathological findings and laboratory results of a Rangelia infection in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) with those of canine rangeliosis. The zoo of Universidade de Caxias do Sul, received a crab-eating fox with marked jaundice in mucous membranes, dark-colored stools and neurological signs. The animal underwent an ear tip smear examination and blood collection for complete blood counts, serum biochemistry and PCR. Free-living and intraerythrocytic pyriform structures consistent with R. vitalii were found in the blood smear of the ear tip. The erythrogram revealed normocytic normochromic anemia, moderate macrocytosis, polychromasia and metarubricytosis. The leukogram revealed leukocytosis with neutrophilia and monocytosis, as well as severe thrombocytopenia. Serum biochemistry showed hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia and elevated levels of urea and creatinine. The treatment was performed with imidocarb hydrochloride and dexamethasone, however 24 h after initiation of treatment the animal died. Macroscopic examination revealed jaundice, subcutaneous edema, enlarged superficial lymph nodes, splenomegaly, and hemorrhage of internal organs. Histological sections of the cerebellum, lung, pancreas, intestine and heart were consistent with R. vitalii infection of the vascular endothelium. Pathological and hematological findings were similar to those found in infected dogs, with clinical presentation characterized by hemolytic anemia and hemorrhage. The description of this case showed that C. thous does not only serve as reservoir of R. vitalii but may also develop disease.


Assuntos
Raposas/parasitologia , Ixodidae/parasitologia , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/diagnóstico , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/parasitologia , Animais , Animais de Zoológico/parasitologia , Brasil , Dexametasona/uso terapêutico , Evolução Fatal , Testes Hematológicos , Imidocarbo/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Piroplasmida/genética , Piroplasmida/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/tratamento farmacológico , Trombocitopenia/parasitologia , Resultado do Tratamento
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