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1.
Sci Justice ; 64(2): 202-209, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38431377

RESUMO

The serial character of document fraud and its connection to organised crime groups who produce, sell and/or use fraudulent documents is a challenge for security and crime fighting. As a response, the added value of forensic intelligence is increasingly recognised. Using a forensic profiling method and a dedicated system deployed in Switzerland, document examiners can detect series (i.e., documents that share a common source) of fraudulent documents conveniently and efficiently. This detection can trigger or orientate investigations, supports crime intelligence efforts, and facilitates cross-jurisdictional cooperation. This study aims to assess the suitability of the forensic profiling system for international purpose and the efficiency of the method to detect cross-border series. The forensic profiling system has been deployed in France in the framework of a cross-border pilot project conducted by the School of Criminal Justice from the University of Lausanne and the French National Police (Division Nationale de Lutte contre la Fraude Documentaire et à l'Identité) over the period July 2019-May 2020. Data from the Swiss and French forensic profiling systems were compared to each other to detect cross-border series. The study sought to create operating conditions as close as possible to the real-life conditions of the profiling systems. The results are extremely positive both quantitatively and qualitatively. They demonstrate the benefit of setting up a systematic exchange of forensic data issued from profiling systems for fraudulent identity documents between France and Switzerland, let alone between any other countries. The results open up a very promising prospect for a sustained operational implementation by the police services of both countries and the extension of the exchanges internationally.


Assuntos
Crime , Registros , Humanos , Suíça , Projetos Piloto , França
2.
PeerJ ; 12: e17036, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38436021

RESUMO

Accelerometers are sensors proven to be useful to analyze the lying behavior of cows. For reasons of algorithm transparency and control, researchers often prefer to use their own data analysis scripts rather than proprietary software. We developed the triact R package that assists animal scientists in analyzing the lying behavior of cows from raw data recorded with a triaxial accelerometer (manufacturer agnostic) attached to a hind leg. In a user-friendly workflow, triact allows the determination of common measures for lying behavior including total lying duration, the number of lying bouts, and the mean duration of lying bouts. Further capabilities are the description of lying laterality and the calculation of proxies for the level of physical activity of the cow. In this publication we describe the functionality of triact and the rationales behind the implemented algorithms. The triact R package is developed as an open-source project and freely available via the CRAN repository.


Assuntos
Algoritmos , Análise de Dados , Feminino , Animais , Bovinos , Lateralidade Funcional , Registros , Acelerometria
3.
BMC Med Res Methodol ; 24(1): 55, 2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429658

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Research Electronic Data CAPture (REDCap) is a web application for creating and managing online surveys and databases. Clinical data management is an essential process before performing any statistical analysis to ensure the quality and reliability of study information. Processing REDCap data in R can be complex and often benefits from automation. While there are several R packages available for specific tasks, none offer an expansive approach to data management. RESULTS: The REDCapDM is an R package for accessing and managing REDCap data. It imports data from REDCap to R using either an API connection or the files in R format exported directly from REDCap. It has several functions for data processing and transformation, and it helps to generate and manage queries to clarify or resolve discrepancies found in the data. CONCLUSION: The REDCapDM package is a valuable tool for data scientists and clinical data managers who use REDCap and R. It assists in tasks such as importing, processing, and quality-checking data from their research studies.


Assuntos
Gerenciamento de Dados , Software , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e Questionários , Registros
4.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 5373, 2024 03 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38438425

RESUMO

Sugarcane is the main sugar crop, and sugar is an important agricultural product in Egypt. There are many problems with the technology used in the current planting method of sugarcane, which has a great impact on the planting quality of sugarcane, which have a series of problems, such as low cutting efficiency and poor quality. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to design, construct, and field testing of a semiautomatic sugarcane bud chipper assisted with pivot knives for cutting sugarcane buds and germinating them in plastic trays inside a greenhouse until they reached an average length of 35 cm, and then planting them in the field. In the field tests five cutting speeds (35, 40, 45, 50, and 56 rpm. (Revolution Per minute), three cutting knives (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mm) were used for cutting sugarcane stalks with four different diameters (1.32, 1.82, 2.43, and 2.68 cm). The obtained results showed that the values of the damage index and invisible losses were within acceptable limits (ranging between - 1.0 and 0.0) for all the variables under the test. Still, the lowest damage index and invisible losses were recorded with the buds that were cut with a knife of 1.5 mm thickness and cutting speeds less than 50 rpm. The skipping rate increases with the increase in cutting speed and stalk diameter, ranging between 0.0 to 13%. The maximum machine productivity was 110 Buds per minute at a cutting speed of 35 rpm and stalk diameter of 1.32 cm. The paper's findings have important application values for promoting the designing and development of sugarcane bud chipper and sugarcane planting technology in the future.


Assuntos
Saccharum , Agricultura , Egito , Registros , Açúcares
5.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 5573, 2024 03 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38448446

RESUMO

To navigate through their immediate environment humans process scene information rapidly. How does the cascade of neural processing elicited by scene viewing to facilitate navigational planning unfold over time? To investigate, we recorded human brain responses to visual scenes with electroencephalography and related those to computational models that operationalize three aspects of scene processing (2D, 3D, and semantic information), as well as to a behavioral model capturing navigational affordances. We found a temporal processing hierarchy: navigational affordance is processed later than the other scene features (2D, 3D, and semantic) investigated. This reveals the temporal order with which the human brain computes complex scene information and suggests that the brain leverages these pieces of information to plan navigation.


Assuntos
Encéfalo , Percepção do Tempo , Humanos , Eletroencefalografia , Registros , Semântica
6.
Commun Biol ; 7(1): 211, 2024 Mar 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38438533

RESUMO

The study of sharp-wave ripples has advanced our understanding of memory function, and their alteration in neurological conditions such as epilepsy is considered a biomarker of dysfunction. Sharp-wave ripples exhibit diverse waveforms and properties that cannot be fully characterized by spectral methods alone. Here, we describe a toolbox of machine-learning models for automatic detection and analysis of these events. The machine-learning architectures, which resulted from a crowdsourced hackathon, are able to capture a wealth of ripple features recorded in the dorsal hippocampus of mice across awake and sleep conditions. When applied to data from the macaque hippocampus, these models are able to generalize detection and reveal shared properties across species. We hereby provide a user-friendly open-source toolbox for model use and extension, which can help to accelerate and standardize analysis of sharp-wave ripples, lowering the threshold for its adoption in biomedical applications.


Assuntos
Hipocampo , Macaca , Animais , Camundongos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Memória , Registros
7.
J Safety Res ; 88: 24-30, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38485366

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The risk of motor vehicle-bicyclist crashes and fatalities is greater during nighttime than daytime lighting conditions, even though there are fewer cyclists on roadways at night. Vehicle Adaptive Headlamp Systems (AHS) aim to increase the visibility of bicyclists for drivers by directing a spotlight to illuminate bicyclists on or near the roadway. AHS technology also serves to alert bicyclists to the approaching vehicle by illuminating the road beneath the rider and by projecting a warning icon on the roadway. METHOD: Here, we examined how bicyclists respond to different AHS designs using a large screen, immersive virtual environment. Participants bicycled along a virtual road during nighttime lighting conditions and were overtaken by vehicles with and without an AHS system. The experiment included five treatment conditions with five different AHS designs. In each design a box of white light was projected beneath the rider; in four of the designs an icon was also projected on the road that varied in color (white or red) and position (to the left of the rider at midline or to the left of the front wheel). Participants in the control condition experienced only non-AHS vehicles. RESULTS: We found that riders in all AHS treatment conditions moved significantly farther away from overtaking vehicles with AHS systems, whereas riders in the control condition did not significantly move away from overtaking vehicles without AHS systems. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The experiment demonstrates that AHS has potential to increase bicycling safety by influencing riders to steer away from overtaking vehicles.


Assuntos
Acidentes de Trânsito , Ciclismo , Humanos , Acidentes de Trânsito/prevenção & controle , Iluminação , Luz , Registros
8.
PLoS One ; 19(3): e0300639, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38517927

RESUMO

This paper takes the risk preference of modern listed companies as the research object, uses the financial data of Chinese listed companies combined with the literary inquisition file in Qing Dynasty to conduct an empirical study, and examines the influence of literary inquisition on the risk preference of modern corporate CEOs in Qing Dynasty. The study found that the literary inquisition incident in Qing Dynasty significantly affected and reduced the risk preference of modern enterprises. The competitive hypothesis of the influence of Confucian culture and China City Commercial Credit Environment Index (CEI) on CEOs' risk preference is excluded. In addition, through the study of heterogeneity, this paper also verifies that the influence of literary inquisition is more significant in areas with a higher degree of marketization, indicating that the influence of informal institutions depends on the establishment of formal institutions. Finally, in the mechanism study, this paper points out that the rulers' suppression of ideas will change long-term social capital and lead to the decrease of general trust in society, which will make the enterprise managers born in the region tend to be conservative in their risk preference.


Assuntos
Organizações , Registros , China
9.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 6589, 2024 03 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38504098

RESUMO

Identifying and recognizing the food on the basis of its eating sounds is a challenging task, as it plays an important role in avoiding allergic foods, providing dietary preferences to people who are restricted to a particular diet, showcasing its cultural significance, etc. In this research paper, the aim is to design a novel methodology that helps to identify food items by analyzing their eating sounds using various deep learning models. To achieve this objective, a system has been proposed that extracts meaningful features from food-eating sounds with the help of signal processing techniques and deep learning models for classifying them into their respective food classes. Initially, 1200 audio files for 20 food items labeled have been collected and visualized to find relationships between the sound files of different food items. Later, to extract meaningful features, various techniques such as spectrograms, spectral rolloff, spectral bandwidth, and mel-frequency cepstral coefficients are used for the cleaning of audio files as well as to capture the unique characteristics of different food items. In the next phase, various deep learning models like GRU, LSTM, InceptionResNetV2, and the customized CNN model have been trained to learn spectral and temporal patterns in audio signals. Besides this, the models have also been hybridized i.e. Bidirectional LSTM + GRU and RNN + Bidirectional LSTM, and RNN + Bidirectional GRU to analyze their performance for the same labeled data in order to associate particular patterns of sound with their corresponding class of food item. During evaluation, the highest accuracy, precision,F1 score, and recall have been obtained by GRU with 99.28%, Bidirectional LSTM + GRU with 97.7% as well as 97.3%, and RNN + Bidirectional LSTM with 97.45%, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that deep learning models have the potential to precisely identify foods on the basis of their sound by computing the best outcomes.


Assuntos
Aprendizado Profundo , Humanos , Reconhecimento Psicológico , Alimentos , Rememoração Mental , Registros
10.
Ethics Hum Res ; 46(2): 30-35, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38446098

RESUMO

It is a common practice in qualitative research to transcribe audio or video files from interviews or focus groups and then destroy the files at some future time, usually after validating the transcript or concluding the research. We argue that it is time to rethink this practice and that retention of original qualitative data-including audio and video recordings-should be the default stance in most cases.


Assuntos
Registros , Pesquisadores , Humanos , Gravação em Vídeo , Grupos Focais , Pesquisa Qualitativa
11.
BMJ ; 384: q513, 2024 Mar 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38438195

RESUMO

The studyPavlova AV, Shim JSC, Moss R, et al. Effect of resistance exercise dose components for tendinopathy management: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2023;57:1327-34.To read the full NIHR Alert, go to: https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/weights-resistance-bands-rest-days-best-tendinopathy/.


Assuntos
Terapia por Exercício , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas , Tendinopatia , Humanos , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/terapia , Registros , Tendinopatia/terapia , Treinamento de Força , Descanso
12.
Syst Rev ; 13(1): 85, 2024 Mar 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38475918

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Intubating a patient in an emergent setting presents significant challenges compared to planned intubation in an operating room. This study aims to compare video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy in achieving successful endotracheal intubation on the first attempt in emergency intubations, irrespective of the clinical setting. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception until 27 February 2023. We included only randomized controlled trials that included patients who had undergone emergent endotracheal intubation for any indication, regardless of the clinical setting. We used the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool 2 (ROB2) to assess the included studies. We used the mean difference (MD) and risk ratio (RR), with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI), to pool the continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included with a total of 2470 patients. The overall analysis favored video laryngoscopy over direct laryngoscopy in first-attempt success rate (RR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.02, 1.18], P = 0.02), first-attempt intubation time (MD = - 6.92, 95% CI [- 12.86, - 0.99], P = 0.02), intubation difficulty score (MD = - 0.62, 95% CI [- 0.86, - 0.37], P < 0.001), peri-intubation percentage of glottis opening (MD = 24.91, 95% CI [11.18, 38.64], P < 0.001), upper airway injuries (RR = 0.15, 95% CI [0.04, 0.56], P = 0.005), and esophageal intubation (RR = 0.37, 95% CI [0.15, 0.94], P = 0.04). However, no difference between the two groups was found regarding the overall intubation success rate (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In emergency intubations, video laryngoscopy is preferred to direct laryngoscopy in achieving successful intubation on the first attempt and was associated with a lower incidence of complications.


Assuntos
Laringoscópios , Laringoscopia , Humanos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Intubação Intratraqueal , Registros , Gravação em Vídeo
14.
PLoS One ; 19(2): e0298210, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38324616

RESUMO

This work intends to comprehensively analyze the application of blockchain technology in enterprise financial accounting information sharing and address prevalent issues such as information opacity, data tampering, and data security in the current practices. Therefore, it writes smart contracts based on the Ethereum platform to achieve the secure sharing of financial accounting information between enterprises. This work employs a randomized experimental design approach, using a computer-generated random number program to divide 100 enterprises into experimental and control groups, each comprising 50 enterprises. Enterprises in the experimental group share financial accounting information using smart contracts on the Ethereum platform during the experiment. The financial personnel of these enterprises upload reconciled data to the corresponding smart contracts using the enterprise's digital signatures after each month's accounting process. Enterprises in the control group continue to use traditional methods of financial accounting information sharing (such as email and web platforms) to share financial data files directly. Quantitative analysis is performed to compare the data between the experimental and control groups. Empirical results reveal a notable enhancement in information-sharing efficiency by 25.7%, a 19.8% improvement in data accuracy, and a 13.6% reduction in financial information-sharing costs within the experimental group compared to the control group. This work provides compelling evidence that adopting blockchain-based information-sharing methods can effectively elevate data trustworthiness and security. Supported by systematic empirical findings, this work validates the significant potential of blockchain technology in the realm of enterprise financial accounting information sharing.


Assuntos
Blockchain , Segurança Computacional , Tecnologia , Disseminação de Informação , Registros
15.
Pediatrics ; 153(3)2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38298059

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Childhood exposure to domestic violence is common, but the overlap between threats and violence against children and weapon/firearm use has not been well studied. The objectives of this study were to: assess differences in respondent firearm access and the use of weapons in granted domestic violence protection orders (DVPOs) with and without minors (individuals <18 years of age); and characterize the frequency and characteristics of threats and acts of violence against minors. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of a random sample of granted DVPOs from 2014-2020 in King County, Washington. We examined the use of threats, violence, and weapons by restrained individuals (ie, respondents) by reviewing and abstracting information from DVPO case files. RESULTS: Respondent weapon use and firearm possession were more common among DVPOs including minors than DVPOs not including minors (weapon use: 38.2% and 33.0%; firearm possession: 23.1% and 19.1%, respectively). Almost 2 in 3 DVPOs including minors (1338 of 2029) involved threats or violence directed at a minor perpetrated by the DVPO respondent. About 1 in 3 (32.5%) DVPOs documented explicit threats, and 1 in 2 (48.9%) documented violence. Over two-thirds (680 of 993, 68.5%) of acts of violence directed at minors included a weapon. CONCLUSIONS: We found higher lethality risk (weapon use and respondent firearm access/ownership) among DVPOs including minors. Many minors experienced threats and acts of violence involving weapons and firearms by DVPO respondents. Evidence-based safety planning strategies and training of judicial officers are needed.


Assuntos
Violência Doméstica , Armas de Fogo , Criança , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Violência Doméstica/prevenção & controle , Propriedade , Registros
16.
PLoS One ; 19(2): e0298100, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38394082

RESUMO

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancer types worldwide. Its increasing mortality trends, especially in emerging countries, are a concern. The aim of this study was to analyse mortality trends and spatial patterns of CRC in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, from 1990 to 2019. Trends were calculated using data from the Online Mortality Atlas and Joinpoint Regression Program 4.8.0.1. Spatial analyses were performed using the empirical Bayesian model and Moran indices calculated by TerraView 4.2.2 between 1990 to 1999, 2000 to 2009 and 2010 to 2019. A total of 1585 deaths were recorded during the study period, with 58.42% among females. Trends were increasing and constant for both sexes and all age groups studied. The highest mean annual percent change was 6.2 {95% Confidence interval (CI) 3.4;9.0} for males aged +65 years and 4.5 (95% CI 3.2;5.8) for females aged 50-64 years. There was positive spatial autocorrelation for both sexes in all periods studied when using the Moran index for Bayesian rates. In summary, a consistent trend of increasing colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality has been observed overall. Nevertheless, an altered spatial distribution among males has emerged over the studied period.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais , Registros , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Teorema de Bayes , Análise Espacial , Neoplasias Colorretais/epidemiologia , Mortalidade
17.
J Biomed Inform ; 150: 104605, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38331082

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Physicians and clinicians rely on data contained in electronic health records (EHRs), as recorded by health information technology (HIT), to make informed decisions about their patients. The reliability of HIT systems in this regard is critical to patient safety. Consequently, better tools are needed to monitor the performance of HIT systems for potential hazards that could compromise the collected EHRs, which in turn could affect patient safety. In this paper, we propose a new framework for detecting anomalies in EHRs using sequence of clinical events. This new framework, EHR-Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), is motivated by the gaps in the existing deep-learning related methods, including high false negatives, sub-optimal accuracy, higher computational cost, and the risk of information loss. EHR-BERT is an innovative framework rooted in the BERT architecture, meticulously tailored to navigate the hurdles in the contemporary BERT method; thus, enhancing anomaly detection in EHRs for healthcare applications. METHODS: The EHR-BERT framework was designed using the Sequential Masked Token Prediction (SMTP) method. This approach treats EHRs as natural language sentences and iteratively masks input tokens during both training and prediction stages. This method facilitates the learning of EHR sequence patterns in both directions for each event and identifies anomalies based on deviations from the normal execution models trained on EHR sequences. RESULTS: Extensive experiments on large EHR datasets across various medical domains demonstrate that EHR-BERT markedly improves upon existing models. It significantly reduces the number of false positives and enhances the detection rate, thus bolstering the reliability of anomaly detection in electronic health records. This improvement is attributed to the model's ability to minimize information loss and maximize data utilization effectively. CONCLUSION: EHR-BERT showcases immense potential in decreasing medical errors related to anomalous clinical events, positioning itself as an indispensable asset for enhancing patient safety and the overall standard of healthcare services. The framework effectively overcomes the drawbacks of earlier models, making it a promising solution for healthcare professionals to ensure the reliability and quality of health data.


Assuntos
Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde , Sistemas de Informação em Saúde , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Registros , Pessoal de Saúde
18.
PLoS One ; 19(2): e0295242, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38346027

RESUMO

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the pressing need for constant surveillance, updating of the response plan in post-peak periods and readiness for the possibility of new waves of the pandemic. A short initial period of steady rise in the number of new cases is sometimes followed by one of exponential growth. Systematic public health surveillance of the pandemic should signal an alert in the event of change in epidemic activity within the community to inform public health policy makers of the need to control a potential outbreak. The goal of this study is to improve infectious disease surveillance by complementing standardized metrics with a new surveillance metric to overcome some of their difficulties in capturing the changing dynamics of the pandemic. At statistically-founded threshold values, the new measure will trigger alert signals giving early warning of the onset of a new pandemic wave. We define a new index, the weighted cumulative incidence index, based on the daily new-case count. We model the infection spread rate at two levels, inside and outside homes, which explains the overdispersion observed in the data. The seasonal component of real data, due to the public surveillance system, is incorporated into the statistical analysis. Probabilistic analysis enables the construction of a Control Chart for monitoring index variability and setting automatic alert thresholds for new pandemic waves. Both the new index and the control chart have been implemented with the aid of a computational tool developed in R, and used daily by the Navarre Government (Spain) for virus propagation surveillance during post-peak periods. Automated monitoring generates daily reports showing the areas whose control charts issue an alert. The new index reacts sooner to data trend changes preluding new pandemic waves, than the standard surveillance index based on the 14-day notification rate of reported COVID-19 cases per 100,000 population.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pandemias , Humanos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Registros
19.
PLoS One ; 19(1): e0296713, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38194419

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Current formulations of pediatric antiretroviral therapy (ART) for children with HIV present significant barriers to adherence, leading to drug resistance, ART ineffectiveness, and preventable child morbidity and mortality. Understanding these challenges and how they contribute to suboptimal adherence is an important step in improving outcomes. This qualitative study describes how regimen-related challenges create barriers to adherence and impact families. METHODS: We conducted key informant interviews (KIIs) with 30 healthcare providers and 9 focus group discussions (FGDs) with a total of 72 caregivers, across three public hospitals in Siaya and Mombasa Kenya. The KIIs and FGDs were audio recorded, translated, and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were hand coded based on emergent and a-priori themes. RESULTS: Caregivers discussed major regimen-related challenges to adherence included poor palatability of current formulations, complex preparation, and administration (including measuring, crushing, dissolving, mixing), complex drug storage, and frequent refill appointments and how these regimen-related challenges contributed to individual and intrapersonal barriers to adherence. Caregivers discussed how poor taste led to child anxiety, refusal of medications, and the need for caregivers to use bribes or threats during administration. Complex preparation led to concerns and challenges about maintaining privacy and confidentiality, especially during times of travel. Providers corroborated this patient experience and described how these challenges with administration led to poor infant outcomes, including high viral load and preventable morbidity. Providers discussed how the frequency of refills could range from every 2 weeks to every 3 months, depending on the patient. Caregivers discussed how these refill frequencies interrupted work and school schedules, risked unwanted disclosure to peers, required use of financial resources for travel, and ultimately were a challenge to adherence. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the need for improved formulations for pediatric ART to ease the daily burden on caregivers and children to increase adherence, improve child health, and overall quality of life of families.


Assuntos
Cuidadores , Qualidade de Vida , Lactente , Humanos , Criança , Quênia , Pessoal de Saúde , Registros
20.
Commun Biol ; 7(1): 119, 2024 01 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38263256

RESUMO

Stimulus-induced conflicts in decision-making tasks produce both behavioral and neuronal congruency effects. However, how and when conflicts are detected and resolved at the neuronal level remains largely unclear. To address these issues, we recorded from single neurons in the frontal eye fields of two macaques performing a conflict task. Although the temporal dynamics of the neuronal congruency effects are independent of the specific task rules, they are substantially different in target- and distractor-encoding neurons. Conflicts were detected ~100 ms after the conflict-inducing cue (20-30 ms after the visual response), which is much faster than predicted based on human EEG results. This suggests that conflict detection relies on a fast mechanism in frontal eye fields. Resolving the conflict at the neuronal level, however, requires between <400 ms to ~1000 ms, and shows profound interindividual differences and depends on task rules, indicating that it is a more complex and top-down driven process. Our findings illuminate the neuronal mechanisms underlying decision-making when a conflict is present, a crucial cognitive process playing a role in basic survival and high-level cognitive functions.


Assuntos
Cognição , Lobo Frontal , Humanos , Animais , Macaca , Neurônios , Registros
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