Antibacterial, anti fungal and E. coli DNA cleavage of Euphorbia prostrata and Pelargonium graveolens extract and their combination with novel nanoparticles

As there are a lot of antibacterial and anti-fungal resistant pathogens, researchers attempt to substitute antimicrobial drugs with various medical plants and novel nanoparticles. The present study was conducted to characterize antimicrobial activities of Euphorbia prostrata and Pelargonium graveolens extract alone and in combination with Mn-Ni@Fe3O4-NPs & Mn: Fe (OH)3-NPs on the DNA cleavage of E. coli and also Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus oryzae, and Candida albicans. The effects of antimicrobial activities on above scenarios were evaluated using disc diffusion, MIC, MBC, and E. coli DNA electrophoresis methods. The results showed that the effects of antibacterial assay values of Euphorbia prostrata & Mn: Fe(OH)3 was 21.00 mm for E. coli and while it was 19.5 mm for Euphorbia prostrata & Mn-Ni@Fe3O4 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 100mg/mL. The highest level of DNA cleavage was seen in mixed of Euphorbia prostrata & Mn: Fe(OH)3 nanoparticles. In conclusion, the combination of Euphorbia prostrata and Pelargonium graveolens extracts with nanostructures showed synergic effects on eliminating the bacteria via DNA destruction and others mechanisms. Moreover, the synergistic effect of nanoparticles with plant extracts seems to bring about new choices for the treatment of infectious diseases

Anatomia e histoquímica da lâmina foliar de espécies conhecidas por quebra-pedra (Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, Euphorbia hyssopifolia L., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn e Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb.) / Leaf anatomy and histochemistry of species known as stonebreaker (Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, Euphorbia hyssopifolia L., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn, and Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb.)

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar estudo anatômico comparativo entre duas espécies de Euphorbia L. e duas de Phyllanthus L. conhecidas popularmente por quebra-pedra, a fim de contribuir com a identificação das espécies, visando o controle de qualidade e testes histoquímicos para conhecimento e localização de substâncias, com intuito de fornecer subsídios para futuros estudos. As quatro espécies estudadas foram coletadas na cidade de São Mateus-ES. Foram realizadas análises anatômicas e histoquímicas da lâmina foliar. Em vista frontal, E. prostrata apresenta paredes celulares poligonais, enquanto em E. hyssopifolia as paredes são sinuosas. As espécies de Euphorbia se diferenciam pela presença de canais laticíferos e estrutura Kranz. Somente nas espécies de Phyllanthus foram observados cristais de oxalato de cálcio. P. tenellus difere de P. amarus pela presença de cristais romboédricos e P. amarus por exibir cristais prismáticos no mesofilo. O estudo anatômico foliar foi de grande relevância para a diferenciação das espécies conhecidas por quebra-pedra, revelando ser um parâmetro eficaz e que pode auxiliar no controle de qualidade de plantas medicinais, bem como os testes histoquímicos podem fornecer informações para futuros estudos com quebra-pedra.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare the anatomical and histochemical perspective between two species of Euphorbia L. and two of Phyllanthus L., to contribute to their identification, aiming the quality control of medicinal plans. The four studied species were collected in the city of São Mateus, ES, Brazil. We performed anatomical and histochemical analyses of leaves, and all parameters were effective for species differentiation. In the anatomical analyses, we observed crystals only in the Phyllanthus species. Euphorbia species differed by the presence of laticifer channels and Kranz structure. In frontal and cross-sectional view, P. tenellus differs from P. amarus by the presence of rhombohedral crystals. In front view, E. prostate presents polygonal cell walls, while in E. hyssopifolia the walls are winding. In the histochemical tests conducted on the leaf blade, P. amarus stands out by presenting negative reaction to ferric chloride. The anatomical and histochemical studies of leaves are really important to the knowledge and differentiation of species known as stonebreaker. However, phytochemical studies are needed for more detailed knowledge of substances from the secondary metabolism of the plant.