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1.
Physiol Rep ; 12(5): e15970, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38479999

RESUMO

The brain possesses intricate mechanisms for monitoring sodium (Na) levels in body fluids. During prolonged dehydration, the brain detects variations in body fluids and produces sensations of thirst and aversions to salty tastes. At the core of these processes Nax , the brain's Na sensor, exists. Specialized neural nuclei, namely the subfornical organ (SFO) and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), which lack the blood-brain barrier, play pivotal roles. Within the glia enveloping the neurons in these regions, Nax collaborates with Na+ /K+ -ATPase and glycolytic enzymes to drive glycolysis in response to elevated Na levels. Lactate released from these glia cells activates nearby inhibitory neurons. The SFO hosts distinct types of angiotensin II-sensitive neurons encoding thirst and salt appetite, respectively. During dehydration, Nax -activated inhibitory neurons suppress salt-appetite neuron's activity, whereas salt deficiency reduces thirst neuron's activity through cholecystokinin. Prolonged dehydration increases the Na sensitivity of Nax via increased endothelin expression in the SFO. So far, patients with essential hypernatremia have been reported to lose thirst and antidiuretic hormone release due to Nax -targeting autoantibodies. Inflammation in the SFO underlies the symptoms. Furthermore, Nax activation in the OVLT, driven by Na retention, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system via acid-sensing ion channels, contributing to a blood pressure elevation.


Assuntos
Sódio , Sede , Humanos , Sódio/metabolismo , Sede/fisiologia , Pressão Sanguínea , Apetite/fisiologia , Desidratação , Cloreto de Sódio/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/metabolismo
2.
Nurs Health Sci ; 26(1): e13111, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38479402

RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the association between the oral health status and appetite in community-dwelling older adults. We enrolled 100 people aged ≥65 years who had participated in long-term care prevention projects between December 2018 and January 2019. Appetite was assessed using the Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire score. The oral health status was assessed based on the number of teeth, occlusal condition, swallowing function, tongue coating, and the Oral Health Assessment Tool. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed with appetite as the dependent variable and each variable related to oral health status as an independent variable. The analysis was adjusted for sex, age, activities of daily living, cognitive function, smoking habit, and alcohol consumption. Dental pain was associated with poor appetite in community-dwelling older adults. No other oral health status parameter was associated with appetite. Thus, controlling dental pain is critical to prevent appetite loss while considering other factors.


Assuntos
Vida Independente , Saúde Bucal , Humanos , Idoso , Apetite , Atividades Cotidianas , Dor
3.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(5)2024 Feb 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38473841

RESUMO

In the field of nutritional science and metabolic disorders, there is a growing interest in natural bitter compounds capable of interacting with bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) useful for obesity management and satiety control. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a nutraceutical formulation containing a combination of molecules appropriately designed to simultaneously target and stimulate these receptors. Specifically, the effect on CCK release exerted by a multi-component nutraceutical formulation (Cinchona bark, Chicory, and Gentian roots in a 1:1:1 ratio, named Gengricin®) was investigated in a CaCo-2 cell line, in comparison with Cinchona alone. In addition, these nutraceutical formulations were tested through a 3-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in subjects who were overweight-obese following a hypocaloric diet. Interestingly, the Gengricin® group exhibited a significant greater weight loss and improvement in body composition than the Placebo and Cinchona groups, indicating its effectiveness in promoting weight regulation. Additionally, the Gengricin® group reported higher satiety levels and a significant increase in serum CCK levels, suggesting a physiological basis for the observed effects on appetite control. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of natural nutraceutical strategies based on the combination of bitter compounds in modulating gut hormone release for effective appetite control and weight management.


Assuntos
Apetite , Sobrepeso , Adulto , Humanos , Obesidade , Regulação do Apetite/fisiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais
4.
Nutr Diabetes ; 14(1): 9, 2024 Mar 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38448413

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Large intestinal fermentation of dietary fiber may control meal-related glycemia and appetite via the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). We investigated whether this mechanism contributes to the efficacy of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) by assessing the effect of oligofructose-enriched inulin (inulin) vs. maltodextrin (MDX) on breath hydrogen (a marker of intestinal fermentation), plasma SCFAs, gut hormones, insulin and blood glucose concentrations as well as appetite in RYGB patients. METHOD: Eight RYGB patients were studied on two occasions before and ~8 months after surgery using a cross-over design. Each patient received 300 ml orange juice containing 25 g inulin or an equicaloric load of 15.5 g MDX after an overnight fast followed by a fixed portion snack served 3 h postprandially. Blood samples were collected over 5 h and breath hydrogen measured as well as appetite assessed using visual analog scales. RESULTS: Surgery increased postprandial secretion of GLP-1 and PYY (P ≤ 0.05); lowered blood glucose and plasma insulin increments (P ≤ 0.05) and reduced appetite ratings in response to both inulin and MDX. The effect of inulin on breath hydrogen was accelerated after surgery with an increase that was earlier in onset (2.5 h vs. 3 h, P ≤ 0.05), but less pronounced in magnitude. There was, however, no effect of inulin on plasma SCFAs or plasma GLP-1 and PYY after the snack at 3 h, neither before nor after surgery. Interestingly, inulin appeared to further potentiate the early-phase glucose-lowering and second-meal (3-5 h) appetite-suppressive effect of surgery with the latter showing a strong correlation with early-phase breath hydrogen concentrations. CONCLUSION: RYGB surgery accelerates large intestinal fermentation of inulin, however, without measurable effects on plasma SCFAs or plasma GLP-1 and PYY. The glucose-lowering and appetite-suppressive effects of surgery appear to be potentiated with inulin.


Assuntos
Derivação Gástrica , Insulinas , Humanos , Inulina/farmacologia , Apetite , Projetos Piloto , Glicemia , Estudos Cross-Over , Estudos Prospectivos , Peptídeo YY , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Percepção
5.
Emerg Med J ; 41(4): 241-274, 2024 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38514202
6.
Gan To Kagaku Ryoho ; 51(2): 159-165, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Japonês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38449402

RESUMO

In 2019, the Cancer Cachexia Web Questionnaire Survey(J-EPOCC), conducted among cancer patients, their families and healthcare professionals in Japan showed that nearly half of patients who had experienced appetite loss or weight loss during cancer treatment had not consulted with healthcare professionals about their symptoms, and it meant that patients missed the opportunity to receive medical intervention. Since anamorelin was approved in 2021 fo"r Cancer cachexia in non- small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer", the treatment environment for cancer cachexia has greatly changed. Thus, the second Web Questionnaire Survey(J-EPOCCⅡ)was conducted in June 2022 to investigate changes in the problem awareness of cancer cachexia, especially appetite loss and weight loss, among patients and their family and healthcare professionals. The results showed that there was no apparent change in awareness of appetite loss and weight loss, suggesting many patients may miss treatment opportunities. Further disease awareness is required among patients and their families to enhance the understanding of the significance of therapeutic interventions for appetite loss or weight loss, and to call their attention for early detection and treatment.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Caquexia/diagnóstico , Caquexia/etiologia , Caquexia/terapia , Japão , Apetite , Redução de Peso , Anorexia , Inquéritos e Questionários
7.
Fly (Austin) ; 18(1): 2308737, 2024 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38374657

RESUMO

Amino acyl-tRNA synthetases perform diverse non-canonical functions aside from their essential role in charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acid. The phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS/FARS) is an α2ß2 tetramer that is needed for charging the tRNAPhe for its translation activity. Fragments of the α-subunit have been shown to display an additional, translation-independent, function that activates growth and proliferation and counteracts Notch signalling. Here we show in Drosophila that overexpressing the ß-subunit in the context of the complete PheRS leads to larval roaming, food avoidance, slow growth, and a developmental delay that can last several days and even prevents pupation. These behavioural and developmental phenotypes are induced by PheRS expression in CCHa2+ and Pros+ cells. Simultaneous expression of ß-PheRS, α-PheRS, and the appetite-inducing CCHa2 peptide rescued these phenotypes, linking this ß-PheRS activity to the appetite-controlling pathway. The fragmentation dynamic of the excessive ß-PheRS points to ß-PheRS fragments as possible candidate inducers of these phenotypes. Because fragmentation of human FARS has also been observed in human cells and mutations in human ß-PheRS (FARSB) can lead to problems in gaining weight, Drosophila ß-PheRS can also serve as a model for the human phenotype and possibly also for obesity.


Assuntos
Aminoacil-tRNA Sintetases , Fenilalanina-tRNA Ligase , Animais , Humanos , Apetite/genética , Drosophila/genética , Drosophila/metabolismo , Hormônios , Fenilalanina-tRNA Ligase/química , Fenilalanina-tRNA Ligase/genética , Fenilalanina-tRNA Ligase/metabolismo , RNA de Transferência
8.
Curr Biol ; 34(4): R155-R157, 2024 Feb 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38412828

RESUMO

Satiety-promoting neurons of the hindbrain have long been known for their role in meal termination. An innovative new study now reveals how different hindbrain cell types mediate appetite on distinct timescales.


Assuntos
Apetite , Ingestão de Alimentos , Apetite/fisiologia , Saciação , Rombencéfalo , Neurônios
9.
J Nutr Health Aging ; 28(3): 100035, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38308921

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Prior research suggested that loss of appetite (LOA) among adults with Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) insurance in the United States increased the risk of mortality within 1 year; those findings were not adjusted for risk factors and confounders. The objective of this study was to compare the risk of mortality among Medicare FFS beneficiaries with LOA to a control group without LOA while controlling or adjusting for age, comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), and weight loss. DESIGN: Retrospective and observational analysis of Medicare FFS health insurance claims data from October 1, 2015 to December 31, 2021. SETTING: Claims from all settings (e.g., hospital inpatient/outpatient, office, assisted living facility, skilled nursing facility, hospice, rehabilitation facility, home) were included in these analyses. PARTICIPANTS: The LOA group included all individuals aged 65-115 years with continuous Medicare FFS medical coverage (Parts A and/or B) for at least 12 months before a claim with ICD-10 diagnosis code "R63.0 Anorexia". The control group was drawn from individuals aged 65-115 years with continuous Medicare FFS coverage who did not have a diagnosis of R63.0. Individuals with LOA were matched 1:3 to those in the control group based on age, sex, and race/ethnicity. MEASUREMENTS: Mortality in the LOA group was compared to mortality in the control group using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses and stratified or adjusted in terms of Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), claims-based frailty index (CFI), BMI, and weight loss. RESULTS: The study population of 1,707,031 individuals with LOA and 5,121,093 controls without LOA was 61.7% female and 82.2% White. More individuals with LOA compared with the control group had a CCI score 5+ (52.4% vs. 19.4%), CFI score 5+ (31.6% vs. 6.4%), and BMI < 20 kg/m2 (11.2% vs. 2.1%). Median follow-up was 12 months (individuals with LOA) and 49 months (control group). In a matched population, the risk of mortality was significantly higher (unadjusted hazard ratio 4.40, 95% confidence interval 4.39-4.42) for individuals with LOA than the control group. Median survival time was 4 months (individuals with LOA) and 26 months (control group); differences in survival time remained when stratifying by CCI, BMI, and weight loss. CONCLUSION: Individuals with LOA had a substantially increased risk of death even after matching for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and adjusting for comorbidities. These findings highlight the burden of illness in older adults with LOA and the need for therapies.


Assuntos
Anorexia , Medicare , Idoso , Humanos , Feminino , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Apetite , Redução de Peso
10.
Public Health Nutr ; 27(1): e72, 2024 Feb 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38356359

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The present study focused on the relationship between addiction to social media (SM) and emotional appetite in young adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional online survey. SETTING: The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) and Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (EMAQ) were used, and the duration and frequency of SM tools usage were analysed. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred and twenty-four participants (144 men and 380 women) aged between 18 and 25 years. RESULTS: The mean of SM usage duration of participants was 3·2 ± 2·2 h per d along with a mean of BSMAS score of 16·1 ± 5·9. Concerning emotional appetite, the mean scores for positive and negative aspects of EMAQ were 4·4 ± 1·9 and 3·1 ± 1·2, respectively. The predominant SM tools were YouTube (92·6 %) and Instagram (90·3 %). Notably, a significant association was observed between SM addiction and the frequency of access to YouTube, Instagram, and Twitter, with addiction levels increasing as access frequency rose (P < 0·01). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a possible relationship between SM addiction and emotional appetite among young adults. However, further research with more prominent participants and a lengthier follow-up duration is necessary to elucidate how SM tools affect eating behaviour.


Assuntos
Apetite , Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Turquia , Emoções
11.
Mol Metab ; 81: 101895, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38340808

RESUMO

Peptide YY (PYY3-36) is a post-prandially released gut hormone with potent appetite-reducing activity, the mechanism of action of which is not fully understood. Unravelling how this system physiologically regulates food intake may help unlock its therapeutic potential, whilst minimising unwanted effects. Here we demonstrate that germline and post-natal targeted knockdown of the PYY3-36 preferring receptor (neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptor (Y2R)) in the afferent vagus nerve is required for the appetite inhibitory effects of physiologically-released PYY3-36, but not peripherally administered pharmacological doses. Post-natal knockdown of the Y2R results in a transient body weight phenotype that is not evident in the germline model. Loss of vagal Y2R signalling also results in altered meal patterning associated with accelerated gastric emptying. These results are important for the design of PYY-based anti-obesity agents.


Assuntos
Hormônios Gastrointestinais , Peptídeo YY , Peptídeo YY/fisiologia , Apetite/fisiologia , Nervo Vago , Ingestão de Alimentos
12.
Appetite ; 196: 107286, 2024 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38417533

RESUMO

Research on exercise-induced appetite suppression often does not include resistance training (RT) exercise and only compared matched volumes. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of low-load and high-load RT exercise completed to volitional fatigue on appetite-regulation. METHODS: 11 resistance-trained males (24 ± 2 y) completed 3 sessions in a crossover experimental design: 1) control (CTRL); 2) RT exercise at 30% 1-repetition maximum (RM); and 3) RT exercise at 90% 1-RM. RT sessions consisted of 3 sets of 5 exercises completed to volitional fatigue. Acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), active peptide tyrosine (PYY), lactate, and subjective appetite perceptions were measured pre-exercise, 0-, 60-, and 120-min post-exercise. Energy intake was recorded the day before, of, and after each session. RESULTS: Lactate was elevated following both 30% (0-, 60-, 120-min post-exercise) and 90% (0-, 60-min post-exercise; P < 0.001, d > 3.92) versus CTRL, with 30% greater than 90% (0-min post-exercise; P = 0.011, d = 1.14). Acylated ghrelin was suppressed by 30% (P < 0.007, d > 1.22) and 90% (P < 0.028, d > 0.096) post-exercise versus CTRL, and 30% suppressed concentrations versus 90% (60-min post-exercise; P = 0.032, d = 0.95). There was no effect on PYY (P > 0.171, ηp2 <0.149) though GLP-1 was greater at 60-min post-exercise in 90% (P = 0.052, d = 0.86) versus CTRL. Overall appetite was suppressed 0-min post-exercise following 30% and 90% versus CTRL (P < 0.013, d > 1.10) with no other differences (P > 0.279, d < 0.56). There were no differences in energy intake (P > 0.101, ηp2 <0.319). CONCLUSIONS: RT at low- and high-loads to volitional fatigue induced appetite suppression coinciding with changes in acylated ghrelin though limited effects on anorexigenic hormones or free-living energy intake were present.


Assuntos
Apetite , Treinamento de Força , Masculino , Humanos , Apetite/fisiologia , Grelina , Peptídeo YY , Regulação do Apetite/fisiologia , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Ácido Láctico
13.
Appetite ; 196: 107259, 2024 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38341037

RESUMO

The role of ghrelin metabolism in anorexia of ageing is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine acyl-ghrelin, total ghrelin, and ghrelin O-acyltransferase concentrations when fasted and in responses to feeding in older adults exhibiting anorexia of ageing. Twenty-five older adults (OA; 15f, 74 ± 7 years, 24.5 kg·m-2) and twelve younger adults (YA; 6f, 21 ± 2 years, 24.4 kg·m-2) provided a fasted measure of subjective appetite and fasted blood sample (0 min) before consuming a standardised porridge breakfast meal (450 kcal). Appetite was measured every 30 min for 240 min and blood was sampled at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min while participants rested. At 240 min, an ad libitum pasta-based lunch meal was consumed. Older adults were identified as those with healthy appetite (HA-OA) or low appetite (LA-OA), based on habitual energy intake, self-report appetite, BMI, and ad libitum lunch intake. YA ate more at lunch (1108 ± 235 kcal) than HA-OA (653 ± 133 kcal, p = 0.007) and LA-OA (369 ± 168 kcal; p < 0.001). LA-OA, but not HA-OA, had higher fasted concentrations of acyl- and total ghrelin than YA (acyl-ghrelin: 621 ± 307 pg·mL-1 vs. 353 ± 166 pg·mL-1, p = 0.047; total ghrelin: 1333 ± 702 pg·mL-1 vs. 636 ± 251 pg·mL-1, p = 0.006). Acyl-ghrelin (60 min and 90 min) and total ghrelin (90 min) were suppressed to a greater extent for LA-OA than for YA (p < 0.05). No differences were observed in subjective appetite, acyl-to-total ghrelin ratio, or plasma GOAT content (p > 0.1). Higher fasting ghrelin and an augmented ghrelin response to feeding in LA-OA, but not HA-OA, suggests that alterations to ghrelin metabolism are not functions of ageing per se and may be independent causal mechanisms of anorexia of ageing.


Assuntos
Anorexia , Grelina , Humanos , Idoso , Glicemia/metabolismo , Apetite/fisiologia , Jejum/fisiologia , Envelhecimento , Ingestão de Energia , Aciltransferases , Estudos Cross-Over
14.
Appetite ; 196: 107254, 2024 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38346496

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Short sleep is consistently linked with childhood obesity, possibly via disrupting appetite hormones and increasing food responsiveness. Few studies have objectively examined this association in early childhood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations of sleep quantity and quality with child appetitive traits and eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) in a higher-income cohort of 86 preschool-age children (age 4.0 ± 0.8 years; 42% female; 93% non-Hispanic white, Northern New England, US). METHODS: Children's sleep duration and quality were assessed via parent report (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, CSHQ) at baseline and 6-month follow-up and via accelerometry at baseline. Parents also completed the Child Eating Behaviors Questionnaire to assess the child's appetitive traits. EAH, an objective measure of overeating, was observed at baseline during an in-person visit. Associations between sleep measures and appetitive traits were examined with linear mixed-effect or linear regression models, as appropriate, adjusting for child age, sex, and household income. RESULTS: Shorter sleep duration per parent report was associated with less satiety responsiveness (standardized ß = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.26; p = 0.03). Further, satiety responsiveness was inversely related to EAH (Pearson's r = -0.35, p = 0.02). No associations were found between accelerometer-measured sleep parameters and appetitive traits, and no sleep measures were related to EAH. CONCLUSIONS: Shorter usual sleep, per the parent report, was cross-sectionally associated with reduced satiety responsiveness in this sample of higher-income preschoolers. Future studies should consider whether socioeconomic status may modify the impact of poor sleep on appetitive traits in early childhood.


Assuntos
Obesidade Pediátrica , Humanos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Masculino , Obesidade Pediátrica/epidemiologia , Apetite , Hiperfagia , Saciação , Comportamento Alimentar , Sono , Inquéritos e Questionários , Índice de Massa Corporal
15.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 4188, 2024 02 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38378702

RESUMO

Female athletes who endure intense training are at risk of developing the 'female athlete triad,' making energy intake management crucial. However, the fluctuations in estradiol and progesterone levels throughout the menstrual cycle present a challenge in maintaining consistent energy intake. This study aimed to uncover the underlying factors associated with appetite regulation linked to menstrual phases and exercise using proteomic approach. Five female athletes engaged in 60 min of bicycle exercise, followed by 90 min of rest, during both the follicular and luteal phases. Serum samples were collected before, during, and after exercise, and the serum proteome was analyzed using 2D-gel electrophoresis. A total of 511 spots were detected in the subjects' serum profiles, with significant decreases observed in haptoglobin during the luteal phase and complement component 3 during bicycle training. Unsupervised learning with a generalized estimating equation analysis showed that serum peptide YY (PYY), an appetite suppressor, significantly influenced the fluctuations of serum proteins induced by exercise (p < 0.05). Regression analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between PYY and serum IgM (R = 0.87), implying that the intestinal environment and the immune response in female athletes may contribute to appetite regulation.


Assuntos
Apetite , Proteômica , Humanos , Feminino , Apetite/fisiologia , Projetos Piloto , Progesterona , Ciclo Menstrual/fisiologia , Atletas , Peptídeo YY
16.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab ; 326(4): E472-E480, 2024 Apr 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38381398

RESUMO

New incretin-based pharmacotherapies provide efficient and safe therapeutic options to curb appetite and produce weight loss in patients with obesity. Delivered systemically, these molecules produce pleiotropic metabolic benefits, but the target sites mediating their weight-suppressive action are located within the brain. Recent research has increased our understanding of the neural circuits and behavioral mechanisms involved in the anorectic and metabolic consequences of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based weight loss strategies, yet little is known about how these drugs access their functional targets in the brain to produce sustained weight loss. The majority of brain cells expressing incretin receptors are located behind the blood-brain barrier, shielded from the circulation and fluctuations in the availability of peripheral signals, which is a major challenge for the development of CNS-targeted therapeutic peptides. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists with increased half-life and enhanced therapeutic benefit do not cross the blood-brain barrier, yet they manage to access discrete brain sites relevant to the regulation of energy homeostasis. In this review, we give a brief overview of the different routes for peptide hormones to access the brain. We then examine the evidence informing the routes employed by incretins and incretin receptor agonists to access brain targets relevant for their appetite and weight-suppressive actions. We highlight existing controversies and suggest future directions to further establish the functionally relevant access routes for GLP-1-based weight loss compounds, which might guide the development and selection of the future generation of incretin receptor polypharmacologies.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Incretinas , Humanos , Incretinas/uso terapêutico , Incretinas/metabolismo , Apetite , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Redução de Peso , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/metabolismo
17.
Chronobiol Int ; 41(3): 427-438, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38317499

RESUMO

Late chronotype (LC) is related to obesity and altered food intake throughout the day. But whether appetite perception and gut hormones differ among chronotypes is unclear. Thus, we examined if early chronotype (EC) have different appetite responses in relation to food intake than LC. Adults with obesity were categorized using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) as either EC (n = 21, 18F, MEQ = 63.9 ± 1.0, 53.7 ± 1.2 yr, 36.2 ± 1.1 kg/m2) and LC (n = 28, 24F, MEQ = 47.2 ± 1.5, 55.7 ± 1.4 yr, 37.1 ± 1.0 kg/m2). Visual analog scales were used during a 120 min 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 30 min intervals to assess appetite perception, as well as glucose, insulin, GLP-1 (glucagon-like polypeptide-1), GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide), PYY (protein tyrosine tyrosine), and acylated ghrelin. Dietary intake (food logs), resting metabolic rate (RMR; indirect calorimetry), aerobic fitness (maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)), and body composition dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were also assessed. Age, body composition, RMR, and fasting appetite were similar between groups. However, EC had higher satisfaction and fullness as well as reduced desires for sweet, salty, savory, and fatty foods during the OGTT (P <0.05). Only GIP tAUC0-120 min was elevated in EC versus LC (p = 0.01). Daily dietary intake was similar between groups, but EC ate fewer carbohydrates (p = 0.05) and more protein (p = 0.01) at lunch. Further, EC had lower caloric (p = 0.03), protein (p = 0.03) and fat (p = 0.04) intake during afternoon snacking compared to LC. Dietary fat was lower, and carbohydrates was higher, in EC than LC (p = 0.05) at dinner. Low glucose and high insulin as well as GLP-1 tAUC60-120 min related to desires for sweet foods (p < 0.05). Taken together, EC had more favorable appetite and lower caloric intake later in the day compared with LC.


Assuntos
Apetite , Cronotipo , Adulto , Humanos , Apetite/fisiologia , Ritmo Circadiano , Obesidade/metabolismo , Insulina , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Grelina , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Glucose , Carboidratos , Tirosina , Glicemia/metabolismo
18.
JAMA ; 331(8): 712, 2024 02 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38411654
19.
J Nutr Health Aging ; 28(2): 100028, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38388106

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the daily life experiences of sleep, mood, and pain in relation to appetite in community-dwelling older adults aged 75 years and older, stratified by sex. DESIGN: Existing data from a daily experience study embedded in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) among the oldest-old (≥75 years). SETTING: LASA is an ongoing cohort study of a nationally representative sample of older adults aged ≥55 years from three culturally distinct regions in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: 434 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥75 years. MEASUREMENTS: Participants filled-out a one-week diary on daily experience of pain, mood, last night sleep (10-point Likert scale), and appetite (5-point Likert scale) on five measurement occasions between 2016 and 2021. (Hybrid) linear mixed models were used to investigate overall, within-subject and between-subject association between mood, sleep, and pain (independent variables) and appetite (dependent variable), while correcting between-subject associations for season, age, educational level, partner status, body mass index, alcohol consumption, physical activity level, smoking status, chronic diseases and use of nervous system medication, stratified by sex. RESULTS: Averaged over all days, males reported a poor appetite on 12% of the days and females on 19% of the days. Statistically significant between-subject associations with a poorer appetite were found for lower mood (unstandardized b = 0.084 [95% CI 0.043-0.126] (males), (b = 0.126 [95% CI 0.082-0.170] (females)), poorer sleep (b = 0.045 [95% CI 0.007-0.083] (males), (b = 0.51 [95% CI 0.017-0.085] (females)) and more severe pain in males only (b = 0.026 [95% CI 0.002-0.051]). Except for pain, within-subject associations were somewhat weaker: mood: b = 0.038 [95% CI 0.016-0.060] (males), (b = 0.082 [95% CI 0.061-0.104] (females)); sleep: b = 0.029 [95% CI 0.008-0.050] (males), (b = 0.15 [95% CI 0.005-0.025] (females)); and pain (b = 0.032 [95% CI 0.004-0.059] (males)). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that poor sleep, low mood (more strongly in females) and more severe pain (males only) are associated with poor appetite in older adults on a daily level both within and between persons. Sex differences in factors related to poor appetite should be considered in future research.


Assuntos
Apetite , Vida Independente , Lipídeos , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Apetite/fisiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Qualidade do Sono , Dor
20.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci ; 379(1898): 20220503, 2024 Mar 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38310931

RESUMO

Fishes are exposed to natural and anthropogenic changes in their environment, which can have major effects on their behaviour and their physiology, including feeding behaviour, food intake and digestive processes. These alterations are owing to the direct action of environmental physico-chemical parameters (i.e. temperature, pH, turbidity) on feeding physiology but can also be a consequence of variations in food availability. Food intake is ultimately regulated by feeding centres of the brain, which receive and process information from endocrine signals from both brain and peripheral tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract. These endocrine signals stimulate or inhibit food intake, and interact with each other to maintain energy homeostasis. Changes in environmental conditions might change feeding habits and rates, thus affecting levels of energy stores, and the expression of endocrine appetite regulators. This review provides an overview of how environmental changes and food availability could affect feeding and these endocrine networks in fishes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Endocrine responses to environmental variation: conceptual approaches and recent developments'.


Assuntos
Apetite , Sistema Endócrino , Animais , Sistema Endócrino/fisiologia , Apetite/fisiologia , Peixes/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Trato Gastrointestinal
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