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1.
Bull World Health Organ ; 102(3): 154-156, 2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38434181

RESUMO

Roughly one in three non-melanoma skin cancer deaths worldwide is associated with working outdoors in the sun. Gary Humphreys reports.


Assuntos
Exposição Ocupacional , Humanos , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Alimentos
2.
Bull World Health Organ ; 102(3): 157-158, 2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38434185

RESUMO

Denis Mukwege talks to Gary Humphreys about treating the survivors of wartime sexual violence and driving global advocacy efforts to end to it.


Assuntos
Alimentos , Sobreviventes , Humanos
3.
PeerJ ; 12: e16783, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38435995

RESUMO

Wet meadows harbor rich biodiversity, making them pivotal ecosystems worldwide. These habitats are commonly used for grazing or hay production for livestock. However, regular mowing can influence these habitats, potentially leading to significant repercussions for the animals residing within them. In order to investigate the effects of land management practices, we conducted an experimental study to compare snail communities in mowed and unmowed wet meadows in northern Hungary. We found that overall, mowing decreases snail populations, as well as species richness and diversity. Thus, our results suggest that routine mowing of wet meadows is deleterious to their snail communities. Based on these results, we suggest that designated patches of meadows that are regularly managed should be left uncultivated in their natural state. These patches can serve as potential colonization sites, facilitating the restoration of the entire meadow's ecological balance.


Assuntos
Ecossistema , Pradaria , Animais , Biodiversidade , Alimentos , Hungria
4.
Anim Cogn ; 27(1): 4, 2024 Mar 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429425

RESUMO

Islands have always provided ideal natural laboratories for assessing ecological parameters influencing behaviour. One hypothesis that lends itself well to testing in island habitats suggests that animals frequenting highly variable environments should be motivated to approach and interact with (i.e. explore) novelty. Intra-species comparisons of populations living in ecologically different island habitats may, thus, help reveal the factors that modulate animals' responses to novelty. In this study, we presented novel objects to two geographically isolated breeding populations of the black-faced sheathbill (Chionis minor), a sedentary land-based bird that frequents remote sub-Antarctic islands. In the first population (Chionis minor ssp. crozettensis), the "Crozet group" (Baie du Marin, Ile de la Possession, Crozet Islands), breeding pairs inhabit a variable habitat close to penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) colonies. In the second population (Chionis minor ssp. minor), the "Kerguelen group" (île Verte, Morbihan gulf, Kerguelen Islands) breeding pairs live in penguin-free territories. In this latter population, the environment is less variable due to the presence of a broad intertidal zone which ensures year-round food availability. At both Kerguelen and Crozet, at least one breeding partner in all pairs approached at least one of the novel objects, and we found no significant differences in the latency of approach between the two populations. However, sheathbills at Crozet touched objects significantly more than birds at Kerguelen, and were also faster to touch them. We discuss how environmental variability, along with other potential influencing factors, may favour exploration of novelty in this wild insular bird.


Assuntos
Charadriiformes , Spheniscidae , Animais , Spheniscidae/fisiologia , Ecossistema , Regiões Antárticas , Alimentos
5.
Anim Cogn ; 27(1): 20, 2024 Mar 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429612

RESUMO

While foraging, animals have to find potential food sites, remember these sites, and plan the best navigation route. To deal with problems associated with foraging for multiple and patchy resources, primates may employ heuristic strategies to improve foraging success. Until now, no study has attempted to investigate experimentally the use of such strategies by a primate in a context involving foraging in large-scale space. Thus, we carried out an experimental field study that aimed to test if wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) employ heuristic strategies to efficiently navigate through multiple feeding sites distributed in a large-scale space. In our experiment, we arranged four feeding platforms in a trapezoid configuration with up to 60 possible routes and observe marmosets' decisions under two experimental conditions. In experimental condition I, all platforms contained the same amount of food; in experimental condition II, the platforms had different amounts of food. According to the number and arrangement of the platforms, we tested two heuristic strategies: the Nearest Neighbor Rule and the Gravity Rule. Our results revealed that wild common marmosets prefer to use routes consistent with a heuristic strategy more than expected by chance, regardless of food distribution. The findings also demonstrate that common marmosets seem to integrate different factors such as distance and quantity of food across multiple sites distributed over a large-scale space, employing a combination of heuristic strategies to select the most efficient routes available. In summary, our findings confirm our expectations and provide important insights into the spatial cognition of these small neotropical primates.


Assuntos
Callithrix , Cognição , Animais , Alimentos , Heurística , Rememoração Mental
6.
BMC Public Health ; 24(1): 657, 2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38429629

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Environmentally sustainable food initiatives accompanying nutrition education, such as the Food Education and Sustainability Training (FEAST) program, have gained traction in school settings. The aim of this trial was to conduct an impact and process evaluation of FEAST, to evaluate its effect on children's fruit and vegetable (F&V) intakes, and secondary outcomes: F&V variety consumed, nutrition knowledge, food preparation/cooking skills, self-efficacy and behaviours, food waste knowledge and behaviours, and food production knowledge. METHODS: FEAST was a 10-week curriculum-aligned program, designed to educate children about healthy eating, food waste, and sustainability, while teaching cooking skills. It was implemented by classroom teachers, face-to-face and online, during COVID-19 school closures, in Australia in 2021. A custom designed survey was used to collect baseline and post-intervention data from students. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) estimated group differences in pre-post changes for primary and secondary outcomes. Surveys were also administered to students and teachers to evaluate intervention implementation. RESULTS: Twenty schools participated and self-selected to be either intervention schools (n = 10) or wait-list control (WLC) schools (n = 10). A total of 977, 5th and 6th grade children participated in the trial with a mean age of 11.1 years (SD ± 0.7). The FEAST intervention, compared to WLC, did not result in significant increases in primary outcomes nor secondary outcomes. The process evaluation revealed FEAST was well-received by students and teachers, but COVID-19 school closures hindered implementation fidelity with a less intense program delivered under the constraints of pandemic lockdowns. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first cluster non-randomized controlled trial designed to independently evaluate FEAST in the primary-school setting. No evidence was found for improved F&V intakes in children, nor secondary outcomes. However, the positive process evaluation results suggest that further trials of the program are warranted. If implemented as originally designed (pre-pandemic), with increased duration and complemented by supporting school policies, such programs have the potential to improve children's daily F&V intakes, cooking skills and food waste behaviours. This would support the Australian curriculum and contribute to: health promotion within schools and sustainable schools initiatives, the national agenda to reduce food waste and sustainable development goals. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY: [ACTRN12620001347954]- Registered prospectively on 14/12/2020.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Eliminação de Resíduos , Criança , Humanos , Alimentos , Austrália , Instituições Acadêmicas , COVID-19/prevenção & controle
7.
BMC Public Health ; 24(1): 719, 2024 Mar 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38448867

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In 2020, the Generating Excellent Nutrition in UK Schools (GENIUS) Network was established to develop an understanding of the school food system across the four UK nations. This study explores stakeholders' views (headteachers, teachers, parents and pupils) on what works well, the challenges, and what an ideal primary school food system includes. METHODS: An online 'School Food Survey' was created in Qualtrics XM including closed and open-ended questions about the primary school food system. The Qualtrics link was distributed to stakeholders with an interest in school food through key contacts and networks across the four UK nations (21st June to 21st July and September 2021). Responses from the open-ended questions were exported from Qualtrics into Excel and analysed using SPSS. Aspects of qualitative content analysis were applied to summarise, code and quantify responses. Identified codes were entered by stakeholder, for example, parents and their response to the question into a Matrix table to allow identification of categories, themes and interpretation. RESULTS: A total of 509 participants completed the survey: most participants were from Scotland (n = 281; 55%) and England (n = 213; 42%) and were parents (n = 394). There were some consistent views across stakeholder responses, for example, the range of healthy options, costs, and portion sizes offered to pupils. Parents views varied, with some expressing the range of healthy options worked well and others reporting too many unhealthy choices. The cost of school food and school food funding presented challenges for both parents and schools. For parents, an ideal school food system would include a wide variety of fresh healthy food choices that were made on site, use quality produce, be inclusive for all cultures and diets, and provide food portion sizes appropriate for pupils ages. CONCLUSIONS: The findings iterate the diversity and some inconsistencies between stakeholders, emphasising the complexity and competing tensions school food systems encounter. Parental involvement and consideration of school-level and national factors are important when identifying challenges, what works well and describing an ideal primary school food system.


Assuntos
Alimentos , Decoração de Interiores e Mobiliário , Humanos , Inglaterra , Estado Nutricional , Instituições Acadêmicas
9.
J Int Bioethique Ethique Sci ; 34(4): 121-143, 2024.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38480264

RESUMO

The digital advertising environment influences children’s food choices in a context of over-representation of fatty, sweet and salty products. Restricting this influence proves complex, given the variety and novelty of the marketing techniques used, subject to legal regimes that combine traditional branches of market law with new rules specific to the digital environment. Despite the assertion of children’s rights in relation to the digital environment, minors and their health are not sufficiently protected. Few rules exist (ban on concealed advertising, health messages, targeting of children’s advertising, etc.), and none really limits children’s exposure to digital advertising for nutritionally unbalanced foods.


Assuntos
Publicidade , Alimentos , Criança , Humanos , Marketing
10.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(5)2024 Feb 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38474015

RESUMO

Food allergy (FA) affects approximately 6-8% of children worldwide causing a significant impact on the quality of life of children and their families. In past years, the possible role of weaning in the development of FA has been studied. According to recent studies, this is still controversial and influenced by several factors, such as the type of food, the age at food introduction and family history. In this narrative review, we aimed to collect the most recent evidence about weaning and its role in FA development, organizing the gathered data based on both the type of study and the food. As shown in most of the studies included in this review, early food introduction did not show a potential protective role against FA development, and we conclude that further evidence is needed from future clinical trials.


Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Qualidade de Vida , Criança , Humanos , Desmame , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/etiologia , Alimentos , Alérgenos
11.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(5)2024 Feb 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38474053

RESUMO

Cholesterol present in food of animal origin is a precursor of oxysterols (COPs), whose high intake through diet can be associated with health implications. Evaluation of the content of these contaminants in food is associated with many analytical problems. This work presents a GC-TOF/MS method for the simultaneous determination of squalene, cholesterol and seven COPs (7-ketocholesterol, 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7ß-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 5,6α-epoxycholesterol, 5,6ß-epoxycholesterol, cholestanetriol). The sample preparation procedure includes such steps as saponification, extraction and silylation. The method is characterized by high sensitivity (limit of quantification, 0.02-0.25 ng mL-1 for instrument, 30-375 µg kg of sample), repeatability (RSD 2.3-6.2%) and a wide linearity range for each tested compound. The method has been tested on eight different animal-origin products. The COP to cholesterol content ratio in most products is about 1%, but the profile of cholesterol derivatives differs widely (α = 0.01). In all the samples, 7-ketocholesterol is the dominant oxysterol, accounting for 31-67% of the total COPs level. The levels of the other COPs range between 0% and 21%. In none of the examined products are cholestanetriol and 25-hydroxycholesterol present. The amount of squalene, which potentially may inhibit the formation of COPs in food, ranges from 2 to 57 mg kg-1.


Assuntos
Alimentos , Esqualeno , Animais , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Dieta , Oxirredução
12.
Molecules ; 29(5)2024 Feb 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38474479

RESUMO

Carotenoids, which are inherent pigments occurring in plants and microorganisms, manifest a diverse array of vivid hues. Owing to their multifarious health advantages, carotenoids have engendered substantial interest among scholars and consumers alike. Presently, carotenoids are extensively employed in the realms of food, nutrition and health commodities, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, rendering them an indispensable constituent of our quotidian existence. Therefore, the objective of this review is to present a succinct and methodical examination of the sources, constituents, and factors influencing formation of carotenoids. Particular attention will be given to encapsulation strategies that maintain intrinsic characteristics, as the growing desire for carotenoids is propelled by individuals' escalating standards of living. Moreover, the applications of natural carotenoids in multiple fields, including pharmaceutical, food and feed, as well as cosmetics, are discussed in detail. Finally, this article explores the main challenges hindering the future advancement of carotenoids, aiming at facilitating their effective integration into the circular economy.


Assuntos
Carotenoides , Plantas , Humanos , Alimentos
13.
Molecules ; 29(5)2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38474618

RESUMO

The analysis of enantiomers in food has significant implications for food safety and human health. Conventional analytical methods employed for enantiomer analysis, such as gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, are characterized by their labor-intensive nature and lengthy analysis times. This review focuses on the development of rapid and reliable biosensors for the analysis of enantiomers in food. Electrochemical and optical biosensors are highlighted, along with their fabrication methods and materials. The determination of enantiomers in food can authenticate products and ensure their safety. Amino acids and chiral pesticides are specifically discussed as important chiral substances found in food. The use of sensors replaces expensive reagents, offers real-time analysis capabilities, and provides a low-cost screening method for enantiomers. This review contributes to the advancement of sensor-based methods in the field of food analysis and promotes food authenticity and safety.


Assuntos
Técnicas Biossensoriais , Praguicidas , Humanos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Alimentos , Praguicidas/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa , Estereoisomerismo
14.
Nutrients ; 16(5)2024 Feb 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38474713

RESUMO

The food insulin index (FII) is a novel algorithm used to determine insulin responses of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of all scientifically relevant information presented on the application of the FII in the prevention and management of insulin resistance and diabetes. The Arksey and O'Malley framework and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews 22-item checklist were used to ensure that all areas were covered in the scoping review. Our search identified 394 articles, of which 25 articles were included. Three main themes emerged from the included articles: 1. the association of FII with the development of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and diabetes, 2. the comparison of FII with carbohydrate counting (CC) for the prediction of postprandial insulin response, and 3. the effect of metabolic status on the FII. Studies indicated that the FII can predict postprandial insulin response more accurately than CC, and that a high DII and DIL diet is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and diabetes. The FII could be a valuable tool to use in the prevention and management of T1DM, insulin resistance, and T2DM, but more research is needed in this field.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Resistência à Insulina , Síndrome Metabólica , Humanos , Insulina , Alimentos
15.
Nutrients ; 16(5)2024 Feb 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38474731

RESUMO

Examination of how terms such as culinary nutrition, culinary nutrition science, culinary medicine, culinary nutrition professional, culinary nutrition intervention, culinary nutrition activity, and culinary nutrition competency are used in practice, and the creation of consensus definitions will promote the consistent use of these terms across work areas and disciplines. Thirty leading practitioners, academics, and researchers in the fields of food and nutrition across Australia, the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Europe, and Asia were approached by investigators via email to submit definitions of key terms using a Qualtrics survey link. Further participants were reached through snowball recruitment. Initial emails were sent in October and November 2021 with subsequent reminders between November 2021 and March 2022. Two researchers undertook content analysis of the text answers for each of the terms and generated definitions for discussion and consensus. Thirty-seven participants commenced the survey and twenty-three submitted one or more definitions. Agreed definitions fell into two categories: practice concepts and practitioners. Further discussion amongst investigators led to the creation of a visual map to demonstrate the interrelationship of terms. Culinary nutrition science underpins, and interprofessional collaboration characterizes practice in this area, however, further work is needed to define competencies and model best practice.


Assuntos
Currículo , Alimentos , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Reino Unido , Europa (Continente) , Austrália
16.
Nutrients ; 16(5)2024 Feb 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38474744

RESUMO

Vascular calcification (VC) is a consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is of paramount importance regarding the survival of CKD patients. VC is far from being controlled with actual medication; as a result, in recent years, diet modulation has become more compelling. The concept of medical nutritional therapy points out the idea that food may prevent or treat diseases. The aim of this review was to evaluate the influence of food habits and nutritional intervention in the occurrence and progression of VC in CKD. Evidence reports the harmfulness of ultra-processed food, food additives, and animal-based proteins due to the increased intake of high absorbable phosphorus, the scarcity of fibers, and the increased production of uremic toxins. Available data are more supportive of a plant-dominant diet, especially for the impact on gut microbiota composition, which varies significantly depending on VC presence. Magnesium has been shown to prevent VC but only in experimental and small clinical studies. Vitamin K has drawn considerable attention due to its activation of VC inhibitors. There are positive studies; unfortunately, recent trials failed to prove its efficacy in preventing VC. Future research is needed and should aim to transform food into a medical intervention to eliminate VC danger in CKD.


Assuntos
Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Calcificação Vascular , Animais , Humanos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/metabolismo , Calcificação Vascular/metabolismo , Fósforo/metabolismo , Vitamina K/uso terapêutico , Alimentos
17.
Nutrients ; 16(5)2024 Feb 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38474756

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The supply chains of food raw materials have recently been heavily influenced by geopolitical events. Products that came from, or transited through, areas currently in conflict are now preferentially supplied from alternative areas. These changes may entail risks for food safety. METHODS: We review the potential allergenicity of botanical impurities, specifically vegetable contaminants, with particular attention to the contamination of vegetable oils. We delve into the diverse types of botanical impurities, their sources, and the associated allergenic potential. Our analysis encompasses an evaluation of the regulatory framework governing botanical impurities in food labeling. RESULTS: Unintended plant-derived contaminants may manifest in raw materials during various stages of food production, processing, or storage, posing a risk of allergic reactions for individuals with established food allergies. Issues may arise from natural occurrence, cross-contamination in the supply chain, and contamination at during production. The food and food service industries are responsible for providing and preparing foods that are safe for people with food allergies: we address the challenges inherent in risk assessment of botanical impurities. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of botanical impurities emerges as a significant risk factor for food allergies in the 2020s. We advocate for regulatory authorities to fortify labeling requirements and develop robust risk assessment tools. These measures are necessary to enhance consumer awareness regarding the potential risks posed by these contaminants.


Assuntos
Alérgenos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Humanos , Alérgenos/análise , Alimentos , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Medição de Risco
18.
Nutrients ; 16(5)2024 Feb 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38474788

RESUMO

It is crucial to ensure healthy diets are affordable in low socioeconomic groups, such as welfare-dependent households, who experience higher rates of diet-related disease than others. This study assessed the cost of habitual (unhealthy) and recommended (healthy) diets in six welfare-dependent and six other, comparable Australian households, using either popular branded products or the cheapest available alternatives. It also assessed diet affordability in welfare-dependent households, before and after modest increases in government welfare payments introduced in early September 2023. Results confirmed that recommended diets were less expensive than habitual diets in all households unless the cheapest available products were included. This strategy reduced habitual diet costs by 35-37% and recommended diet costs by 30-32%. The lower cost differential could aid perceptions that healthy foods are more expensive than unhealthy foods. In April 2023, 23-37% of the income of welfare-dependent households with children was required to purchase recommended diets; this reduced only to 20-35% in September 2023. Hence, the increases in welfare payments were insufficient to meaningfully improve the affordability of healthy diets in the most vulnerable Australians. In the current cost-of-living crisis, there is an urgent need for more welfare support to help purchase healthy diets. Monitoring of diet cost and affordability is also required.


Assuntos
População Australasiana , Dieta , Alimentos , Criança , Humanos , Austrália , Custos e Análise de Custo
19.
Nutrients ; 16(5)2024 Feb 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38474839

RESUMO

The impact of food components on the human digestive system is an important area of research in the fields of nutrition and food science [...].


Assuntos
Tecnologia de Alimentos , Alimentos , Humanos , Estado Nutricional , Digestão , Sistema Digestório
20.
Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf ; 23(2): e13315, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38462817

RESUMO

The widespread occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in the food chain has gained substantial recognition as a pressing concern, highlighting the inevitability of human exposure through ingestion of foodborne MPs, coupled with the release of MPs from plastic packaging. However, there are notable disparities in the reported numbers of MPs in foods and beverages, warranting a thorough investigation into the factors contributing to these discrepancies. Table salt is one of the major sources of MPs, and there was an approximately hundred-fold difference between the reviewed studies that reported the highest and lowest number of MPs. In addition, more noticeable discrepancies were discovered between studies on MPs released from teabags. One study reported that approximately 15 billion MPs were released into a cup of tea from a single teabag, whereas another research paper found only approximately 106.3 ± 14.6 MP/teabag after brewing. This comprehensive review focuses on the inconsistencies observed across studies examining MPs, shedding light on the plausible factors underlying these variations. Furthermore, the review outlines areas in analytical procedures that require enhancement and offers recommendations to promote accuracy and standardization in future research efforts, such as employing analytical methods capable of confirming the presence of MPs, using appropriate filter sizes, considering representative sample sizes when extrapolation is involved, and so on. By pinpointing the detection processes leading to the inconsistent results observed in MP studies, this comparative analysis will contribute to the development of reliable analytic methods for understanding the extent of microplastic contamination in the human food chain.


Assuntos
Microplásticos , Plásticos , Humanos , Alimentos , Bebidas , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta
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