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1.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 4498, 2024 02 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38402246

RESUMO

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) are two antioxidants that have been extensively used in many applications. Both are well known for their debatable health risks due to their multiple intake sources. Therefore, conservative limits are set for them in different regulations adapted to the matrices in which they exist. Here we present a simple spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of BHT and BHA based on their native fluorescence and synchronous scanning mode. The type of solvent and the interval between emission and excitation wavelengths were carefully optimized. Under the optimized conditions, good linearities were obtained between the emission intensity and the corresponding concentrations of BHT and BHA over the range of 3-18 µg/mL and 0.1-7 µg/mL, respectively with a good correlation coefficient (r > 0.99). The limits of detection were 0.9 and 0.02 µg/mL, and the quantification limits were 3 and 0.05 µg/mL for BHT and BHA, respectively. The suggested procedure was validated according to ICH guidelines Q2 (R1). Furthermore, the method's greenness was assessed by three different methods, and it proved to be eco-reasonable. The method was successfully applied to the determination of BHT and BHA in pharmaceutical formulations. We also applied the suggested method for monitoring the residual BHA in conventional, powdered milk and butter, with good recovery in spiked samples.


Assuntos
Hidroxianisol Butilado , Hidroxitolueno Butilado , Animais , Hidroxianisol Butilado/análise , Leite/química , Manteiga/análise , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Antioxidantes/análise
2.
J Pharm Biomed Anal ; 242: 116021, 2024 May 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38354540

RESUMO

Multicomponent drugs are medications that combine two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients in a single dosage form. These dosage forms improve the patient compliance, reduce the risk of drug interactions, and simplify dosing regimens. However, quality control of these multicomponent dosage forms can be challenging, especially if the final product contains four or more ingredients that are active (comprise stabilizers, preservatives, excipients, and other components). This problem can be more pronounced if the excipients can interfere with the analysis. In this work, a stability indicating assay method was developed and validated (according to the ICH International Guidelines) for the simultaneous determination of hydroquinone (HQ), tretinoin (TRT), hydrocortisone (HCA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), methyl paraben (MP) and propyl paraben (PP) in commercially available pharmaceutical creams. The proposed method is based on gradient elution using X-Bridge C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The linear ranges (µg/mL) were 240-560 for HQ, 24-56 for MP, 132-308 for HCA, 6-14 for PP, 12-28 for BHT, 6.6-15 for TRT. During the validation process, the intra- and interday precision and trueness (evaluated as recovery) were found to be below 2.0% and between 100-102%, respectively. System suitability tests (SST) allow validating the herein proposed procedure specifically for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. SST test shows that the reported procedure fulfill with the Guidelines, allowing excellent separation of the analytes with very sensitive, accurate (precise and true) and reproducible quantitation of each analytes. The method was successfully applied in forced degradation studies of the six analytes. Specifically, acid degradation slightly affected HCA and BHT (91% recovery), while alkaline degradation drastically reduced HCA recovery (5.5%) and moderately affected BHT (85%). Photodegradation primarily influenced TRT quantity, and oxidative degradation intensified the BHT peak (130%).


Assuntos
Parabenos , Tretinoína , Humanos , Parabenos/análise , Tretinoína/análise , Hidrocortisona/análise , Hidroxitolueno Butilado , Excipientes , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Hidroquinonas/análise
3.
Forensic Sci Int ; 354: 111911, 2024 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38154425

RESUMO

BACKGROUNDS: Restrictions in movement and closure of borders imposed by the Sars-Cov- 2 worldwide pandemic have affected the global illicit drug market, including cocaine trafficking. In this scenario, comparing cutting agents added to the cocaine and the drug purity are valuable strategies to understand how the drug trade has been impacted by the pandemic. METHODS: In this work, 204 cocaine salt materials seized in the Brazilian Federal District, before (2019) and during COVID-19 pandemics (2020) were analyzed by two analytical techniques: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Statistical analyses, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were applied to evaluate the COVID-19 pandemic impact in the local market. Bibliometric analysis was performed as a forensic intelligence tool. RESULTS: From 2019-2020, cocaine average purity decreased 26 % while the frequency of cutting agents, as caffeine and anesthetics (lidocaine, tetracaine) increased. The high percentage of unknown were increased. Different cocaine profiling seized in 2020 showed new cutting agents, such as Irganox 1076, and Irgafos 168, indicating a trend on new adulterants/diluents introduced in the local market to mitigate the local drug shortage. Also in 2020, there was an increase in the local cocaine seizures, despite of the cocaine drug purity decreased by 26 % compared to 2019. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data showed that the covid-19 pandemics has impacted cocaine trafficking in the Brazilian Federal District, an increase in cocaine seizures, which may indicate greater demand for the drug and, specially, changes in the cocaine purity and cutting agents profiling showing how traffickers tried to minimize difficulties in crossing the Brazilian border during COVID-19 restrictions. The information is relevant since Brazil is one of the major departure points for traded cocaine to the world. Bibliometric analysis showed that Irgafos 168 and Irganox 1076 were consistently identified as cocaine cutting agents for the first time.


Assuntos
Hidroxitolueno Butilado/análogos & derivados , COVID-19 , Cocaína , Fosfitos , Humanos , Brasil , Pandemias , Cocaína/análise , Convulsões , Contaminação de Medicamentos
4.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 31(3): 4985-5000, 2024 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38112870

RESUMO

For power transformer applications, this study explores an alternative insulating liquid. With this aim, edible natural esters such as refined Olea europaea (olive oil), rice bran oil, soya bean oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil are investigated as suitable replacements for the mineral oil (MO) used in the transformer. In addition, olive oil and other natural esters are incorporated into the blend for further analysis to obtain a better insulating medium. Blended natural esters were also tested for performance enrichment by antioxidant inclusion. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were chosen as antioxidants for this study. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of key input factors [A-speed, B-time, and C-temperature] on the output response [Y-breakdown voltage]. It was determined that the optimal conditions for [Y] are [A-699.91 rpm, B-49.95 min, and C-88.75 °C]. In order to ensure the desirable properties, the natural esters were subjected to certain experimentations such as breakdown voltage (BDV), viscosity, fire point (FeP), and flash point (FhP). From the results, it is observed that the natural esters and blended natural esters can be used in the transformer as an alternate insulating medium and that the antioxidants have a significant effect on the properties of natural ester combinations.


Assuntos
Hidroxitolueno Butilado , Olea , Hidroxianisol Butilado , Azeite de Oliva , Ésteres , Antioxidantes
5.
Sci Rep ; 13(1): 18420, 2023 10 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37891358

RESUMO

Guava tree (Psidium guajava L., Myrtaceae) is an economic grown worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Guavas encompass numerous cultivars (cvs.) that were discriminated in previous studies based on leaf morphological features and profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Nevertheless, fruit VOCs have also shown outstanding potential for discrimination of other plant taxa, which has not been utilized in guava. Hence, the current study investigates the various guava cvs. harvested from India and Egypt. A total of 5 samples were analyzed by solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results led to the detection of 42 VOCs belonging to aldehydes, alcohols, esters, ketones, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, in addition to monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Butylated hydroxytoluene and ß-caryophyllene were predominant reaching 77% and 41% in Egyptian and Indian guava, respectively. The impact of probiotic fermentation, i.e., Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. plantarum on aroma profile was not significantly different (p > 0.05). Multivariate data analyses were further applied for samples classification and markers determination, including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). PCA score plot showed clear segregation of Egyptian from Indian specimens, whereas OPLS-DA revealed that ß-caryophyllene was associated with white fruit versus 3-butenyl isothiocyanate and muurolol in red fruit type in the case of Indian guava. The richness of Egyptian guava in butylated hydroxytoluene in addition to the presence of vitamin C may potentiate its antioxidant activity, to be followed in subsequent studies regarding its health effects.


Assuntos
Probióticos , Psidium , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Psidium/química , Odorantes/análise , Frutas/química , Microextração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Egito , Hidroxitolueno Butilado , Quimiometria , Probióticos/análise , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise
6.
Int J Toxicol ; 42(3_suppl): 17S-19S, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37751543

RESUMO

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reviewed updated information that has become available since their original assessment from 2002, along with updated information regarding product types, and frequency and concentrations of use, and reaffirmed their original conclusion that BHT is safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the practices of use and concentration as described in this report.


Assuntos
Hidroxitolueno Butilado , Cosméticos , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/toxicidade , Hidroxianisol Butilado , Antioxidantes , Cosméticos/toxicidade
7.
J Food Sci ; 88(9): 3714-3724, 2023 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37548649

RESUMO

Tomato pomace, composed of peels and seeds, is often discarded or used as animal feed. However, it contains valuable phytochemicals, including lycopene. Lycopene, a natural pigment, is an antioxidant known for reducing the risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular ailments and cancer. In this study, we aimed to study the possibility of valorizing tomato pomace by quantifying phenolic compounds, evaluating the antioxidant activity of their extracts, as well as extracting and quantifying lycopene, and studying the effect of tomato peel extract on the oxidative stability of chicken patties during storage. The effectiveness of different solvent mixtures for the extraction of lycopene was evaluated using Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs). The obtained results showed that the best solvent mixture was hexane/acetone (50/50) with a Hansen theoretical distance of 7.2, indicating its favorable solvation power. It also achieved a notable extraction yield of 3.12% and the highest lycopene yield of 20.05 mg/100 g. This combination demonstrated the highest values in terms of total phenolic (24.06 mg equivalent gallic acid/100 g dry matter) and flavonoid content (30.55 mg equivalent catechin/100 g dry matter), indicating a significant presence of these compounds. However, its 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (13.51 µg/mL) and ABTS, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, (8.52 µg/mL) IC50 values were comparatively lower than the other mixes. The use of this fraction as a food additive and antioxidant showed significant competitiveness with the conventional preservative, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol. Tomato extract can be considered a potential natural preservative in food preparations due to its high lycopene content. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research provides valuable insights into optimizing the extraction of antioxidants from tomato pomace, using HSPs. The findings have the potential to benefit the food industry by developing improved methods for preserving chicken meat through the application of these optimized antioxidant extracts. By enhancing the preservation process, this study may contribute to extending the shelf life and maintaining the quality of chicken meat, leading to reduced food waste and improved consumer satisfaction.


Assuntos
Eliminação de Resíduos , Solanum lycopersicum , Animais , Antioxidantes/química , Licopeno/análise , Galinhas , Solubilidade , Extratos Vegetais/química , Solventes/química , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/análise , Sementes/química , Fenóis/análise , Carne
8.
Int J Mol Sci ; 24(15)2023 Jul 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37569330

RESUMO

Cells produce free radicals and antioxidants when exposed to toxic compounds during cellular metabolism. However, free radicals are deleterious to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Antioxidants neutralize and eliminate free radicals from cells, preventing cell damage. Therefore, the study aims to determine whether the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) will ameliorate the maximum dose of acrylamide and alpha (α)-solanine synergistic toxic effects in exposed BEAS-2B cells. These toxic compounds are consumed worldwide by eating potato products. BEAS-2B cells were simultaneously treated with BHA 10 µM and BHT 20 µM and incubated in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator for 24 h, followed by individual or combined treatment with acrylamide (3.5 mM) and α-solanine (44 mM) for 48 h, including the controls. Cell morphology, DNA, RNA, and protein were analyzed. The antioxidants did not prevent acrylamide and α-solanine synergistic effects in exposed BEAS-2B cells. However, cell morphology was altered; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed reduced RNA constituents but not DNA. In addition, the toxic compounds synergistically inhibited AKT/PKB expression and its downstream genes. The study showed BHA and BHT are not protective against the synergetic toxic effects of acrylamide and α-solanine in exposed BEAS-2B cells.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Solanina , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Hidroxitolueno Butilado , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacologia , Acrilamida/toxicidade , Proteínas , DNA , RNA
9.
Int J Pharm ; 643: 123264, 2023 Aug 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37488059

RESUMO

The effect of particle size on the sublimation behavior of butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) was investigated when BHT was included as antioxidant in tablets. Sublimation of pure BHT was found to be independent of its particle size, with pore formation on the surface of all tablets after storage at room temperature and above. Moreover, a higher residual BHT content after storage was detected in tablets containing a larger size fraction. X-ray µCT scans revealed the formation of peripherally larger pores at higher BHT particle sizes, implying a slower sublimation rate in the tablet core. A stability study indicated an increase in the extent of BHT sublimation at higher temperature and longer exposure time for all size fractions. The influence of BHT particle size was more pronounced when the tablets were stored at higher temperature, but the effect receded with longer exposure time. Similar trends were seen in film-coated tablets. Due to the short exposure time to elevated temperatures, a gradient in pore size was also observed at smaller particle sizes, with peripheral pores being larger in uncoated tablets. Superficial pores disappeared when a film coating was deposited onto the tablets. After storage of the film-coated tablets, less BHT had sublimated compared to the uncoated tablet. The coating layer did not prevent sublimation, but the process was slowed down.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Hidroxitolueno Butilado , Tamanho da Partícula , Comprimidos , Comprimidos com Revestimento Entérico
10.
Sci Total Environ ; 894: 164928, 2023 Oct 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37348711

RESUMO

To fulfill the growing demand for retarding the oxidation of polymers and minimizing their migration from various products, new macromolecular synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) have emerged in the market. There is a concern that these SPAs may be released into wastewater streams during their manufacturing and use, eventually ending up in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Nevertheless, information regarding the occurrence of these SPAs in sludge, particularly on a national scale, is scarce. In this study, several macromolecular SPAs and their transformation products (TPs) were investigated in sludge samples from 45 Chinese municipal WWTPs. All 14 analytes were detected in the sludge samples, among which, 12 analytes were first reported in sludge. 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol (AO246) and 2 macromolecular SPAs, pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (AO1010) and octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (AO1076), were the most dominant SPAs, with geometric mean (GM) concentrations of 547, 212, and 35.2 ng/g dw, respectively. Two TPs, 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (fenozan) and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHT-COOH), were found in some sludge samples (48.9-71.1 %) with GM of 45.5 and 12.8 ng/g dw, respectively. By using LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis, we tentatively identified previously unknown TPs of 10 macromolecular SPAs in sludge. This suggests that there are still unclear mechanisms modulating the transformation of these SPAs, which underscores the complexity of their fate. Additionally, using the freshwater photobacteria Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67) as model organism, the acute and chronic EC50 of the 14 analytes were assessed for ecological risk assessment. By considering toxicity data obtained from algae, daphnia, and fish collected or predicted from various databases, we found that these analytes, including their mixture at low detected concentrations, pose risks to aquatic systems that should not be disregarded. Overall, the current study provides a comprehensive overview of novel SPAs and their TPs in sludge, offering valuable insights for investigating their environmental behavior, fate, and risks.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Esgotos , Antioxidantes/análise , Esgotos/análise , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/análise , Propionatos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Fenóis/análise , China
11.
Eur J Med Chem ; 256: 115415, 2023 Aug 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37172476

RESUMO

Neuronal cells overexpressing phosphorylated Tau proteins can increase the susceptibility to oxidative stress. Regulation of glycogen synthase-3ß (GSK-3ß) and reduction of Tau protein hyperphosphorylation, along with alleviation of oxidative stress, may be an effective way to prevent or treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). For this purpose, a series of Oxazole-4-carboxamide/butylated hydroxytoluene hybrids were designed and synthesized to achieve multifunctional effects on AD. The biological evaluation showed that the optimized compound KWLZ-9e displayed potential GSK-3ß (IC50 = 0.25 µM) inhibitory activity and neuroprotective capacity. Tau protein inhibition assays showed that KWLZ-9e reduced the expression of GSK-3ß and downstream p-Tau in HEK GSK-3ß 293T cells. Meanwhile, KWLZ-9e could alleviate H2O2-induced ROS damage, mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance, Ca2+ influx and apoptosis. Mechanistic studies suggest that KWLZ-9e activates the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and enhances the expression of downstream oxidative stress proteins including TrxR1, HO-1, NQO1, GCLM to exert cytoprotective effects. We also confirmed that KWLZ-9e could ameliorate learning and memory impairments in vivo model of AD. The multifunctional properties of KWLZ-9e suggest that it is a promising lead for the treatment of AD.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/metabolismo , Hidroxitolueno Butilado , Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Proteína 1 Associada a ECH Semelhante a Kelch/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico
12.
Trop Anim Health Prod ; 55(3): 218, 2023 May 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37217642

RESUMO

Despite there have been many experiments conducted about antioxidants, the best sole or combination use of antioxidants to include as a standard ingredient to freezing extenders is yet to be found. This study was designed to investigate the different doses of methionine (2.5 and 5 mM), cysteine (1 and 2 mM), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (1 and 2 mM) for ram semen cryopreservation on post-thaw and post-incubation (6 h) time points over spermatological parameters. Semen samples were collected from Kivircik rams via electro-ejaculator in breeding season. After essential spermatological evaluations, appropriate samples were pooled then split into 7 equal aliquots to create study groups (antioxidant free control, 2.5 mM methionine, 5 mM methionine, 1 mM cysteine, 2 mM cysteine, 1 mM BHT, and 2 mM BHT). Semen samples were put into French straws (0.25 mL), and freezing procedure (two-step) was conducted via a programmable gamete freezer. At both time points, motility, HOST, PSA-FITC, and TUNEL assays were made to discover the impacts of cryopreservation and incubation process over sperm cells. Antioxidant supplemented groups yielded better results compared to the control groups in terms of various spermatological parameters not only at post-thaw time point but after incubation for 6 h of time. The study demonstrated that supplementing sperm freezing extenders with previous antioxidants may create new approaches to cryopreservation procedures, and through increasing success rate of freezing, fertility results may increase to better results in near future.


Assuntos
Preservação do Sêmen , Sêmen , Masculino , Ovinos , Animais , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacologia , Cisteína , Metionina , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides , Preservação do Sêmen/veterinária , Preservação do Sêmen/métodos , Espermatozoides , Antioxidantes , Criopreservação/veterinária , Racemetionina , Carneiro Doméstico , Crioprotetores/farmacologia
13.
Hum Exp Toxicol ; 42: 9603271231165664, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36943693

RESUMO

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a hepatocarcinogen, is found in a variety of smoked and fried foods and was reported to be hepatotoxic in mice. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a potent antioxidant used in cosmetic formulations and as a food additive and preservative. As a result, BHT was studied as a potential inhibitor in the early stages of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC. Male Wistar albino rats (n = 24) were equally subdivided. Group 1 was the negative control; Group 2 and 3 administered BHT and DEN, respectively; Group 4 received BHT followed by DEN. Blood samples and rat livers were taken for biochemical and histological investigation. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by increased liver enzymes and HCC indicators, along with reduced antioxidant and pro-apoptotic factors. AFP, AFPL3, GPC3, GSH, SOD, MDA, CASP3 and BAX expression increased significantly after DEN treatment. DEN also reduced GPx, CAT, and CYP2E1 activity, and BCl-2 expression. Moreover, in the hepatic parenchyma, the DEN caused histological alterations. Pretreatment with BHT enhanced antioxidant status while preventing histopathological and most biochemical alterations. BHT pretreatment suppresses DEN-initiated HCC by decreasing oxidative stress, triggering intrinsic mitotic apoptosis, and preventing histopathological changes in liver tissue.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Ratos , Masculino , Animais , Camundongos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/induzido quimicamente , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/prevenção & controle , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Dietilnitrosamina/toxicidade , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacologia , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/induzido quimicamente , Ratos Wistar , Fígado
14.
J Environ Sci Health B ; 58(4): 334-344, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36974485

RESUMO

A polypyrrole (PPy)-cotton pad sorbent enclosed in tea bag envelope was developed and used in micro-solid phase extraction (µ-SPE) for the determination of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). After extraction, the extract was qualified and quantified by a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Parameters influencing this developed method and the efficiency of µ-SPE were studied and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the developed method provided good linearity in a concentration range of 0.100-100 µg L-1 for BHA and 0.050-50 µg L-1 for BHT, respectively. The limits of detection were 39.27 ± 0.52 ng L-1 for BHA and 16.96 ± 0.17 ng L-1 for BHT. Satisfactory relative recoveries of BHA and BHT were achieved in the range from 86.8 ± 1.9 to 117.1 ± 2.3% with acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD) below 8.1%. Good reproducibility was obtained with RSDs < 3.1%, for n = 6. The developed adsorbent is easy to operate, low cost, eco-friendly, reusable, with high extraction efficiency, and was successfully applied in the simultaneous synthetic antioxidant determination of non-alcoholic beverage samples.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Polímeros , Antioxidantes/análise , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/análise , Pirróis , Hidroxianisol Butilado/análise , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Bebidas , Chá
15.
J Hazard Mater ; 450: 131091, 2023 05 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36870095

RESUMO

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), as an emerging contaminant in ecosystems, has potential influences on animals, aquatic organisms, and public health, and has been proven to be a major allelochemical of Pinellia ternata. In this study, Bacillus cereus WL08 was used to rapidly degrade BHT in liquid culture. Strain WL08 immobilized on tobacco stem charcoal (TSC) particles notably accelerated BHT removal in contract to its free cells, and exhibited excellent reutilization and storage capacities. The optimal removal parameters of TSC WL08 were ascertained to be pH 7.0, 30 °C, 50 mg L-1 BHT and 0.14 mg L-1 TSC WL08. Moreover, TSC WL08 significantly accelerated the degradation of 50 mg L-1 BHT in sterile and non-sterile soils compared to that of free WL08 or natural dissipation, and notably shortened their half-lives by 2.47- or 362.14- fold, and 2.20- or 14.99- fold, respectively. Simultaneously, TSC WL08 was introduced into the continuous cropping soils of P. ternata, which accelerated the elimination of allelochemical BHT, and notably enhanced the photosynthesis, growth, yield, and quality of P. ternata. This study provides new insights and strategies for the rapid in situ remediation of BHT-polluted soils and effective alleviation of P. ternata cropping obstacles.


Assuntos
Pinellia , Solo , Animais , Solo/química , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/metabolismo , Bacillus cereus , Pinellia/química , Pinellia/metabolismo , Carvão Vegetal/metabolismo , Ecossistema
16.
Theriogenology ; 200: 33-42, 2023 Apr 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36739670

RESUMO

This work aims to evaluate how supplementing a commercial freezing media with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), or reduced glutathione (GSH), or their combination affected in-vitro measures of boar sperm after cryopreservation. One ejaculate was collected from 30 high-fertility boars in a weekly collection rotation. Samples were diluted 1:1 in an extender and cooled before overnight shipping at 17 °C to the freezing lab. On arrival, samples were split into the treatments with the following additions before cryopreservation; 1) semen without additional antioxidants (Control), 2) semen with 1 mM BHT, 3) semen with 2 mM GSH, and 4) semen with 1 mM BHT+2 mM GSH. Semen was evaluated for motility kinetics at 30, 120, and 240 min after thawing. Flow cytometry assessments were performed at 60 min after thawing. At all-time points evaluated, total and progressive motility were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in semen cryopreserved with GSH than in Control. No (P > 0.05) differences between Control and other treatment groups were observed in viability, or acrosomal and mitochondrial membrane integrity; however, the proportion of capacitated spermatozoa were reduced (by -21.17%) in semen treated with BHT + GSH compared to Control (P ≤ 0.05). In contrast, there was a higher (P ≤ 0.05, +21.18%) superoxide anion production in the Control than in the BHT + GSH. For IVF, semen cryopreserved with both antioxidants (BHT + GSH) had a negative (P < 0.05) impact on fertilization rate (-54.11%) compared to Control. However, for the blastocysts rate, there were more (+22.75%) blastocysts (P ≤ 0.05) for BHT compared to Control. These results indicate that commercial media supplemented with GSH increased motility but impaired in vitro fertilization rate. On the other hand, media supplemented with BHT improved the in vitro fertilizing ability of the frozen-thawed sperm cells. Therefore, we suggest the supplementation with 1 mM of BHT in the formula of commercial freezing media used in the present experiment.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Preservação do Sêmen , Masculino , Suínos , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Sêmen , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacologia , Preservação do Sêmen/métodos , Preservação do Sêmen/veterinária , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides , Espermatozoides , Criopreservação/métodos , Criopreservação/veterinária , Fertilidade
17.
Molecules ; 28(2)2023 Jan 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36677956

RESUMO

Moringa oleifera, native to India, grows in tropical and subtropical regions around the world and has valuable pharmacological properties such as anti-asthmatic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-infertility, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, antioxidant, and many more. The purpose of this study was to assess the free radical scavenging ability of two extracts and two pure compounds of M. oleifera Lam (hexane, ethanol, compound E3, and compound Ra) against reactive oxygen species, as well as their reducing power and antimicrobial activities. Bioautography antioxidant assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) free radical scavenging, and iron (iii) (Fe3+ to Fe2+) chloride reducing power assays were used to assess the extracts' qualitative and quantitative free radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, the extract and the compounds were tested against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains suspended in Mueller-Hinton Broth. The extracts and pure compounds showed noteworthy antioxidant potential, with positive compound bands in the Rf range of 0.05-0.89. DPPH), H2O2, and Fe3+ to Fe2+ reduction assays revealed that ethanol extract has a high antioxidant potential, followed by compound E3, compound Ra, and finally hexane extract. Using regression analysis, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for test and control samples were calculated. Compound Ra and ethanol exhibited high antioxidant activity at concentrations as low as ≈0.28 mg/mL in comparison with n-hexane extract, compound E3, ascorbic acid, and butylated hydroxytoluene standards. The radical scavenging activity of almost all M. oleifera plant extracts against DPPH was observed at 0.28 mg/mL; however, the highest activity was observed at the same concentration for ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) with a low IC50 value of 0.08 mg/mL and compound Ra and ethanol with a low IC50 of 0.4 mg/mL, respectively. The extracts and pure compounds of M. oleifera have little to no antibacterial potential. M. oleifera extracts contain antioxidant agents efficient to alleviate degenerative conditions such as cancer and cardiovascular disease but have little activity against infectious diseases.


Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Moringa oleifera , Antioxidantes/química , Moringa oleifera/química , Hexanos , Hidroxitolueno Butilado , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Ácido Ascórbico/análise , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Etanol/química
18.
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol ; 45(4): 426-432, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36606674

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To test the effect of two dietary antioxidants: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and 3-hydroxytyrosol (3-HT) in experimental food allergy. METHODS: BALB/c mice maintained on control diet or diet with BHT or 3-HT were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) or saline through transdermal exposure. Plasma OVA-specific IgE (OVA-IgE) and IgG1 (OVA-IgG1) antibody levels were determined using ELISA. Sensitized mice were challenged by oral gavage with OVA. Rectal temperature (RT) was measured before and after challenge. Mast cell degranulation was quantified by measuring the plasma levels of mouse mucosal mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1). Flow cytometry was carried out to evaluate the percentage Th2 cells from the spleen. RESULTS: Mice on either a 3-HT or BHT diet showed a significantly decreased IgE response to OVA sensitization and less severe anaphylaxis, as evidenced by a diminished drop in body temperature, attenuated clinical signs, a more rapid recovery and decreased mast cell degranulation (as determined by lower plasma mMCP-1 levels). CONCLUSION: The present study indicates two dietary antioxidants: BHT and 3-HT may be protective against experimental food allergy. These results suggest 3-HT and BHT could potentially be useful for prevention of food allergy.


Assuntos
Hidroxitolueno Butilado , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Camundongos , Animais , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacologia , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/uso terapêutico , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/prevenção & controle , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/tratamento farmacológico , Mastócitos , Imunoglobulina E , Imunoglobulina G , Ovalbumina/farmacologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Modelos Animais de Doenças
19.
Food Chem ; 402: 134141, 2023 Feb 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36155292

RESUMO

The formation and mitigation of furan in pumpkin puree (PP) were studied during the complete process of producing PP. The content of furan was determined using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined by GC-MS analysis. Various PP samples added with precursors (glucose, fructose, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, ß-carotene, ascorbic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, and serine) showed increased furan formation (30.81 âˆ¼ 94.45 µg/kg) compared with the control (30.81 µg/kg), with ß-carotene resulting in the formation of the largest amount of furan. The effects of antioxidants, such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and butylated hydroxytoluene, on the reduction of furan in PP containing ß-carotene were also investigated. All antioxidants showed significant reduction of furan. During sterilizing, the content of furan was considerably affected by temperature but not heating time. Reheating PP samples using a microwave oven, water bath, or open pot, revealed that open-pot reheating was the most effective for reducing furan (10.28 âˆ¼ 11.72 µg/kg).


Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Cucurbita , Antioxidantes/análise , Ácido Linoleico , Ácido alfa-Linolênico , Ácido Glutâmico , beta Caroteno , Hidroxitolueno Butilado , Quercetina , Ácido Clorogênico , Furanos/análise , Ácido Ascórbico/análise , Esterilização , Frutose/análise , Glucose/análise , Alanina , Serina , Água
20.
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol ; 50(3): 205-217, 2023 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36479862

RESUMO

Many research studies have proposed that about two-thirds of the medicinal plant species of the world possess significant antioxidant potential. Antioxidants are very beneficial as they decrease oxidative stress (OS) in cells and hence play their role in management as well as treatment of numerous diseases like cancers, cardiovascular diseases, as well as many inflammatory illnesses. This review comprises the antioxidant potential of numerous parts of medicinal plants like leaves, stems, roots, seeds, fruits, as well as bark. Synthetic antioxidants named butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as well as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are extensively employed in foods because of their role as food preservatives. Several natural antioxidants have better efficacy as compared to synthetic antioxidants. These medicinal plants include Geranium sanguineum L., Rheum ribes L., Diospyros abyssinica, Sargentodoxa cuneata Rehd. Et Wils, Pistacia lentiscus, Ficus microcarpa L. fil., Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Bedd, Cunn, Teucrium polium L., Crataeva nurvala Buch-Ham., Urtica dioica L., Dracocephalum moldavica L., Momordica Charantia L., Acacia auriculiformis A., Bidens pilosa Linn. The Lamiaceae species, Radiata, Leea indica, Pelargonium endlicherianum, Salvia officinalis L., and Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. The literature study disclosed more side effects of synthetic antioxidants (including food additives) in comparison with natural antioxidants and for prevention of many diseases.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Plantas Medicinais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/efeitos adversos , Hidroxianisol Butilado/efeitos adversos
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