Diseño y validación del cuestionario de evaluación de la calidad percibida en la gestión deportiva del futbol femenil / Desenho e validação do questionário para avaliação da qualidade percebida na gestão esportiva do futebol feminino / Design and validation of the questionnaire for the evaluation of the perceived quality in sports management of women’s soccer

El objetivo del presente trabajo es diseñar y validar la creación del cuestionario de evaluación de la calidad percibida en la gestión deportiva del futbol femenil. El muestreo fue intencional por conveniencia, con un total de 332 jugadoras y un rango de edad de entre los 18 y 51 años (M= 20.92; DE= 3.59). Se llevaron a cabo análisis de validez de constructo por medio de un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) así como un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) seguido de análisis de fiabilidad y varianzamedia extractada. El instrumento creado fue el GEDECAFF. Los resultados de los análisis factoriales mostraron 36 ítems divididos en 4 factores: (1) Interacción con el entrenador, (2) Instalaciones, (3) Servicio de personal e (4) Institucional; los indicadores de pertinencia fueron apropiados y explican el 76.25% de la varianza total. Los índices de ajuste, error y chi cuadrado son adecuados CFI = .90, TLI = .89 y RMSEA = .07, χ2/gl = 2.17. Los resultados muestran que Alfa de Cronbach y Omega de McDonald por factores está por encima de .90. En conclusión, el cuestionario GEDECAFF presenta las propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias y atiende las necesidades de los servicios ofrecidos por los distintos clubes, dando oportunidad a la mejora continua de la calidad del servicio en el futbol femenil.(AU)

The purpose of this study is to design and validate the creation of the questionnaire for the evaluation of theperceived quality in the sports management of women's soccer. The sampling was intentional for convenience, with a total of 332 soccer players and an age range between 18 and 51 years (M = 20.92; SD= 3.59). Construct validity analyses were carried out using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as well as a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) followed by reliability analysis and extracted mean variance. The instrument created was the GEDECAFF. The result of the factor analysis showed 36 items divided into 4factors: (1) Interaction with a coach, (2) Facilities, (3) Personal service, and (4) Institutional; the relevance indicators were adequate, explaining 76.25% of the total variance. The fit and error indices are adequate CFI = .90, TLI = .89, and RMSEA = .07, regarding the χ2/df = 2.17. The results show that Cronbach's Alpha and McDonald's Omega by factors is above .90. In conclusion, the GEDECAFF questionnaire presents the appropriate psychometric properties and meets the needs of the services offered by the different women's soccer clubs, opening an opportunity for continuous improvement in the quality of service in women's soccer.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foivalidar a criação do questionário para avaliação da qualidade percebida na gestão desportiva do futebol feminino. A amostra foi intencional por conveniência, com um total de 332 jogadores de futebol e faixa etária entre 18 e 51 anos (M= 20.92; DP= 3.59). As análises de validade de construto foram realizadas por meio de uma análise fatorial exploratória (EFA), bem como uma análise fatorial confirmatória (CFA), seguida de análise de confiabilidade e variância média extraída. O instrumento criado foi o GEDECAFF. Os resultados das análises fatoriais mostraram 36 itens divididos em 4 fatores: (1) Interação com o formador, (2) Instalações, (3) Atendimento Pessoal e (4) Institucional; os indicadores de relevância foram adequados, explicando 76.25% da variância total. Os índices de ajuste e erro são adequados CFI = .90, TLI = .89 e RMSEA = .07, em relação ao χ2/df = 2.17. Os resultados mostram que o Alfa de Cronbach e o ômega do McDonald's por fatores estão acima de 0,90. Em conclusão, o questionário GEDECAFF apresenta as propriedades psicométricas adequadas e atende às necessidadesdos serviços oferecidos pelos diferentes clubes de futebol feminino, abrindo uma oportunidade de melhoria contínua na qualidade do serviço no futebol feminino.(AU)

Psychophysiological responses during the microcycle with the start of the national championship: A case study of a volleyball team

The aim of the study was to monitoring psychophysiological responses among volleyball players in the microcycle with a high-performance competition game scheduled. Methods: Ten male athletes (26.6 ± 5.3 years) from an adult volleyball team participated in the study. The variables session Rating of Perceived Exertion (Session RPE), Total Quality of Recovery scale (TQR), Well-being questionnaire (WB), testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol Ratio (T:C ratio) were evaluated during the microcycle before the game. Results: Differences were observed in the daily training load (F = 23.776; p < 0.001), TQR (F = 10.687; p < 0.001), WB (F = 6.736; p < 0.001), cortisol (F = 8.253; p < 0.001) and T:C ratio (F = 3.862; p = 0.01). Conclusion: The behavior of the variables fluctuated with factors such as training load, number of training days and time off, and due to the psychophysiological stress of the match. (AU)

Associations between workload, myosin isoforms and performance on professional male basketball. A 4 seasons follow up

The aim of this study was to determine associations between workload, myosin isoforms, and performance in professional basketball, by following the progress of a professional basketball team over four consecutive seasons. Thirty male professional basketball players (age, 27.6 ± 4.1 years;height, 200.1 ± 9.4 cm;weight, 98.5 ± 12.6 kg) from an elite professional basketball team participated in this retrospective observational study. To analyze muscle response and which types of fiber were most involved, fast and myosin in serum were evaluated from three blood samples taken during the season, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Parameters recorded were: exposure time,. Slow and fast myosins for muscle responses. Competitions won, ranking, and mean points scored for performance. Average values per season analysed were 280.1 ± 58 h of exposure to practice,1440.58±533.46µlmol/L of fast and 1178.75±427.75 µmol/L of slow myosin. Performance, assessed as team ranking was 6879.5 ± 985.37 u.a. per season and 90.72±2.79 u.a. per game, winning 7 competitions. Large negative relationships could be observed between slow myosins and exposure time (rho=−0.63;p=.02); There were possible associations between slow myosins and player mean performance per game (R2=0.98;p<.01) and team performance outcomes achieved (R2=0.83;p = 01) during these four seasons. Higher slow serum myosin values could be related to higher exposure time, and lower slow serum myosin values could be associated with better player and team performance. (AU)

Location Matters-Can a Smart Golf Club Detect Where the Club Face Hits the Ball?

In golf, the location of the impact, where the clubhead hits the ball, is of imperative nature for a successful ballflight. Direct feedback to the athlete where he/she hits the ball could improve a practice session. Currently, this information can be measured via, e.g., dual laser technology; however, this is a stationary and external method. A mobile measurement method would give athletes the freedom to gain the information of the impact location without the limitation to be stationary. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether it is possible to detect the impact location via a motion sensor mounted on the shaft of the golf club. To answer the question, an experiment was carried out. Within the experiment data were gathered from one athlete performing 282 golf swings with an 7 iron. The impact location was recorded and labeled during each swing with a Trackman providing the classes for a neural network. Simultaneously, the motion of the golf club was gathered with an IMU from the Noraxon Ultium Motion Series. In the next step, a neural network was designed and trained to estimate the impact location class based on the motion data. Based on the motion data, a classification accuracy of 93.8% could be achieved with a ResNet architecture.

Intuitive, Myoelectric Control of Adaptive Sports Equipment for Individuals with Tetraplegia.

This research aims to develop safe, robust, and easy-to-use adaptive technology for individuals with tetraplegia. After a debilitating spinal cord injury, clinical care focuses on improving quality of life. Participation in adaptive sports has been shown to improve several aspects of participants' well-being. The TetraSki is a power-assisted ski chair that allows individuals with tetraplegia to participate in downhill skiing by sipping and puffing air on an integrated straw to turn their skis. Here, we introduce a new intuitive and dexterous control strategy for the TetraSki using surface electromyography (sEMG) from the neck and shoulder muscles. As an initial assessment, six healthy participants completed a virtual ski racecourse using sEMG and Sip-and-Puff control. Participants also completed a detection response task of cognitive load and the NASA-TLX survey of subjective workload. No significant differences were observed between the performance of sEMG control and the performance of Sip-and-Puff control. However, sEMG control required significantly less cognitive load and subjective workload than Sip-and-Puff control. These results indicate that sEMG can effectively control the equipment and is significantly more intuitive than traditional Sip-and-Puff control. This suggests that sEMG is a promising control method for further validation with individuals with tetraplegia. Ultimately, long-term use of sEMG control may promote neuroplasticity and drive rehabilitation.

Leveraging Information Technology for Rapid Product Development in Sports Equipment: A Sport Psychology Perspective / Aprovechamiento de la tecnología de la información para el desarrollo rápido de productos en equipos deportivos: una perspectiva de la psicología del deporte

Athletes constantly push the limits of their talents in the competitive world of sports, where greatness is the goal. Sports equipment, which has developed from simple tools into complex extensions of the athlete, is at the center of this quest. Information technology is now driving innovation in sports equipment, with developments like computer-aided design and data analytics. Sports gear affects the athlete's mental state and is more than a physical accessory. This research investigates the integration of sport psychology and information technology in the design of sporting goods. It demonstrates how these seemingly unrelated fields work together to produce a comprehensive strategy that improves equipment performance and supports players' psychological well-being. The intersection of sport psychology and information technology is the basis of our investigation. Due to this synergy, technology can now collect and analyze information on athletic performance and psychological states. As a result, athletes and their gear have a close relationship since the equipment is tailored to each athlete's unique characteristics. By satisfying both physical and psychological requirements, this integration enables athletes to perform at previously unheard-of heights.(AU)

Consecuencias judiciales de lesiones en instalaciones deportivas murales y opinión docente sobre seguridad en escalada escolar / Legal consequences of injuries in wall sports facilities and teachers views on school climbing safety

La prevención en el ámbito escolar y deportivo abarca una pluralidad de fuentes y factores presentes en los centros educativos e instalaciones deportivas. Pese a que el espacio de mayor siniestralidad es el patio y la propia cancha deportiva, son también destacados los accidentes en centros escolares o deportivos que implican estructuras murales, tanto en interior como exterior. Cualquier recinto o edificio, máxime cuando esté dedicado a una utilización formativa, deportiva o lúdica, debería estar sometido a una evaluación periódica, tanto por sus responsables directos, como de los propietarios. Se empleó una metodología combinada, de revisión no sistemática y observacional. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda jurídica desde 1998-2023 en el Centro de Documentación Judicial del Consejo General del Poder Judicial de las sentencias sobre accidentes en instalaciones murales escolares y deportivas; a la par también se envió un cuestionario sobre seguridad y gestión de riesgo para conocer la opinión del profesorado de educación primaria y secundaria en actividades de trepa-escalada. Se localizaron 10 condenas que cumplían los criterios necesarios, relativas sobre todo de accidentes, habitualmente con indemnización por daños. Se concluye que la mayoría de lesiones no intencionadas en el ámbito escolar y deportivo en instalaciones murales deportivas y escolares, no son graves. La jurisprudencia existente, centrada en rocódromos y pistas de pádel, advierte que se debe mejorar la gestión y mantenimiento de las paredes para evitar reclamaciones. En esta línea, el profesorado de educación primaria y secundaria participante en el estudio se queja de que la falta y escaso mantenimiento de sus instalaciones de trepa-escalada, así como de adecuada formación y recursos para un mejor control de uso. En general, son partidarios de compartir parcialmente la gestión de riesgos con el alumnado, evitando situaciones de riesgo alto o fuera de control. (AU)

Prevention in the school and sports environment encompasses a plurality of sources and factors present in schools and sports facilities. Although the area with the highest accident rate is the playground and the sports field itself, there are also accidents in schools and sports centres involving wall structures, both indoors and outdoors. Any site or building, especially when it is used for educational, sporting or recreational purposes, should be subject to periodic evaluation, both by those directly responsible for it and by the owners. A combined methodology of non-systematic and observational review was used. To this end, a search was carried out from 1998-2023 in the Judicial Documentation Centre of the General Council of the Judiciary for judgements on accidents in school and sports facilities; at the same time, a questionnaire on safety and risk management was also sent out to find out the opinion of primary and secondary school teachers in climbing activities. Ten convictions were found that met the necessary criteria, mainly relating to accidents, usually with compensation for damages. It is concluded that the majority of unintentional injuries in the school and sports environment in school and sports wall facilities are not serious. Existing case law, focusing on climbing walls and paddle tennis courts, warns that the management and maintenance of walls must be improved to avoid claims. In this line, the primary and secondary school teachers participating in the study complain about the lack and poor maintenance of their climbing facilities, as well as the lack of adequate training and resources for better control of use. In general, they are in favour of partially sharing risk management with pupils, avoiding high-risk or out-of-control situations. (AU)

Advancing Commotio cordis Safety Standards Using the Total Human Models for Safety (THUMS).

Commotio cordis is one of the leading causes of sudden cardiac death in youth baseball. Currently, there are chest protector regulations regarding the prevention of Commotio cordis in baseball and lacrosse; however, they are not fully optimized. For the advancement of Commotio cordis safety, it is vital to include various age groups and a variety of impact angles in the testing process. This study employed finite element models and simulated Commotio cordis-inducing baseball collisions for different velocities, impact angles, and age groups. Commotio cordis risk response was characterized in terms of left ventricular strain and pressure, chest band and rib deformation, and force from impact. Normalized rib and chest band deformation when correlated with left ventricular strain resulted in R2 = 0.72, and R2 = 0.76, while left ventricular pressure resulted in R2 = 0.77, R2 = 0.68 across all velocities and impact angles in the child models. By contrast, the resultant reaction force risk metric as used by the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) demonstrated a correlation of R2 = 0.20 in the child models to ventricular strain, while illustrating a correlation to pressure of R2 = 0.74. When exploring future revisions to Commotio cordis safety requirements, the inclusion of deformation-related risk metrics at the level of the left ventricle should be considered.

Warming Up With a Dynamic Moment of Inertia Bat Can Increase Bat Swing Speed in Competitive Baseball Players.

INTRODUCTION: While most baseball players' warm-up with a weighted bat/donut, there is evidence to suggest the swing speed decreases after the warm-up even though the bat feels lighter. Warming up with a dynamic moment of inertia bat may not decrease the swing speed and therefore improve the performance of baseball players. The hypothesis is that a dynamic moment of inertia bat will negate the effect of the kinesthetic illusion observed with a weighted bat. OBJECTIVE: To measure the difference in bat swing speed between warming up with the dynamic moment of inertia bat compared with a weighted bat. METHODS: Thirty-nine competitive baseball players participated in the study. All players were randomly assigned a warm-up tool that could be either a dynamic moment of inertia bat or a weighted bat. After the players' warm-up, they swung their normal bat, and the bat swing speed was measured using a high-speed camera. We used motion analysis software to calculate the swing speed which measured the linear displacement during the last 15 frames before ball contact. The process was then repeated so that each player had the chance to try both warm-up bats. RESULTS: The post warm-up swing speeds using the dynamic moment of inertia bat were significantly faster compared with a weighted bat warm-up. There was a 0.56 (0.78) m/s (1.26 [1.74] mph) increase in swing speed when using the dynamic moment of inertia bat (P = .0001), which is an average increase of 2.10% compared with a weighted bat warm-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that using a dynamic moment of inertia bat before an at-bat can increase swing speed compared with a weighted warm-up. Future studies are needed to determine if using a dynamic moment of inertia bat as part of rehabilitation can facilitate returning to competition after injury by focusing on swing speed.

Comprensión de las dimensiones de la autenticidad de la marca de los deportistas / Understanding the dimensions of athlete brand authenticity

Hasaan, A., y Fişne, M. (2021). Comprensión de las dimensiones de la autenticidad de la marca de los deportistas. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-28. Como los deportistas son considerados una marca, gestionarla es un desafío para el mercado. La autenticidad de la marca es una herramienta que se puede utilizar para garantizar que esta se mantenga durante un período de tiempo más largo. Para comprender el concepto de autenticidad de la marca del deportista, se realizó una revisión sistemática de las publicaciones en varias bases de datos electrónicas. A partir de estudios anteriores que analizaron los atributos de autenticidad de marca para algunas de ellas, se identificaron un total de 76 atributos. Después de fusionar los interrelacionados, el número final de atributos únicos fue 23. Estos se dividieron en tres grandes temas: actividades en la cancha, actividades fuera de la cancha y actividades de marketing de un deportista. El estudio encuentra la complejidad relacionada con la autenticidad de la marca en que esta es un proceso multidimensional que perdura por períodos más largos de la carrera del atleta. El estudio actual también destaca las complicaciones al establecer la autenticidad de la marca del atleta y que ocurren debido a la naturaleza de esta.

Hasaan, A. & Fişne, M. (2021). Understanding the dimensions of athlete brand authenticity. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-28. The management of an athlete brand is challenging due to the complex nature of athlete career and life. Striving to maintain brand authenticity will promote long-term sustainability of the brand. The purpose of the study is to determine possible factors that contribute to athlete brand authenticity and help athletes to develop their brand more authentically. To understand the concept of athlete brand authenticity, a systematic literature review was conducted on various electronic databases. The study opted the five-step stages of the framework for this systematic review. A total of 76 attributes were identified from past studies that analyzed the attributes of brand authenticity for various brands. After merging interrelated attributes, the final number of unique attributes was 23. These attributes were distributed among three major themes: on-field activities, off-field activities and marketing activities of an athlete. The study finds brand authenticity to be a multi-dimensional and complex process that endures for longer extensive periods of an athlete's career. The current study also highlights the complications related to an athlete brand that occur when establishing athlete brand authenticity. Therefore, this study provides an opportunity to refine athlete brand authenticity further within the discussed domains.

Hasaan, A. e Fişne, M. (2021). Entendendo as dimensões da autenticidade da marca dos atletas. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-28. Como os atletas são considerados uma marca, gerenciá-la é um desafio para o mercado. A autenticidade da marca é uma ferramenta que pode ser usada para garantir que ela se mantenha por um período maior de tempo. Para entender o conceito de autenticidade da marca do atleta, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura em diversas bases de dados eletrônicas. De estudos anteriores que analisaram atributos de autenticidade da marca para algumas delas, foram identificados 76 atributos. Após a fusão dos inter-relacionados, o número final de atributos únicos foi de 23. Estes foram divididos em três temas principais: atividades no campo, atividades fora do campo e atividades de marketing de um atleta. O estudo encontra a complexidade relacionada à autenticidade da marca, pois trata-se de um processo multidimensional que dura períodos mais longos. O presente estudo também destaca complicações relacionadas à marca de um atleta que ocorrem ao estabelecer a sua autenticidade devido à natureza dessa marca.

Association between VO2max, anthropometrical measures and change of direction test in young soccer players / Asociación entre V02max, medidas antropométricas y test de cambio de dirección en futbolistas jóvenes

Objective: The use of the aerobic system is especially relevant due to the duration of the soccer game. In fact, the correct development of the aerobicsystem benefits the soccer player giving greater energy efficiency because the continuous change of energy system due to the intermittent nature of thegame causes a high consumption of glycogen. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate oxygen consumption by means of the Yo-Yo intermittenttest and anthropometrical measures, and different COD (change of direction) tests in young soccer players and to observe their possible relationship. Methods: A total of forty-seven young male soccer players (age= 15.7 ± 1.2 years; height = 188.8 ± 5.8 cm, and body mass= of 75.7 ± 8.3 kg; 7.6 ± 2.0 yearsof experience) from the region of Baleares, Spain, performed the Yo-yo test and subsequently, COD was evaluated by tests in the following order (i) V-cuttest; (ii) 505-COD test; and (iii) Illinois test. Results: A correlation analysis between VO2max and BMI revealed a moderate negative correlation, r=-0.35, p=0.01, and between VO2max and 505-COD,showed a large negative correlation, r=-0.55, p=0.001. Conclusions: The finding of the present study reveals that there is no relationship between VO2max and agility. Therefore, there is no single method toimprove VO2max and agility since both are independent variables. The different agents involved should take this into account if they want to improveVO2max and plan some aerobic resistance exercises; and to improve agility they must plan agility exercises separately.(AU)

Objetivo: El uso del sistema aeróbico es especialmente relevante debido a la duración del partido de fútbol. De hecho, el correcto desarrollo del sistemaaeróbico beneficia al futbolista otorgándole una mayor eficiencia energética ya que el continuo cambio de sistema energético debido a la naturalezaintermitente del juego provoca un alto consumo de glucógeno. El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar el consumo de oxígeno mediante la pruebaYo-Yo intermitente y medidas antropométricas, y diferentes pruebas COD (cambio de dirección) en jóvenes futbolistas y observar su posible relación. Métodos: Un total de cuarenta y siete jóvenes futbolistas masculinos (edad= 15.7 ± 1.2 años; altura = 188.8 ± 5.8 cm, y masa corporal= de 75.7 ± 8.3 kg;7.6 ± 2.0 años de experiencia) de la región de Baleares, España, realizó la prueba Yo-yo y posteriormente, se evaluó la DQO mediante pruebas en elsiguiente orden (i) prueba de corte en V; (ii) prueba 505-COD; y (iii) prueba de Illinois. Resultados: Un análisis de correlación entre VO2max e IMC reveló una correlación negativa moderada, r=-0.35, p=0.01, y entre VO2max y 505-CODmostró una correlación negativa grande, r=-0.55, p=0.001. Conclusiones: El hallazgo del presente estudio revela que no existe una relación entre el VO2max y la agilidad. Por lo tanto, no existe un método único paramejorar el VO2max y la agilidad ya que ambas son variables independientes. Los diferentes agentes implicados deberían tener esto en cuenta si quierenmejorar el VO2max y planificar algunos ejercicios de resistencia aeróbica; y para mejorar la agilidad deben planificar ejercicios de agilidad por separado.(AU)

Impact of Coaches' Positive Behavior with Moderation of Players' Emotions on Psychological Empowerment and Players' Performance / Impacto del comportamiento positivo de los entrenadores con moderación de las emociones de los jugadores en el empoderamiento psicológico y el rendimiento de los jugadores

This study aims to investigate the effect of coaches' good behavior on players' psychological empowerment and performance in Saudi Arabia. It is seen that the players' performance is affected when they are not correctly cared. The coaches do not train the players with their mindsets and emotions in mind. In domestic-level sports, player performance and psychological empowerment are declining with time. Saudi Arabian football players are surveyed using a Likert scale to acquire the data for this study. A partial least square–structural equation model is employed for data analysis. The study indicated that the influence of coaches' good behavior on psychological empowerment and player performance is substantial. As the newly established links are added to the existing body of literature, the model generated by the current research is novel and a significant contribution to the body of knowledge. The study has important implications for the management and coaches of various teams in their efforts to enhance their players' performance and psychological empowerment. Moreover, the future paths of the present study are outstanding for scholars who wish to extend the model of player performance.(AU)

Physical exercise has control over players' emotions and psychological capital: A moderating role of coach behavior / El ejercicio físico tiene control sobre las emociones y el capital psicológico de los jugadores: Un papel moderador del comportamiento del entrenador

This is quantitative research employing a cross-sectional research design for data collection. This study's theoretical approach is intended to evaluate the impact of physical exercise on players' emotions and psychological empowerment in Saudi Arabia, with the coach's behavior as a moderator. There are no substantial reasons for this link presented by the studies in the literature. The players with destructive emotions and low psychological empowerment are unsuitable for the team because they hinder its performance. Empowering the players psychologically is essential for team performance. According to the research, athletes' emotions and psychological empowerment improve when they engage in appropriate exercise under the guidance of a committed coach. The research revealed practical consequences that are important for managing various teams to strengthen the players' psychological empowerment and improve their moods. This research improves the theoretical understanding of player emotions and psychological empowerment by introducing two direct linkages and two moderating relationships. The future recommendations of this study are endorsed for researchers contemplating work in the field of psychic empowerment and psychological control of players.(AU)

Injury epidemiology in the men’s and women’s Spanish rollerhockey league: a descriptive study / Epidemiología lesional en la liga española de hockey patines masculina yfemenina: un estudio descriptivo

The purpose of the present study is to describe the injury patterns among male and female athletes of the Spanish Rink hockey league. A cross-sectional study was performed, concerning the time-loss injuries (the athlete is prevented to participate in a training session / game because of the injury registered by the medical staff of every team. 137 athletes were included (98 male, age 26.7 ± 5.9 years; 39 female, age 23.3 ± 4.6 years). Ninety-four time-loss injuries were recorded, being the most frequent the muscle injury (38 episodes, 40.4%), especially the ones affecting the adductor longus muscle (23 episodes, 60,5% of the muscle injuries). The majority of the registered injuries were classified as mild (1-7 days of time-loss) but the and the median return-to-play was 19.4 ± 29.6 days. Eight episodes of reinjury were described (8.5% of total injuries) and 2 injuries required surgical treatment (2.1% of total injuries). Concerning female athletes, we can highlight a increased number of ligament injuries in the lower limbs compared with male athletes and the absence of tendinopathies causing time-loss. The knee injuries were the injuries with a higher return-to-play in goalkeepers. The present study is the first to describe the injury patterns among rink hockey elite athletes and must set a starting point to study and prevent injuries in this sport.(AU)

El propósito del presente estudio es describir los patrones lesionales durante una temporada de los deportistas de la máxima competición masculina y femenina de Hockey Patines en España. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de las lesiones con baja deportiva (el/la deportista no puede participar como mínimo en un entrenamiento o partido debido a la lesión) recogidas por los equipos biomédicos de cada equipo. Se estudiaron 137 deportistas (98 hombres, con una media de edad de 26,7 ± 5,9 años y 39 mujeres con una media de edad de 23,3 ± 4,6 años) Se recogieron un total de 94 lesiones con baja deportiva, siendo las más frecuentes las lesiones musculares (38 episodios, 40,4% de las lesiones totales), en especial del músculo aductor largo (23 episodios, 60,5% de las lesiones musculares). La mayoría de lesiones registradas fueron leves (1-7 días de baja deportiva) aunque el tiempo medio de baja fue de 19,4 ± 29,6 días. Se recogieron 8 episodios de relesión (8,5% de las lesiones totales) y 2 lesiones que precisaron tratamiento quirúrgico (2,1% de las lesiones totales). Al estudiar a las deportistas femeninas destaca que presentaron un mayor número de lesiones ligamentosas de extremidades inferiores en comparaciones con los varones y no se describió ningún episodio de tendinopatía.Al estudiar las lesiones específicas de los porteros/as se evidenció que las lesiones que causaban más baja deportiva eran las lesiones de rodilla. El presente estudio es el primero en describir las lesiones en jugadores/as de primer nivel de hockey patines y debe marcar un punto de partida para el estudio y prevención de las lesiones en este deporte.(AU)

Effects of psychological factors on players’ performance with the mediation role of player’s satisfaction / Efectos de los factores psicológicos en el desempeño de los jugadores con el papel de mediación de la satisfacción del jugador

Nowadays, most of the players from Chinaare unable to perform outstandingly because of the effects of psychological factors which limit them and it is very common that these factors even don’t allow the players to perform accordingly. Hence, the primary objective of the current study is to investigate the role of psychological factors which affect a player’s performance particularly with the mediation role of the player’s satisfaction.To obtain the outcomes of the current study, a quantitativeresearch approach was adopted. 760 football playerswho were the respondents of the current study were surveyed for the collection of primary data. Partial Least Square (PLS) was used to evaluate the final outcomes from the primary data.From the outcomes of the current study, it is obvious that a player’spsychological factors such as punctuality, mood, competition, and commitment have a positive effect on the player’s satisfaction and performance.The current study is helpful for the players particularly from Chinato boost their performances and satisfaction level. Moreover, the current study also helps the sports industry of Chinato increase players’ performances.(AU)

Research on Application Experience Design of Ice and Snow Sports Equipment Based on Bee Colony Model.

Sports equipment is the key to the smooth development of ice and snow sports. With the rapid development of social economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the demand for ice and snow sports equipment is increasing day by day. This article presents an improved method based on the chaos theory and the bee colony algorithm to quantify the application experience design of ice and snow sports equipment and reduce the influence of uncertain factors on the design results. First, the chaos theory can establish the dataset of application experience design and analyze the discreteness of the set. According to the bee colony algorithm, the dataset is divided into several groups, and each group obtains the best application experience design by using the design optimization strategy. Finally, the results are mixed to obtain the final experience design results. Through MATLAB simulation analysis and verification, the improved bee colony model can improve the accuracy of application experience design of ice and snow sports equipment in an uncertain environment, shorten the overall design time, and meet the requirements of application experience design of different ice and snow sports equipment. Therefore, the model proposed in this paper is suitable for the application experience design of ice and snow sports equipment.

A Review of Head Injury Metrics Used in Automotive Safety and Sports Protective Equipment.

Despite advances in the understanding of human tolerances to brain injury, injury metrics used in automotive safety and protective equipment standards have changed little since they were first implemented nearly a half-century ago. Although numerous metrics have been proposed as improvements over the ones currently used, evaluating the predictive capability of these metrics is challenging. The purpose of this review is to summarize existing head injury metrics that have been proposed for both severe head injuries, such as skull fractures and traumatic brain injuries (TBI), and mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) including concussions. Metrics have been developed based on head kinematics or intracranial parameters such as brain tissue stress and strain. Kinematic metrics are either based on translational motion, rotational motion, or a combination of the two. Tissue-based metrics are based on finite element model simulations or in vitro experiments. This review concludes with a discussion of the limitations of current metrics and how improvements can be made in the future.

A microbiome study reveals the potential relationship between the bacterial diversity of a gymnastics hall and human health.

Currently, investigations on the microbiota of sports centers and related facilities have been carried out in some countries, which showed that Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans are important dermatoprotofungi. In China, some research on athletes and sports equipment between the fungal community and public health has made some interesting achievements. However, the bacterial group among them has not been reported. Therefore, The aim of this study was to uncover (I) gymnastic equipment is there potential pathogenic factors and (ii) is there any difference in the biomarker of bacterial in different types of gymnastic room? The samples were collected from the gymnastics halls of one university in western China and main sports equipment, including gymnastics carpets, moving barres, hoops and balls, as well as wall bars, parallel bars and horizontal bars. The 16S rDNA of all the samples was sequenced, and the analyses were performed using FaproTax, Bug base function prediction and Line Discriminant Analysis (LDA) Effect Size. A 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed abundant bacterial species biodiversity on gymnasts and apparatuses from two gymnastics halls at a university in western China. An analysis using the FaproTax and Bugbase functional prediction platforms showed that there were some opportunistic pathogens on the athletes and equipment from the Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) and Artistic Gymnastics (AG) halls, such as Staphylococcus and Corynebacteiaceae. Infectious agents associated with cancer induction and development, such as Ruminococcaceae, Veillonellaceae and Moraxellaceae, as well as microbial toxin producers with a potential impact on human health, were also detected. According to a line discriminant analysis (LDA effect size), the bacterial biomarker groups of the two gymnasiums were different at the phylum-genus level: for RG, Erysipelatoclostridium, Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidales, while for AG, Rhizobiales. Based on the results of the investigation, we suggest that more comprehensive consideration should be given to indoor microbial biodiversity and related public health problems in school gymnasiums.

Morphometrics for sports mechanics: Showcasing tennis racket shape diversity.

Tennis racket design has changed from its conception in 1874. While we know that modern tennis rackets are lighter and have larger heads than their wooden predecessors, it is unknown how their gross shape has changed specifically. It is also unknown how racket shape is related to factors that influence performance, like the Transverse and Polar moments of inertia. The aim of this study was to quantify how tennis racket shape has changed over time, with a view to furthering our understanding of how such developments have influenced the game. Two-dimensional morphometric analysis was applied to silhouettes extracted from photographs of 514 rackets dating from 1874 to 2017. A principal component analysis was conducted on silhouette outlines, to allow racket shape to be summarised. The rackets were grouped by age and material for further analysis. Principal Component 1 accounted for 87% of the variation in racket shape. A pairwise Pearson's correlation test indicated that head width and length were both strongly correlated to Principal Component 1 (r = 0.916 & r = 0.801, p-values<0.001). Principal Component 1 was also correlated to the Polar (r = 0.862, p<0.001) and Transverse (r = -0.506, p<0.001) moments of inertia. Racket age and material had a medium (p<0.001, η2p = 0.074) and small (p = 0.015, η2p = 0.017) effect on Principal Component 1, respectively. Mean racket shapes were also generated from the morphometric analyses for the material and age groupings, and we consider how these shape changes may have influenced performance and injury risk. These mean shape groupings could support the development of models, such as finite element analysis, for predicting how historical developments in tennis equipment have affected performance and injury risk.