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6.
J Radiol Prot ; 43(4)2023 11 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37857271

RESUMO

The benefits of biomedical research involving humans are well recognised, along with the need for conformity to international standards of science and ethics. When human research involves radiation imaging procedures or radiotherapy, an extra level of expert review should be provided from the point of view of radiological protection. The relevant publication of the International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP) is now three decades old and is currently undergoing an update. This paper aims to provoke discussions on how the risks of radiation dose and the benefits of research should be assessed, using a case study of diagnostic radiology involving volunteers for whom there is no direct benefit. Further, the paper provides the current understanding of key concepts being considered for review and revision-such as the dose constraint and the novel research methods on the horizon, including radiation biology and epidemiology. The analysis revisits the perspectives described in the ICRP Publication 62, and considers the recent progress in both radiological protection ethics and medical research ethics.


Assuntos
Proteção Radiológica , Radiologia , Humanos , Proteção Radiológica/métodos , Ética em Pesquisa , Agências Internacionais
7.
J Nucl Med ; 64(9): 1344-1351, 2023 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37591544

RESUMO

Auger electron (AE) radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) may have the same therapeutic efficacy as α-particles for oncologic small disease, with lower risks of normal-tissue toxicity. The seeds of using AE emitters for RPT were planted several decades ago. Much knowledge has been gathered about the potency of the biologic effects caused by the intense shower of these low-energy AEs. Given their short range, AEs deposit much of their energy in the immediate vicinity of their site of decay. However, the promise of AE RPT has not yet been realized, with few agents evaluated in clinical trials and none becoming part of routine treatment so far. Instigated by the 2022 "Technical Meeting on Auger Electron Emitters for Radiopharmaceutical Developments" at the International Atomic Energy Agency, this review presents the current status of AE RPT based on the discussions by experts in the field. A scoring system was applied to illustrate hurdles in the development of AE RPT, and we present a selected list of well-studied and emerging AE-emitting radionuclides. Based on the number of AEs and other emissions, physical half-life, radionuclide production, radiochemical approaches, dosimetry, and vector availability, recommendations are put forward to enhance and impact future efforts in AE RPT research.


Assuntos
Elétrons , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/efeitos adversos , Partículas alfa/uso terapêutico , Meia-Vida , Agências Internacionais
11.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 30: e2023015, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês, Português | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37194751

RESUMO

An analysis is presented of the work of three international entities in Brazilian favelas in the 1960s: Brasil-Estados Unidos Movimento, Desenvolvimento e Organização de Comunidade; Ação Comunitária do Brasil; and the United Nations. These entities conveyed the ideal of developmentalism through technical cooperation with countries deemed underdeveloped, drawing on the pure and applied social sciences through community development. Documents from the Anthony Leeds archive at Casa de Oswaldo Cruz were used to analyze these entities' actions in the favelas and their conceptions of development. Their official documents were compared, including newspapers and programs, as well as fieldnotes and letters by social scientists engaged in fieldwork in favelas in the period.


O artigo apresenta uma análise da atuação de órgãos internacionais nas favelas na década de 1960: o Brasil-Estados Unidos Movimento, Desenvolvimento e Organização de Comunidade, a Ação Comunitária do Brasil e a Organização das Nações Unidas. Tais entidades veicularam o ideal desenvolvimentista pela cooperação técnica aos países considerados subdesenvolvidos, articulando ciências sociais puras e aplicadas por meio do desenvolvimento de comunidade. Os documentos do Fundo Anthony Leeds custodiados na Casa de Oswaldo Cruz foram utilizados para analisar as ações dessas agências nas favelas e as suas concepções de desenvolvimento. Foram comparados documentos oficiais desses órgãos, como jornais e programas, com notas de campo e cartas de cientistas sociais que faziam trabalho de campo nas favelas no período.


Assuntos
Agências Internacionais , Ciências Sociais , Brasil
12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37239576

RESUMO

In Italy, the National Register on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens (SIREP) is established pursuant to article 243 of Legislative Decree 81/2008 and is aimed to collect information on the exposure of workers to carcinogens transmitted by employers. The aim of this study is to assess its level of implementation comparing prevailing carcinogens reported in SIREP with the monitoring of risks in the workplace evidenced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The data reported in the SIREP have been integrated with IARC and the database on carcinogenic risk in the workplace named MATline in order to build a matrix containing the carcinogens classified according to the IARC (Group 1 and 2A agents) and to a semi-quantitative indicator of risk level (High or Low) calculated upon the number of exposures reported in SIREP. The matrix contains the following data: carcinogens, economic sector (NACE Rev2 coding) and cancer sites. The comparison between SIREP and IARC evidence allowed us to highlight situations with a high risk of carcinogenicity and to address appropriate actions of prevention to contain the risks of exposure to carcinogenic substances.


Assuntos
Neoplasias , Exposição Ocupacional , Humanos , Carcinógenos/toxicidade , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Itália/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Agências Internacionais
14.
Br J Hist Sci ; 56(2): 205-223, 2023 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37039487

RESUMO

When the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) began operations in 1958, one of its first routine tasks was to create and circulate a brief non-technical periodical. This article analyses the creation of the IAEA Bulletin and its circulation during its first years. It finds that diplomatic imperatives both in IAEA leadership circles and in the networks outside them shaped the form and appearance of the bulletin. In the hands of the IAEA's Division of Public Information, the bulletin became an instrument of science diplomacy, its imagery conveying the motivations for member states to strengthen ties with the IAEA, while simultaneously persuading them to accept the hierarchies and geopolitical logics implicit in those relations, as well as to endorse the central position of the IAEA as a clearing house and authority of globally circulating nuclear objects and information.


Assuntos
Diplomacia , Energia Nuclear , Agências Internacionais , Motivação , Processos Grupais
15.
Radiat Environ Biophys ; 62(2): 175-180, 2023 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37097458

RESUMO

Ionising radiation has been used for over a century for peaceful purposes, revolutionising health care and promoting well-being through its application in industry, science, and medicine. For almost as long, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has promoted understanding of health and environmental risks of ionising radiation and developed a protection system that enables the safe use of ionising radiation in justified and beneficial practices, providing protection from all sources of radiation. However, we are concerned that a shortage of investment in training, education, research, and infrastructure seen in many sectors and countries may compromise society's ability to properly manage radiation risks, leading to unjustified exposure to or unwarranted fear of radiation, impacting the physical, mental, and social well-being of our peoples. This could unduly limit the potential for research and development in new radiation technologies (healthcare, energy, and the environment) for beneficial purposes. ICRP therefore calls for action to strengthen expertise in radiological protection worldwide through: (1) National governments and funding agencies strengthening resources for radiological protection research allocated by governments and international organisations, (2) National research laboratories and other institutions launching and sustaining long-term research programmes, (3) Universities developing undergraduate and graduate university programmes and making students aware of job opportunities in radiation-related fields, (4) Using plain language when interacting with the public and decision makers about radiological protection, and (5) Fostering general awareness of proper uses of radiation and radiological protection through education and training of information multipliers. The draft call was discussed with international organisations in formal relations with ICRP in October 2022 at the European Radiation Protection Week in Estoril, Portugal, and the final call announced at the 6th International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection of ICRP in November 2022 in Vancouver, Canada.


Assuntos
Proteção Radiológica , Humanos , Radiação Ionizante , Canadá , Agências Internacionais
20.
Int J Technol Assess Health Care ; 39(1): e14, 2023 Feb 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36803886

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To identify which international health technology assessment (HTA) agencies are undertaking evaluations of medical tests, summarize commonalities and differences in methodological approach, and highlight examples of good practice. METHODS: A methodological review incorporating: systematic identification of HTA guidance documents mentioning evaluation of tests; identification of key contributing organizations and abstraction of approaches to all essential HTA steps; summary of similarities and differences between organizations; and identification of important emergent themes which define the current state of the art and frontiers where further development is needed. RESULTS: Seven key organizations were identified from 216 screened. The main themes were: elucidation of claims of test benefits; attitude to direct and indirect evidence of clinical effectiveness (including evidence linkage); searching; quality assessment; and health economic evaluation. With the exception of dealing with test accuracy data, approaches were largely based on general approaches to HTA with few test-specific modifications. Elucidation of test claims and attitude to direct and indirect evidence are where we identified the biggest dissimilarities in approach. CONCLUSIONS: There is consensus on some aspects of HTA of tests, such as dealing with test accuracy, and examples of good practice which HTA organizations new to test evaluation can emulate. The focus on test accuracy contrasts with universal acknowledgment that it is not a sufficient evidence base for test evaluation. There are frontiers where methodological development is urgently required, notably integrating direct and indirect evidence and standardizing approaches to evidence linkage.


Assuntos
Atitude , Avaliação da Tecnologia Biomédica , Análise Custo-Benefício , Consenso , Agências Internacionais
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