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1.
Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports ; 48: 100972, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38316500

RESUMO

In this study, we report a rare case of tick paralysis in a cat induced by Otobius megnini infestation. An 11-month-old female cat was admitted to a private veterinary clinic in Luling Texas, USA presenting with depression, tachycardia, and flaccid paralysis of the entire body. The four recovered ticks were morphologically and molecularly identified as O. megnini nymphs. Following initial tick removal and treatment with 0.1% milbemycin oxime in the ear canal on the first day of hospitalization, and additional tick removal and topical selamectin treatment on the second day of hospitalization the animal gradually improved. The recovery of the cat after tick removal supports the diagnosis of tick toxicosis. While tick antiserum is not available in North America, prevention of tick infestation and tick-induced paralysis can be effectively accomplished using repellent collars and the compliant use of other ectoparasiticide products year-round.


Assuntos
Argasidae , Doenças do Gato , Paralisia por Carrapato , Carrapatos , Feminino , Gatos , Animais , Paralisia por Carrapato/diagnóstico , Paralisia por Carrapato/tratamento farmacológico , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária , Texas , Paralisia/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico
2.
Parasit Vectors ; 16(1): 375, 2023 Oct 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37864235

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The longer the duration of protection of an acaricide against canine infestation with Ixodes holocyclus, the lower the risk of gaps in tick control programs that will place dogs at risk of potentially fatal tick-induced paralysis. Two studies investigated the duration of efficacy provided by a novel injectable suspension of fluralaner (Bravecto QuantumTM) against this tick species. METHODS: In both studies, 20 clinically healthy dogs were randomized to an untreated control group or to a group treated once, on Day 0, with the injectable fluralaner suspension (15 mg/kg). Dogs were infested with up to 25 unfed adult female I. holocyclus ticks on Day -1, during Weeks 1 and 2, and then at intervals no greater than approximately 3 months for the 13 months following treatment. Ticks were assessed in situ at 24 and 48 h and assessed and removed at 72 h following treatment and each subsequent infestation. Efficacy was determined by comparing arithmetic mean live tick (attached or free) counts in the treated group with the control group. RESULTS: The untreated control dogs maintained adequate infestations for efficacy evaluations at all assessment weeks, with mean tick counts ranging from 16.2 to 21.6 in Study 1 and 14.0 to 23.5 in Study 2. The efficacy of fluralaner injectable suspension against existing infestations, determined 72 h following treatment administration, was 64.1% in Study 1 and 42.7% in Study 2. Efficacy against post-treatment infestations in Study 1 ranged from 95.7 to 100% from Week 1 through Week 57; in Study 2 efficacy was 100% at every assessment from Week 1 through Week 57. No treatment-related adverse events were recorded in either study. CONCLUSION: The injectable fluralaner suspension was highly effective against I. holocyclus infestations of dogs from one week through 13 months following a single treatment. By placing treatment with the veterinarian, killing ticks within 72 h of attachment, and providing a full year of protection, fluralaner injectable suspension can help facilitate owner compliance with tick control treatment recommendations, thus reducing the risk of canine tick paralysis.


Assuntos
Acaricidas , Doenças do Cão , Ixodes , Infestações por Carrapato , Paralisia por Carrapato , Animais , Cães , Feminino , Infestações por Carrapato/tratamento farmacológico , Infestações por Carrapato/prevenção & controle , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Acaricidas/uso terapêutico , Acaricidas/farmacologia , Suspensões , Resultado do Tratamento
3.
Aust Vet J ; 101(12): 479-489, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37772326

RESUMO

We studied over 222,000 cases of emergency veterinary consultations in four regions along the eastern coast of Australia. We found that cases of tick paralysis (TP) caused by the eastern paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, accounted for 7.5% of these cases: >16,000 cases. The season of TP and the number (prevalence) of TP cases varied among regions and over the years. Our study of the association between weather and (i) the start of the season of TP, and (ii) the number of TP cases revealed much about the intricate relationship between the weather and I. holocyclus. We studied the effect of the hypothetical availability of isoxazoline-containing tick-preventative medicines and found that an increase in the availability of these medicines had significantly contributed to the decrease in TP cases. We found that the weather in winter accounted for the time of the year the season of TP starts whereas the weather in summer accounted for the number of TP cases in the TP season. Last, through a study of the effects of shifts in the climate under four hypothetical scenarios (warmer/cooler and drier/wetter than average), we propose that the start of the season of TP depends on how soon the weather in winter becomes suitable for the activity (e.g. host-seeking) and the development of I. holocyclus nymphs, and that the number of TP cases during the TP season depends on how many engorged female ticks and their eggs survive during summer.


Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Ixodes , Paralisia por Carrapato , Animais , Gatos , Cães , Feminino , Paralisia por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Austrália/epidemiologia , Tempo (Meteorologia) , Paralisia/veterinária
4.
Aust Vet J ; 101(10): 383-390, 2023 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37574813

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To characterise the novel occurrence and neuro-ophthalmological features of static anisocoria in cats and dogs with tick paralysis (TP) (Ixodes holocyclus) due to a single tick located remote from the head and neck. DESIGN: Observational case series with retrospective analysis. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed from 69 cats and 169 dogs treated for TP from a suburban veterinary hospital in Newcastle, New South Whales, between September 2005 and October 2021. RESULTS: Anisocoria was observed in 2/18 (11.1%) cats and 3/30 (10.0%) dogs with a single tick located remote from the head and neck. These proportions were not different when compared within species to 4 of 28 (14.3%) cats and 16 of 98 (16.3%) dogs with aniscocoria with a single tick located on the head and neck region (P = 1 and 0.56 respectively). Anisocoria arose from pupillary efferent dysfunction and included unilateral oculoparasympathetic dysfunction (internal ophthalmoplegia) in one dog, unilateral oculosympathetic dysfunction (Horner's syndrome) in one cat and one dog, and a combination of bilateral, but asymmetric, oculosympathetic and oculoparasympathetic dysfunction in one cat and one dog. CONCLUSION: It is proposed that anisocoria in cases of TP with a tick located remote from the head and neck is due to an intrinsic latent asymmetry in the safety factor for pupillary efferent function that is unmasked by a systemically distributed holocyclotoxin inhibiting neural transmission within this system, and this is the prevailing pathomechanism, rather than a direct local effect, underscoring anisocoria with a tick located on the head or neck.


Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Ixodes , Paralisia por Carrapato , Gatos , Cães , Animais , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária , Estudos Retrospectivos , Anisocoria/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia
5.
Aust Vet J ; 101(9): 356-365, 2023 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37503789

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the incidence of canine and feline tick paralysis cases presenting to two veterinary emergency hospitals before and after the introduction of new generation prophylactic acaricides. METHODS: This was a retrospective study, investigating the number of tick paralysis cases presenting to two emergency and critical care veterinary hospitals in South-East Queensland, from 2008 to 2021. A total of 10,914 dogs and 3696 cats were included over the course of the study. To assess if the introduction of new generation prophylactics in 2015 has coincided with any variation in case numbers, data for each species were analysed graphically and numerically in the first instance, then interrupted time series analyses were performed for the dog and cat data independently. RESULTS: Accounting for seasonal and climatic variation, we estimated a 54.8% reduction in dog (95% CI 45.3%-62.7%) and 44% reduction in cat (95% CI 19.5%-46%) tick paralysis cases presenting to these two clinics. This reduction corresponded with the timing of new generation prophylactic agents being introduced, including isoxazolines and imidacloprid/flumethrin impregnated collars. CONCLUSION: In the population studied, a significant reduction in the incidence of tick paralysis cases treated by veterinarians has occurred from 2015 onwards and was found to be associated with the timing of the release of new generation acaricidal products.


Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Ixodes , Paralisia por Carrapato , Gatos , Cães , Animais , Queensland/epidemiologia , Paralisia por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Paralisia por Carrapato/prevenção & controle , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/prevenção & controle , Estudos Retrospectivos , Incidência , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle
6.
Int J Parasitol ; 53(1): 43-53, 2023 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36462559

RESUMO

We studied 22,840 cases of tick paralysis in dogs and cats that were attributable to infestation with the eastern paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. We report that the mortality rates from the holocyclotoxins of the tick or from euthanasia due to complications arising from tick paralysis in dogs and cats were 10% and 8%, respectively. The distribution of cases of tick paralysis among the 52 weeks of 22 years (1999 to 2020, inclusive) in four regions along the eastern coast of Australia revealed much about how the life-cycle of this tick varied among regions. The four regions in our study were: (i) Cairns, Innisfail, and surrounding postcodes in Far North Queensland; (ii) South East Queensland; (iii) Northern Beaches of Sydney in New South Wales; and (iv) the Shire of East Gippsland in Victoria. We found that the season of tick paralysis started earlier in more northerly latitudes than in more southerly latitudes. We also found that Victoria has two seasons of tick paralysis, one from approximately the third week of February to the first week of May, and another from approximately the third week of September to the third week of December, whereas all of the other regions we studied in eastern Australia only had one season of tick paralysis. When we studied the two seasons of tick paralysis in Victoria, we found a statistically significant negative correlation between the number of cases of tick paralysis between the two seasons: the more cases in one season, the fewer the cases in the next season. One possible explanation for the negative correlation may be immunity to I. holocyclus acquired by dogs and cats in the first season.


Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Ixodes , Paralisia por Carrapato , Gatos , Animais , Cães , New South Wales/epidemiologia , Vitória , Queensland/epidemiologia , Estações do Ano , Paralisia por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia
7.
Aust Vet J ; 100(12): 579-586, 2022 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36081249

RESUMO

Tick paralysis is a paralysis caused by bites from Ixodes holocyclus, affecting an estimated 10,000 companion animals in Australia annually. Despite tick antiserum being the cornerstone of treatment, there are no large-scale general practice studies that examine survival outcomes in tick antiserum-treated animals. In this retrospective study, clinical records from three far north Queensland general practice veterinary clinics were searched for tick antiserum-treated canine and feline patients were seen between 2000 and 2020. Patient records were assessed for survival outcomes, then logistic regression and Bayesian structural time-series model were used to assess trends in incidence and mortality and the relationship between these and time of year, rainfall, and species. The study included 2019 dog and 953 cat records. When patients with unknown outcomes were removed, canine mortality was 11.8% (213/1799) and feline mortality was 5.3% (46/872). Dogs were found to have 2.41 odds of dying following treatment than cats. August and September had the highest mean number of monthly treatments, and rainfall in the previous 5-8 months was positively correlated with the number of patients treated in each month. The odds of mortality did not vary significantly by month or season, and from 2015 onwards, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of dogs treated by the clinics. Overall, this study provides new information on tick antiserum treatment outcomes in general practice as well as new information on tick paralysis incidence in far north Queensland.


Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Ixodes , Paralisia por Carrapato , Gatos , Cães , Animais , Paralisia por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Queensland/epidemiologia , Hospitais Veterinários , Incidência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Teorema de Bayes , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia
8.
J Comp Pathol ; 197: 44-52, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36089296

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate critically the nature and prevalence of histological pulmonary lesions in dogs and cats that had died or were euthanized because of tick paralysis. A retrospective and prospective case study of 11 cats and 23 dogs was carried out. Retrospective cases were gathered from the Veterinary Laboratory Services database at The University of Queensland (UQ). Prospective cases were provided by Veterinary Specialist Services and UQ VETs Small Animal Hospital. Lung and other tissue samples were collected for histopathological analysis. All tick intoxicated animals demonstrated evidence of pulmonary parenchymal changes: alveolar oedema, interstitial and alveolar congestion and alveolar fibrin exudation. Eleven of 23 (48%) dogs exhibited mild to severe bronchopneumonia. A lower rate (18%) of bronchopneumonia was found in cats, with one case of aspiration pneumonia. A novel pulmonary histological grading scheme was developed to evaluate the correlation between clinical presentation and histopathological changes. Novel extrapulmonary lesions in cats included hepatic necrosis and acute renal tubular necrosis attributed to hypoxia. We concluded that both dogs and cats with high clinical grade tick paralysis are extremely likely to have pulmonary pathology. High-protein oedema and fibrin exudation are predicted to be present in most cases of canine and feline tick paralysis.


Assuntos
Broncopneumonia , Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Paralisia por Carrapato , Animais , Broncopneumonia/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães , Fibrina , Pulmão/patologia , Necrose/veterinária , Estudos Retrospectivos , Paralisia por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Paralisia por Carrapato/patologia , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária
9.
Aust Vet J ; 100(10): 476-478, 2022 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35788553

RESUMO

Acute adverse reactions in cats administered unrefined canine paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus) antiserum are commonly observed by veterinarians and can lead to significant morbidity and potentially fatal. A purified antiserum canine IgG concentrate was chromatographically prepared and aseptically formulated in single doses containing the equivalent of 5 mL of unrefined tick antiserum (TAS). The IgG was used for slow intravenous infusion into clinically affected cats at multiple veterinary clinics on the eastern seaboard of Australia. Overall, 72/76 (95%) of cats survived hospital discharge, an efficacy comparable to published data. A subset of 22 cats previously treated with unrefined TAS and considered high risk were included in the dataset. The safety profile was excellent with 0/76 acute adverse reactions although 2/76 (2.6%) developed mild facial swelling within 2 h of infusion that responded to the antihistamine. In conclusion, cats intravenously infused with purified IgG from canine TAS did not exhibit the expected frequency of acute adverse reactions during infusion and it was both safe and effective for the treatment of tick paralysis in cats.


Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Ixodes , Paralisia por Carrapato , Animais , Austrália , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Cães , Imunoglobulina G , Paralisia/veterinária , Paralisia por Carrapato/tratamento farmacológico , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária
10.
Aust Vet J ; 100(9): 440-445, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35615962

RESUMO

The tube cricothyrotomy (CTT) has recently been introduced to small animal medicine as a viable surgical airway access procedure; however, there are no reports documenting its clinical use. The author's objective is to describe the clinical application, complications, and management of an elective CTT in a dog. Furthermore, the characteristics of CTT that may be clinically advantageous over temporary tube tracheostomy (TT) will be discussed. A 2-year-old female spayed German shepherd dog required mechanical ventilation (MV) due to unsustainable work of breathing as a result of tick paralysis and aspiration pneumonia. After successful weaning from MV, the dog was diagnosed with laryngeal paralysis. A surgical airway was performed using CTT to allow extubation and patient management whilst conscious. Complications included frequent tube suctioning due to accumulation of airway secretions in the tube and a single dislodgement event. The dog made an uneventful recovery with complete stoma healing by the second intention within 15 days. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first clinical report of an elective CTT performed to successfully manage upper airway obstruction in the dog. Its efficacy, clinical management and patient outcome are described.


Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Ixodes , Paralisia por Carrapato , Paralisia das Pregas Vocais , Animais , Austrália , Doenças do Cão/etiologia , Doenças do Cão/cirurgia , Cães , Feminino , Paralisia por Carrapato/complicações , Paralisia por Carrapato/cirurgia , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária , Paralisia das Pregas Vocais/etiologia , Paralisia das Pregas Vocais/cirurgia , Paralisia das Pregas Vocais/veterinária
11.
PLoS Comput Biol ; 18(2): e1009874, 2022 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35171905

RESUMO

Tick paralysis resulting from bites from Ixodes holocyclus and I. cornuatus is one of the leading causes of emergency veterinary admissions for companion animals in Australia, often resulting in death if left untreated. Availability of timely information on periods of increased risk can help modulate behaviors that reduce exposures to ticks and improve awareness of owners for the need of lifesaving preventative ectoparasite treatment. Improved awareness of clinicians and pet owners about temporal changes in tick paralysis risk can be assisted by ecological forecasting frameworks that integrate environmental information into statistical time series models. Using an 11-year time series of tick paralysis cases from veterinary clinics in one of Australia's hotspots for the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus, we asked whether an ensemble model could accurately forecast clinical caseloads over near-term horizons. We fit a series of statistical time series (ARIMA, GARCH) and generative models (Prophet, Generalised Additive Model) using environmental variables as predictors, and then combined forecasts into a weighted ensemble to minimise prediction interval error. Our results indicate that variables related to temperature anomalies, levels of vegetation moisture and the Southern Oscillation Index can be useful for predicting tick paralysis admissions. Our model forecasted tick paralysis cases with exceptional accuracy while preserving epidemiological interpretability, outperforming a field-leading benchmark Exponential Smoothing model by reducing both point and prediction interval errors. Using online particle filtering to assimilate new observations and adjust forecast distributions when new data became available, our model adapted to changing temporal conditions and provided further reduced forecast errors. We expect our model pipeline to act as a platform for developing early warning systems that can notify clinicians and pet owners about heightened risks of environmentally driven veterinary conditions.


Assuntos
Ixodes , Paralisia por Carrapato , Animais , Austrália/epidemiologia , Animais de Estimação , Paralisia por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Paralisia por Carrapato/parasitologia , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária , Fatores de Tempo
13.
Aust Vet J ; 100(3): 83-89, 2022 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34734411

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the repellency and efficacy of a 10% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin (Seresto® , Elanco) collar over an 8-month period against the eastern paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus) on cats. METHODS: Two non-blinded, open gender, randomised, placebo-controlled pen studies were conducted, with 26 cats enrolled in each study. Prior to inclusion, cats were immunised with I. holocyclus holocyclotoxin. Cats were treated on Day 0 with either an imidacloprid/flumethrin or placebo collar. Tick infestations with 20 unfed adult female eastern paralysis ticks commenced on Day 7, and were repeated monthly for 8 months. Repellency was determined by comparing the mean number of attached ticks on imidacloprid/flumethrin treated cats, to placebo collar treated cats at 6 and 24 h post infestation. Efficacy was determined by comparing the mean number of live ticks on imidacloprid/flumethrin collar treated cats to placebo collar treated cats at 72 h post infestation. RESULTS: Efficacy was 100% (P < 0.001) at 72 h, and repellency was greater than 96% (P < 0.001) at 24 h for every tick challenge in each of the two studies, from Day 7 to the final infestation at 8 months for imidacloprid/flumethrin collar treated cats. CONCLUSIONS: In two pen studies, an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar controlled and repelled the eastern paralysis tick (I. holocyclus) on cats for 8-months. The marked repellency effect in addition to controlling tick paralysis would be beneficial in preventing tick bites and their sequelae.


Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Ixodes , Infestações por Carrapato , Paralisia por Carrapato , Animais , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Gato/prevenção & controle , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Cães , Feminino , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Imidazóis/uso terapêutico , Neonicotinoides , Nitrocompostos , Paralisia/veterinária , Piretrinas , Infestações por Carrapato/tratamento farmacológico , Infestações por Carrapato/prevenção & controle , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária
14.
Pediatr Emerg Care ; 37(12): 589-592, 2021 Dec 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34908374

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to identify and to describe cases of pediatric tick paralysis presenting to an emergency department in southern Louisiana during an 11-year period. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients aged 0 to 18 years with a diagnostic code of toxic effect of venom, tick-borne viral encephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, acute infective polyneuritis, or abnormality of gait from July 2005 to June 2016. Data were collected on visit month, patient age, race and sex, tick's attachment site, location of tick removal, symptoms and length of symptoms, initial diagnosis, time to appropriate diagnosis, and hospital length of stay. RESULTS: Nine patients aged 2 to 10 years presented with lower limb weakness and varying degrees of upper extremity ataxia or paralysis, areflexia, dysarthria, diplopia, or petechia. Five cases were accurately and rapidly diagnosed; 4 cases involved a delay in accurate diagnosis. Treatment of the misdiagnosed cases ranged from septic workup to neurologic workup, including magnetic resonance imaging. The tick was discovered by the patients' relative in 4 cases, by a primary care or emergency care physician at another facility in 3 cases, and by 1 of our emergency care physicians in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of tick paralysis in southern Louisiana is unknown. However, our case series indicates that it is likely higher than expected. Although most cases in our facility were quickly diagnosed and treated through tick removal, delayed diagnosis results in unnecessary tests, procedures, and medical costs. All of our cases fully recovered after tick removal.


Assuntos
Síndrome de Guillain-Barré , Paralisia por Carrapato , Carrapatos , Animais , Criança , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Paralisia por Carrapato/diagnóstico , Paralisia por Carrapato/epidemiologia
15.
Front Immunol ; 12: 744795, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34671357

RESUMO

Venom producing animals are ubiquitously disseminated among vertebrates and invertebrates such as fish, snakes, scorpions, spiders, and ticks. Of the ~890 tick species worldwide, 27 have been confirmed to cause paralysis in mammalian hosts. The Australian paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus) is the most potent paralyzing tick species known. It is an indigenous three host tick species that secretes potent neurotoxins known as holocyclotoxins (HTs). Holocyclotoxins cause a severe and harmful toxicosis leading to a rapid flaccid paralysis which can result in death of susceptible hosts such as dogs. Antivenins are generally polyclonal antibody treatments developed in sheep, horses or camels to administer following bites from venomous creatures. Currently, the methods to prevent or treat tick paralysis relies upon chemical acaricide preventative treatments or prompt removal of all ticks attached to the host followed by the administration of a commercial tick-antiserum (TAS) respectively. However, these methods have several drawbacks such as poor efficacies, non-standardized dosages, adverse effects and are expensive to administer. Recently the I. holocyclus tick transcriptome from salivary glands and viscera reported a large family of 19 holocyclotoxins at 38-99% peptide sequence identities. A pilot trial demonstrated that correct folding of holocyclotoxins is needed to induce protection from paralysis. The immunogenicity of the holocyclotoxins were measured using commercial tick antiserum selecting HT2, HT4, HT8 and HT11 for inclusion into the novel cocktail vaccine. A further 4 HTs (HT1, HT12, HT14 and HT17) were added to the cocktail vaccine to ensure that the sequence variation among the HT protein family was encompassed in the formulation. A second trial comparing the cocktail of 8 HTs to a placebo group demonstrated complete protection from tick challenge. Here we report the first successful anti-venom vaccine protecting dogs from tick paralysis.


Assuntos
Antivenenos/farmacologia , Venenos de Artrópodes/imunologia , Ixodes , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária , Vacinas/farmacologia , Animais , Cães , Paralisia por Carrapato/prevenção & controle
16.
Aust Vet J ; 99(12): 522-528, 2021 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34476802

RESUMO

Tick paralysis is an uncommon cause of neuromuscular paralysis affecting 0.12% of wild birds presented to Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary, Queensland, with a strong seasonal predilection towards spring and summer. Clinical signs and progression of paralysis showed similarities to companion animals and were consistent across 20 species. Tick location, number of engorged ticks and number of clinical signs did not affect the outcome; however, all mortalities occurred within 4 days of admission. Treatment with canine-derived tick antiserum resulted in clinical improvement within 24 h and a recovery rate of 73%. Average time to resolution of clinical signs was 4.3 days, with juvenile birds recovering more quickly than adults. The treatment and release of wild birds affected by tick paralysis are both achievable and rewarding, further research is required to establish treatment guidelines in birds.


Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Ixodes , Paralisia por Carrapato , Animais , Austrália/epidemiologia , Aves , Cães , Estações do Ano , Paralisia por Carrapato/diagnóstico , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária
17.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis ; 12(5): 101758, 2021 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34153869

RESUMO

The southern paralysis tick, Ixodes cornuatus, is a tick of veterinary and medical importance in Australia. We use two methods, CLIMEX, and an envelope-model approach which we name the 'climatic-range method' to study the climatic requirements of I. cornuatus and thus to attempt to account for the geographic distribution of I. cornuatus. CLIMEX and our climatic-range method allowed us to account for 94% and 97% of the records of I. cornuatus respectively. We also studied the host preferences of I. cornuatus which we subsequently used in conjunction with our species distribution methods to account for the presence and the absences of I. cornuatus across Australia. Our findings indicate that the actual geographic distribution of I. cornuatus is smaller than the potential geographic range of this tick, and thus, that there are regions in Australia which may be suitable for I. cornuatus where this tick has not been recorded. Although our findings indicate that I. cornuatus might be able to persist in these currently unoccupied regions, our findings also indicate that the potential geographic range of I. cornuatus may shrink by 51 to 76% by 2090, depending on which climate change scenario comes to pass.


Assuntos
Distribuição Animal , Mudança Climática/estatística & dados numéricos , Marsupiais/parasitologia , Modelos Estatísticos , Animais , Austrália , Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Humanos , Ixodes , Mamíferos/parasitologia , Paralisia por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária
20.
J Am Vet Med Assoc ; 256(3): 362-364, 2020 02 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31961273

RESUMO

CASE DESCRIPTION: A free-ranging male bobcat (Lynx rufus) was evaluated because of signs of pelvic limb paralysis. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Physical examination of the anesthetized animal revealed tick infestation, normal mentation, and a lack of evidence of traumatic injuries. Radiography revealed no clinically relevant abnormalities. Hematologic analysis results were generally unremarkable, and serologic tests for exposure to feline coronavirus, FeLV, FIV, and Toxoplasma gondii were negative. Results of PCR assays for flea- and common tick-borne organisms other than Bartonella clarridgeiae were negative. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Ticks were manually removed, and the patient received supportive care and fipronil treatment. The bobcat made a full recovery within 72 hours after treatment for ticks, and a presumptive diagnosis of tick paralysis was made. Identified tick species included Dermacenter variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, and Ixodes scapularis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To the authors' knowledge, tick paralysis has not previously been reported in felids outside Australia. This disease should be considered a differential diagnosis in felids, including exotic cats, with signs of neuromuscular disease of unknown etiopathogenesis.


Assuntos
Lynx , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária , Animais , Austrália , Bartonella , Masculino , Infestações por Carrapato/diagnóstico , Paralisia por Carrapato/diagnóstico
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