Global Health Impact: Human rights, access to medicines, and measurement.

Should people have a legal human right to health? And, if so, what exactly does protecting this right require? This essay defends some answers to these questions recently articulated in Global Health Impact. It explains how these answers depend on a particular way of thinking about health and the minimally good life, how quality of life matters at and over time, what various agents should do to help people who are unable to live well enough, and many other things. Moreover, it suggests some ways of improving common metrics for measuring and advancing our collective global health impact.

From moral rights to legal rights? Lessons from healthcare contexts.

Many believe the existence of a moral right to some good should lead to recognition of a corresponding legal right to that good. If, for instance, there is a moral right to healthcare, it is natural to believe countries should recognize a legal right to healthcare. This article demonstrates that justifying legal rights to healthcare is more difficult than many assume. The existence of a moral right is insufficient to justify recognition of a corresponding justiciable constitutional right. Further conditions on when it is appropriate to recognize constitutional rights are rarely satisfied in the healthcare case. And focusing on aspirational or statutory rights presents costs for those seeking to justify legal rights on the basis of corresponding moral ones while maintaining empirical challenges for justifying constitutional rights. This suggests movement from a moral right to a corresponding legal one is far from straightforward and justifies examining alternative means of realizing moral socio-economic rights such as the proposed moral right to healthcare.

Health Risks of Unaccompanied Immigrant Children in Federal Custody and in US Communities.

Unaccompanied immigrant children continue to arrive at the US-Mexico border and are at high risk for ongoing abuse, neglect, and poor mental and physical health. We are medical and legal experts in the fields of immigrant and refugee health, child abuse, and the legal rights of international refugee and migrant children. We provide an overview of US federal agencies with custody of unaccompanied immigrant children, a summary of medical care provided while in custody, and recent findings from the independent Juvenile Care Monitor Report mandating new custodial conditions for immigrant children while in federal custody. We provide recommendations to improve the health and well-being of unaccompanied immigrant children while in custody and once released to US sponsors. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(3):340-346. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307570).

Understanding the Legal Rights and Mental Health Needs of Unaccompanied Immigrant Children in US Government Custody and Beyond.

This article addresses the mental health rights of unaccompanied children, the ways in which the US immigration system does not sufficiently support children's mental health, and how clinicians can play a role in meeting immigrant children's mental health needs.

Stopping the Vicious Cycle: Equitable Enforcement Strategies to Achieve Safe, Stable, and Accessible Housing for People with Disabilities.

Policy Points People with disabilities experience a vicious cycle of poverty, poor health, and marginalization partly because of the inequitable implementation and enforcement of laws, including underenforcement of civil rights and housing laws and overenforcement of punitive nuisance and criminal laws. Inequitable enforcement reflects policy choices that prioritize powerful entities (e.g., landlords, developers) to the detriment of people who experience intersectional structural discrimination based on, for example, race, disability, and income. Equitable enforcement, a process of ensuring compliance with the law while considering and minimizing harms to marginalized people, can promote health and disability justice by increasing access to safe, stable, and accessible housing.

O que falam as pessoas com deficiência: uma análise das barreiras e facilitadores sociais do acesso à saúde e garantia de direitos no município de Francisco Morato / What people with disabilities say: an analysis of the barriers and social facilitators of access to health and guarantee of rights in the municipality of Francisco Morato

Este trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar as barreiras e facilitadores em relação ao acesso de pessoas com deficiência (PCD) aos serviços de saúde do município de Francisco Morato. A temática da pessoa com deficiência foi priorizada pela gestão municipal por ser fundamental para garantir o direito à saúde e evidenciar as dinâmicas de trabalho em saúde presentes na Rede SUS do município. A pesquisa teve seu desenvolvimento através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com gestores, gerentes, profissionais de saúde, usuários PCD e cuidadoras, sendo desenvolvida de acordo com os preceitos éticos. Para a realização da pesquisa foi utilizado como método a abordagem qualitativa para análise de discurso. Os temas abordados nas entrevistas geraram três categorias de análise, sendo elas Assistência à Saúde, Participação Social e Políticas Públicas da cidade de Francisco Morato. A pesquisa revelou elementos que influenciam na aparição de barreiras ou facilitadores, sendo eles as articulações entre os níveis de saúde, as práticas de acolhimento e a comunicação entre os atores sociais participantes, as relações interpessoais, a sensibilidade da gestão do município e as políticas públicas que promovem garantia de direitos.

A Teoria dos Fundamentos Morais e as eleições presidenciais brasileiras em 2018 e 2022 / The Moral Foundations Theory and the Brazilian Presidential Elections in 2018 and 2022

A Teoria dos Fundamentos Morais postula que liberais e conservadores são orientados por fun-damentos morais distintos, o que pode ser usado como estratégia de persuasão política, bem como influenciar no comportamento de voto. No presente trabalho, realizamos quatro estudos. Os participantes responderam a um instrumento online composto pelo Questionário de Funda-mentos Morais, uma medida de intenção de votos e informaram dados demográficos. Nos estu-dos foram identificados que a tendência individualizante influenciou a intenção de votos a can-didatos de esquerda, enquanto a tendência coesiva influenciou a intenção para candidatos de direita nas eleições presidenciais de 2018 e 2022. Conclui-se que a TFM é um modelo robusto para compreensão de aspectos do comportamento político brasileiro. (AU)

The Moral Foundations Theory postulates that liberals and conservatives are guided by distinct moral foundations, which can be used as a strategy for political persuasion, as well as influ-encing voting behavior. In the present paper, we carried out four studies. Participants re-sponded to an online instrument composed of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire, their in-tention to vote, to assign the position to candidates for the presidency, and their demographic data. The studies identified that the individualizing foundations influenced the intention to vote for left-wing candidates, while the binding foundations influenced the intention to vote for right-wing candidates in Brazil's 2018 and 2022 presidential elections. Therefore, the MFT is a robust model for understanding aspects of Brazilian political behavior. (AU)

Estimating the value of democracy relative to other institutional and economic outcomes among citizens in Brazil, France, and the United States.

How much do citizens value democracy? How willing are they to sacrifice their liberties and voting rights for growth, equality, or other social outcomes? We design a conjoint experiment in nationally representative surveys in Brazil, France, and the United States in which respondents choose between different societies that randomly vary in their economic outcomes (country income, income inequality, social mobility), political outcomes (democracy, public health insurance), and the level of personal income for each respondent. Our research allows us to estimate the respondents' willingness to trade off democracy for individual income (as well as other societal attributes). We find that, on average, individuals are strongly attached to democracy and a robust welfare state. They prefer to live in a country without free democratic elections only if their individual income multiplies by at least three times and in a country without public health insurance only if their individual income more than doubles. After estimating these preferences at the individual level for all respondents, we show that, although there is an authoritarian minority in all three countries, forming a nondemocratic majority (by offering more income and/or other goods to respondents) is very unlikely. Our findings imply that, contrary to a growing discussion about the crisis of democracy, liberal democratic values remain substantially robust in high and middle income democracies.

Digitalización de la comunicación y atención a personas LGBTIQ+: dos conflictos éticos emergentes para la Psicología en la Atención Primaria de Salud chilena / Digitalització de la comunicació i atenció a persones LGBTIQ+: dos conflictes ètics emergents per a la psicologia en l'Atenció Primària de Salut xilena / Digitalization of communication and attention to LGBTIQ+ people: Two emerging ethical conflicts for psychology in Chilean Primary Health Care

El artículo analiza los conflictos éticos detectados por Psicólogas/os en la Atención Primaria de Salud en Chile, centrando la descripción y análisis en los percibidos como emergentes, a través de un estudio cualitativo, tipo exploratorio-descriptivo. Dos fueron los principales conflictos identificados: a) resguardo de información sensible en ficha clínica electrónica y b) atención a personas LGBTIQ+ sin capacitación correspondiente. El estudio transparenta la importancia de visibilizar demandas incipientesen salud pública a través de las perspectivas de los propios profesionales, dotándoles de notoriedad para avanzar en su priorización y resolución. Explorar la dimensión ética es relevante para el ejercicio de la psicología contemporánea, porque da cuenta de las necesidades de la sociedad, permitiendo incluso anticiparse a ellas.(AU)

L'article analitza els conflictes ètics detectats pels psicòlegs en l'Atenció Primària de Salut a Xile, centrant-se en la descripció i anàlisi dels que es perceben com a emergents mitjançant un estudi qualitatiu de tipus exploratori-descriptiu. Es van identificar dos conflictes principals: a) la protecció de la informació sensible en els registres clínics electrònics i b) l'atenció a persones LGBTIQ+ sense la formació adequada. L'estudi destaca la importància de fer visibles les demandes incipients en la salut pública a través de les perspectives dels mateixos professionals, donant-los rellevància per avançar en la seva prioritat i resolució. Explorar la dimensió ètica és rellevant per a l'exercici de la psicologia contemporània, ja que reflecteix les necessitats de la societat, fins i tot permetent anticipar-se a elles.(AU)

The article analyzesthe ethical conflicts detected by psychologists in Primary Health Care in Chile, centering the description and analysis on those perceived as emerging, through an exploratory-descriptive qualitative study. There were two main conflicts identified: a) safeguarding of sensitive information in electronic clinical records and b) healthcare for LGBTIQ+ persons without the corresponding qualification. The study illustrates the importance of highlighting developing demands in public healthcare through the perspectives of the professionals themselves, providing the demands with notoriety in order to advance in their prioritization and resolution. Exploring the ethical dimension is relevant for contemporary psychology practice because it accounts for the needs of society, even making it possible to anticipate them.(AU)

¿Cómo afectan la Ley 8/2021 y la ley 6/2022 a la investigación biomédica desarrollada en España? / ¿Com afecten la Llei 8/2021 i la Llei6/2022 a la investigació biomèdica desenvolupada a Espanya? / How do Act 8/2021 and Act 6/2022 affect biomedical research carried out in Spain?

La implementación de la Convención de Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad obliga a los Estados Partes a realizar reformas legales que afectan a las normas que regulan la participación de las personas con discapacidad en la investigación biomédica clínica, en especial en los ensayos clínicos con medicamentos. En España, se ha tenido que reformar el Código Civil y la Ley General de Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad para adecuar el ejercicio de la capacidad jurídica y para garantizar la accesibilidad cognitiva. Estas reformas podrían servir como modelo de las reformas que deben implementarse en otros países.(AU)

La implementació de la Convenció dels Drets de les Persones amb Discapacitat obliga als Estats Parts a realitzar reformes legals que afecten les normes que regulen la participació de les persones amb discapacitat en la investigació biomèdica clínica, especialment en els assaigs clínics amb medicaments. A Espanya, s'ha hagut de reformar el Codi Civil i la Llei General de Drets de les Persones amb Discapacitat per adequar l'exercici de la capacitat jurídica i garantir l'accessibilitat cognitiva. Aquestes reformes podrien servir com a model per a les reformes que han d'implementar-se en altres països.(AU)

The implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities obliges the States Parties to carry out legal reforms that affect the norms that regulate the participation of persons with disabilities in clinical biomedical research, especially in clinical trials with drugs. In Spain, the Civil Code and the General Act on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities have had to be reformed to adapt the exercise of legal capacity and to guarantee cognitive accessibility. These reforms could serve as a model for reforms to be implemented in other countries.(AU)

Free Speech Challenges to the Inflation Reduction Act.

This Viewpoint looks at the lawsuits brought by pharmaceutical companies to challenge the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, in particular claims under the First Amendment's protection of free speech.

Crime and victimization outcomes following civil rights limits to the use of compulsory treatment.

Community treatment orders (CTOs) have been associated with reduced crime/victimization-risk. Australia's ratification of the U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) enabled patient-rights-advocacy to limit CTO-assignment to persons lacking decision-making-capacity. This effort was accompanied by a 15% reduction in CTO-utilization. Has this change affected crime/victimization-involvements of patients with schizophrenia-diagnoses? In Victoria Australia, the study considers crime/victimization-involvement among three patient-groups recruited with the same sampling-algorithm in the decade before (2000-2009, N = 14,711) and after (2010-2019, N = 10,702) CRPD-ratification. Each group is its own-control. Each group's positive-outcome across decades would be "no increase" in crime/victimization-involvement or in the ratio of the group's incident-rates to the State's. Following CRPD-ratification, first-hospitalized-patients with at least one CTO-assignment doubled their involvement in major crime-perpetrations (from 13% to 27%), non-CTO-hospitalized-patients almost doubled (from 10% to 18%), and 11% of outpatients were involved when none were before. Overall, a third (34%) were victimized-by-major-crime up from 28%, with 25% of outpatients experiencing victimization when none had before. Increases were most evident in major-crimes, led by assaults/abductions. Capacity-constraints on compulsory-treatment are associated with increases in crime/victimization-involvement, a transfer of responsibility for patients with schizophrenia-diagnoses from the mental-health-system to the criminal-justice-system, validation of dangerousness stereotypes, and growing negative family impact.

El derecho fundamental a eutanasia y su problemática constitucionalen España / El dret fonamental a eutanàsia i la seva problemàtica constitucionala Espanya / The fundamental right to euthanasia and its constitutional problems in Spain

Tras la regulación de la eutanasia emerge una problemática constitucional y bioética que revela las deficiencias, lagunas y conflictos jurídicos sin resolver por la LO 3/2021, de 24 de marzo (LORE). La desprotección de colectivos vulnerables, la huida de las garantías jurídicas convencionales y la lesividad de derechos fundamentales, entre otras razones, fundamentan la dimensión constitucional del derecho a morir. El control jurídico de la eutanasia se enfrenta en la actualidad a su construcción legal como derecho fundamental pese a la apariencia como derecho prestacional de “ayuda a morir”, en base a la conexión con el derecho a la vida, integridad física y moral, dignidad, libertad, intimidad (Exposición de Motivos LORE). Sin embargo, desde una perspectiva constitucional, resulta insatisfactoria la exclusión de menores y sujetos sin capacidad de su ámbito subjetivo y el riesgo de eludir la ponderación en conflicto con otros derechos al adoptar una jerarquía superior de hecho.(AU)

Després de la regulació de l'eutanàsia emergeix una problemàtica constitucional i bioètica que revela les deficiències, les llacunes i els conflictes jurídics sense resoldre per la LO 3/2021, de 24 de març (LORE). La desprotecció de col·lectius vulnerables, la fugida de les garanties jurídiques convencionals i la lesivitat de drets fonamentals, entre altres raons, fonamenten la dimensió constitucional del dret a morir. El control jurídic de l'eutanàsia s'enfronta actualment a la seva construcció legal com a dret fonamental malgrat l'aparença com a dret prestacional d'“ajuda a morir”, en base a la connexió amb el dret a la vida, integritat física i moral, dignitat , llibertat, intimitat (Exposició de Motius LORE). Tanmateix, des d'una perspectiva constitucional resulta insatisfactòria l'exclusió de menors i subjectes sense capacitat del seu àmbit subjectiu i el risc d'eludir la ponderació en conflicte amb altres drets en adoptar una jerarquia superior de fet.(AU)

After the legalization of euthanasia, a constitutional and bioethical problem emerges that reveals the deficiencies, gaps and legal conflicts unresolved by LO 3/2021, of March 24. The lack of protection of vulnerable groups, the flight from conventional legal guarantees and the harmfulness of fundamental rights, among other reasons, support the constitutional dimension of the right to die. The legal control of euthanasia currently faces its legal construction as a fundamental right despite the appearance as a right to "help to die", based on the connection with theright to life, physical and moral integrity, dignity, freedom, privacy (LORE Statement of Reasons). However, from a constitutional perspective, the exclusion of minors and subjects without capacity from their subjective sphere, and the risk of eluding theweighting in conflict with other rights by adopting a higher in fact hierarchy is unsatisfactory.(AU)

Looking within: Elevating Black scholarly contributions to empirical approaches in developmental science.

Over the past century, Black American scholars have designed, applied, and promoted conceptual frameworks and research models that propose nuanced understandings of psychological development. This article highlights examples of their contributions to understanding the differential impact of diverse contextual and situational factors. Through examinations of the psychological effects of Blackness on the development of cognition, competence, identity, and social functioning, Black psychologists outline pathways and provide tools for ecological culturally rooted methodologies. These multidisciplinary approaches run in contrast to dominant trends in the field and thus broaden developmental science's reach and influence. In the 1950s, developmental research by Black psychologists was instrumental to the fight for civil rights. Today, it continues to provide a basis for advancing diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Righting the historical record: Highlighting the significant contributions of Black psychologists in American schools.

The field of educational psychology, while closely aligned with several adjacent branches of psychology, focuses on teaching and learning processes in support of the development of students within K-16 environments and beyond. Similar to other fields, educational psychology has been historically dominated by theories and empirical studies developed and carried out by White scholars who presented racially and culturally biased ideologies that lacked Black perspectives. Couched within an Afrocentric and Critical Race Theory framework, the present article sets out to right the historical record by uplifting the voices of four prominent Black psychologists who played an important role in American schools and who have been largely ignored in the field of educational psychology. We review the works of Inez B. Prosser (1897-1934), A. Wade Boykin (1947-present), Barbara J. Robinson Shade (1933-present), and Asa Hilliard III-Baffour Amankwatia II (1933-2007). Each scholar has made significant impacts on American schools, ranging from pursuing innovative research topics and methodologies, providing expert testimony in landmark civil rights legislation, and leading college and university initiatives with generation-wide impacts on Black learners and communities. Based on the impact of the scholars highlighted in this article, we offer recommendations for the next steps in advancing the field toward a position of eradicating anti-Black racism and toward uplifting and centering the voices of Black learners. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Gestación por sustitución ¿y Derecho penal? / [Surrogacy and criminal law?]

La gestación por sustitución es una vía para poder tener descendencia que, en nuestro país no es aceptada y ello nos ha llevado a un alto turismo reproductivo cuyas consecuencias derivan en una inseguridad jurídica inaceptable en un Estado Social y Democrático como el nuestro; inseguridad que alcanza incluso al ordenamiento penal. Por ello, se hace necesario una aproximación a este fenómeno, sus consecuencias y posibles soluciones. (AU)

Surrogacy is a way to have offspring that is not accepted in our country and this has led to a high level of reproductive tourism whose consequences lead to unacceptable legal uncertainty in a Social and Democratic State like ours; insecurity that even reaches the penal system. Therefore, an approach to this phenomenon, its consequences and possible solutions is necessary. (AU)