Three-Dimensional Anthropometric Evaluation of Facial Morphology.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to evaluate sexual dimorphism for facial features within Colombian and Mexican-American populations and to compare the facial morphology by sex between these 2 populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three-dimensional facial images were acquired by using the portable 3dMDface system, which captured 223 subjects from 2 population groups of Colombians (n = 131) and Mexican-Americans (n = 92). Each population was categorized into male and female groups for evaluation. All subjects in the groups were aged between 18 and 30 years and had no apparent facial anomalies. A total of 21 anthropometric landmarks were identified on the 3-dimensional faces of each subject. The independent t test was used to analyze each data set obtained within each subgroup. RESULTS: The Colombian males showed significantly greater width of the outercanthal width, eye fissure length, and orbitale than the Colombian females. The Colombian females had significantly smaller lip and mouth measurements for all distances except upper vermillion height than Colombian males. The Mexican-American females had significantly smaller measurements with regard to the nose than Mexican-American males. Meanwhile, the heights of the face, the upper face, the lower face, and the mandible were all significantly less in the Mexican-American females. The intercanthal and outercanthal widths were significantly greater in the Mexican-American males and females. Meanwhile, the orbitale distance of Mexican-American sexes was significantly smaller than those of the Colombian males and females. The Mexican-American group had significantly larger nose width and length of alare than the Colombian group regarding both sexes. With respect to the nasal tip protrusion and nose height, they were significantly smaller in the Colombian females than in the Mexican-American females. The face width was significantly greater in the Colombian males and females. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual dimorphism for facial features was presented in both the Colombian and Mexican-American populations. In addition, there were significant differences in facial morphology between these 2 populations.

Comparison of arch forms between Turkish and North American.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to clarify the morphological differences in the mandibular arches of Turkish and North American white subjects. METHODS: The sample included 132 Turkish (34 Class I, 58 Class II, and 40 Class III) and 160 North American (60 Class I, 50 Class II, and 50 Class III) subjects. The most facial portion of 13 proximal contact areas was digitized from photocopied images of patients' mandibular dental arches. Clinical bracket points were calculated for each tooth based on mandibular tooth thickness data. Four linear and two proportional measurements were taken. The subjects were grouped according to arch form types (tapered, ovoid and square) in order to have frequency distribution compared between ethnic groups in each Angle classification. RESULTS: The Turkish group showed significantly lower molar depth and more significant molar width-depth (W/D) ratio in all three Angle classifications. On the other hand, the Turkish group also showed a significantly larger intercanine width in Class III malocclusion and intermolar width in Class II malocclusion. The most frequent arch forms seen were the ovoid arch form in the Turkish group and the tapered form in the white group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that when treating Turkish patients, one should expect to use preformed ovoid arch form orthodontic wires in a significant percentage of patients.

Comparison of arch forms between Turkish and North American

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the morphological differences in the mandibular arches of Turkish and North American white subjects. Methods: The sample included 132 Turkish (34 Class I, 58 Class II, and 40 Class III) and 160 North American (60 Class I, 50 Class II, and 50 Class III) subjects. The most facial portion of 13 proximal contact areas was digitized from photocopied images of patients' mandibular dental arches. Clinical bracket points were calculated for each tooth based on mandibular tooth thickness data. Four linear and two proportional measurements were taken. The subjects were grouped according to arch form types (tapered, ovoid and square) in order to have frequency distribution compared between ethnic groups in each Angle classification. Results: The Turkish group showed significantly lower molar depth and more significant molar width-depth (W/D) ratio in all three Angle classifications. On the other hand, the Turkish group also showed a significantly larger intercanine width in Class III malocclusion and intermolar width in Class II malocclusion. The most frequent arch forms seen were the ovoid arch form in the Turkish group and the tapered form in the white group. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that when treating Turkish patients, one should expect to use preformed ovoid arch form orthodontic wires in a significant percentage of patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as diferenças morfológicas entre as arcadas dentárias inferiores de indivíduos turcos e indivíduos norte-americanos leucodermas. Métodos: a amostra incluiu 132 indivíduos turcos (34 Classe I, 58 Classe II e 40 Classe III) e 160 norte-americanos (60 Classe I, 50 Classe II e 50 Classe III). A porção mais vestibular de 13 áreas de contato proximal foi digitalizada a partir de imagens impressas das arcadas dentárias inferiores dos pacientes. Os pontos de colagem dos braquetes foram calculados, para cada dente, com base em dados referentes à espessura dos dentes inferiores. Quatro medidas lineares e duas proporcionais foram obtidas. Os indivíduos foram classificados de acordo com o formato da arcada (triangular, oval e quadrada), permitindo que a frequência de cada formato fosse comparada entre os grupos étnicos, e dentro de cada classificação de Angle. Resultados: o grupo composto por indivíduos turcos apresentou profundidade da arcada na região dos molares significativamente menor, além de uma proporção largura/profundidade da arcada na região dos molares maior em todas as classificações de Angle. Em contrapartida, esse mesmo grupo mostrou maiores distâncias intercaninos nos pacientes Classe III e intermolares nos pacientes Classe II. A arcada oval foi a mais frequente no grupo composto por indivíduos turcos, enquanto a arcada triangular foi a mais frequente no grupo composto por indivíduos norte-americanos leucodermas. Conclusões: os resultados obtidos mostram que, ao tratar pacientes turcos, o profissional deve prever o uso de arcos ortodônticos pré-conformados ovais em um percentual significativo dos pacientes.

Malocclusion prevalence and orthodontic treatment need in central Anatolian adolescents compared to European and other nations' adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in a large sample of Central Anatolian adolescents and compare them with European-other nations' adolescents. METHODS: The sample included 1125 boys and 1204 girls aged between 12 and 16 years with no previous orthodontic treatment history. Occlusal variables examined were molar relationship, overjet, overbite, crowding, midline diastema, posterior crossbite, and scissors bite. The dental health (DHC) and aesthetic components (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) were used as an assessment measure of the need for orthodontic treatment for the total sample. RESULTS: The results indicated a high prevalence of Class I (34.9%) and Class II, Division 1 malocclusions (40.0%). Moreover, increased (18%) and reduced bites (14.%), and increased (25.1%) and reversed overjet (10.%) were present in the sample. CONCLUSION: Using the DHC of the IOTN, the proportion of subjects estimated to have great and very great treatment need (grades 4 and 5) was 28.%. However, only 16.7% of individuals were in need (grades 8-10) of orthodontic treatment according to the AC.

Malocclusion prevalence and orthodontic treatment need in central Anatolian adolescents compared to European and other nations' adolescents

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in a large sample of Central Anatolian adolescents and compare them with European-other nations' adolescents. Methods: The sample included 1125 boys and 1204 girls aged between 12 and 16 years with no previous orthodontic treatment history. Occlusal variables examined were molar relationship, overjet, overbite, crowding, midline diastema, posterior crossbite, and scissors bite. The dental health (DHC) and aesthetic components (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) were used as an assessment measure of the need for orthodontic treatment for the total sample. Results: The results indicated a high prevalence of Class I (34.9%) and Class II, Division 1 malocclusions (40.0%). Moreover, increased (18%) and reduced bites (14.%), and increased (25.1%) and reversed overjet (10.%) were present in the sample. Conclusion: Using the DHC of the IOTN, the proportion of subjects estimated to have great and very great treatment need (grades 4 and 5) was 28.%. However, only 16.7% of individuals were in need (grades 8-10) of orthodontic treatment according to the AC.

Resumo Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de má oclusão e a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico em uma amostra extensa de adolescentes da Anatólia Central, e compará-los a adolescentes europeus de outras nacionalidades. Métodos: a amostra consistiu de 1125 meninos e 1204 meninas, com idades entre 12 e 16 anos, sem histórico de tratamento ortodôntico prévio. As variáveis oclusais avaliadas foram a relação entre molares, overjet,overbite, apinhamento, diastema na linha média, mordida cruzada posterior e mordida em tesoura. O Componente de Saúde Dental (DHC) e o Componente Estético (AC) do Índice de Necessidade de Tratamento Ortodôntico (IOTN) foram utilizados para avaliar a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico de toda a amostra. Resultados: os resultados sugerem uma alta prevalência de má oclusão de Classe I (34,9%) e Classe II, subdivisão 1 (40,0%). Além disso, overbiteaumentado (18,3%) e reduzido (14,4%), e overjet aumentado (25,1%) e reduzido (10,4%) também foram observados na amostra. Conclusão: com base no uso do DHC do IOTN, observou-se que a proporção dos indivíduos avaliados com necessidade grande e muito grande de tratamento (notas 4 e 5) foi de 28,7%. Porém, de acordo com o AC, apenas 16,7% dos indivíduos apresentaram necessidade (notas 8-10) de tratamento ortodôntico.