Inflammatory setting, therapeutic strategies targeting some pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathways in mitigating ischemia/reperfusion-induced hepatic injury: a comprehensive review.

Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a key determining agent in the pathophysiology of clinical organ dysfunction. It is characterized by an aseptic local inflammatory reaction due to a decrease in blood supply, hence deprivation of dependent oxygen and nutrients. In instances of liver transplantation, this injury may have irreversible implications, resulting in eventual organ rejection. The deterioration associated with IRI is affected by the hepatic health status and various factors such as alterations in metabolism, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The primary cause of inflammation is the initial immune response of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while Kupffer cells (KFCs) and neutrophil-produced chemokines also play a significant role. Upon reperfusion, the activation of inflammatory responses can elicit further cellular damage and organ dysfunction. This review discusses the interplay between chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators that contribute to the damage to hepatocytes and liver failure in rats following IR. Furthermore, it delves into the impact of anti-inflammatory therapies in safeguarding against liver failure and hepatocellular damage in rats following IR. This review investigates the correlation between cytokine factors and liver dysfunction via examining databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB), and Research Gate.

Guanidine dicycloamine-based analogs: green chemistry synthesis, biological investigation, and molecular docking studies as promising antibacterial and antiglycation leads.

Dicyandiamide (DCD) reacted with amino acids 1a-f to produce biguanides 2 and 4 and guanidine pyrazolones 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8, according to the reaction. DCD exhibited the following reactions: imidodicarbonimidicdiamide 9, diazocan-2-ylguanidine 10, methyl biguanidylthion 11, N-carbamothioylimidodicarbonimidicdiamide 12, 2-guanidinebenzoimidazole 13a, 2-guanidinylbenzoxazole 13b, and 2-guanidinylbenzothiazol 13c. These reactions were triggered by 6-amino caproic acid, thioacetamide, thiourea, o-aminophenol, o-aminothiophenol, and anthranilic acid, respectively. Compound 2 had the least antimicrobial activity, while compound 13c demonstrated the most antibacterial impact against all bacterial strains. Furthermore, in terms of antiglycation efficacy (AGEs), 12, 11, and 7 were the most effective AGE cross-linking inhibitors. Eight and ten, which showed a considerable inhibition on cross-linking AGEs, come next. Compounds 4 and 6 on the other hand have shown the least suppression of AGE production. The most promising antiglycation scaffolds 8, 11, and 12 in the Human serum albumin (HAS) active site were shown to be able to adopt crucial binding interactions with important amino acids based on the results of in silico molecular docking. The most promising antiglycation compounds 8, 11, and 12 were also shown to have better hydrophilicity, acceptable lipophilicity, gastrointestinal tract absorption (GIT), and blood-brain barrier penetration qualities when their physicochemical properties were examined using the egg-boiled method.

Microwave-assisted synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and biological evaluation of fused thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines as potential anti-cancer agents targeting EGFRWT and EGFRT790M.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane protein tyrosine kinase that is usually overexpressed in many types of cancers. In the present study, an effort was done in synthesis of new 3,4-diaminothieno[2,3-b] thiophene-2,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives 2-8, assisted by a microwave device. Different spectroscopic instruments were used for their analysis and confirmed their chemical structures. The antimicrobial properties of the produced compounds were investigated and found to be promising. Next, they were tested for cytotoxicity against MCF-7, HepG-2, HCT-116, and A549 cell lines. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation against well-known standards, namely, gefitinib and erlotinib was achieved using MTT method. The obtained compounds (2-8) were found to be more effective against the two tested cancer cell lines than erlotinib. In MCF-7 and A549 cells, compound 3 was found to be 4.42 and 4.12 times more active than erlotinib, respectively. The activity of radical scavenging was inhibited by 78%. The most cytotoxic compounds were subsequently studied for their kinase inhibitory effect against EGFRWT and EGFRT790M using the HTRF assay. Compound 3 was shown to be the most powerful against both kinds of EGFR, with IC50 values of 0.28 and 5.02. Furthermore, compound 2 demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity as it has a radical scavenging activity of 78%. Compounds 2,6,7 and 8 revealed to be the most safe compounds, none hepatotoxic, none carcinogenic, none immunotoxic, none mutagenic and none cytotoxic.

Thieno[2,3-b]thiophene Derivatives as Potential EGFRWT and EGFRT790M Inhibitors with Antioxidant Activities: Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Quantitative In Vitro and In Silico Studies.

Microwave-assisted synthesis and spectral analysis of certain novel derivatives of 3,4-diaminothieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarbonitrile 1-7 were carried out. Compounds 1-7 were examined for cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and A549 cell lines using the quantitative MTT method, and gefitinib and erlotinib were used as reference standards. Compounds 1-7 were shown to be more active than erlotinib against the two cell lines tested. Compound 2 outperformed regular erlotinib by 4.42- and 4.12-fold in MCF-7 and A549 cells, respectively. The most cytotoxic compounds were subsequently studied for their suppression of kinase activity using the homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay versus epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRWT) and EGFR790M. With IC50 values of 0.28 ± 0.03 and 5.02 ± 0.19, compound 2 was demonstrated to be the most effective against both forms of EGFR. Furthermore, compound 2 also had the best antioxidant property, decreasing the radical scavenging activity by 78%. Molecular docking research, on the other hand, was carried out for the analyzed candidates (1-7) to study their mechanism of action as EGFR inhibitors. In silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity tests were also performed to explain the physicochemical features of the examined derivatives.

Tailoring of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Atenolol Bilayer Tablets for the Management of Hyperlipidemia Associated with Hypertension: A Preclinical Study.

Hyperlipidemia is still the leading cause of heart disease in patients with hypertension. The purpose of this study is to make rosuvastatin calcium (ROS) and atenolol (AT) bilayer tablets to treat coexisting dyslipidemia and hypertension with a single product. ROS was chosen for the immediate-release layer of the constructed tablets, whereas AT was chosen for the sustained-release layer. The solid dispersion of ROS with sorbitol (1:3 w/w) was utilized in the immediate-release layer while hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), ethylcellulose (EC), and sodium bicarbonate were incorporated into the floating sustained-release layer. The concentrations of HPMC and EC were optimized by employing 32 full factorial designs to sustain AT release. The bilayer tablets were prepared by the direct compression method. The immediate-release layer revealed that 92.34 ± 2.27% of ROS was released within 60 min at a pH of 1.2. The second sustained-release layer of the bilayer tablets exhibited delayed release of AT (96.65 ± 3.36% within 12 h) under the same conditions. The release of ROS and AT from the prepared tablets was found to obey the non-Fickian diffusion and mixed models (zero-order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas), respectively. Preclinical studies using rabbit models investigated the impact of ROS/AT tablets on lipid profiles and blood pressure. A high-fat diet was used to induce obesity in rabbits. Bilayer ROS/AT tablets had a remarkable effect on decreasing the lipid profiles, slowing weight gain, and lowering blood pressure to normal levels when compared to the control group.

Screening a Panel of Topical Ophthalmic Medications against MMP-2 and MMP-9 to Investigate Their Potential in Keratoconus Management.

Keratoconus (KC) is a serious disease that can affect people of any race or nationality, although the exact etiology and pathogenic mechanism are still unknown. In this study, thirty-two FDA-approved ophthalmic drugs were exposed to virtual screening using docking studies against both the MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins to find the most promising inhibitors as a proposed computational mechanism to treat keratoconus. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent proteases, and MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) are usually designed to interact with zinc ion in the catalytic (CAT) domain, thus interfering with enzymatic activity. In our research work, the FDA-approved ophthalmic medications will be investigated as MMPIs, to explore if they can be repurposed for KC treatment. The obtained findings of the docking study suggest that atenolol and ampicillin are able to accommodate into the active sites of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Additionally, both exhibited binding modes similar to inhibitors used as references, with an ability to bind to the zinc of the CAT. Molecular dynamic simulations and the MM-GBSA binding free-energy calculations revealed their stable binding over the course of 50 ns. An additional pharmacophoric study was carried out on MMP-9 (PDB ID: 1GKC) using the co-crystallized ligand as a reference for the future design and screening of the MMP-9 inhibitors. These promising results open the door to further biological research to confirm such theoretical results.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, Biological Activity Evaluation, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Studies of Some Novel Pyrrolo [2,3-b] Pyrrole Derivatives.

Novel pyrrolo [2,3-b] pyrrole derivatives were synthesized and their hypolipidemic activity was assessed in hyperlipidemic rats. The chemical structures of the new derivatives were confirmed through spectral analysis. Compounds 5 and 6 were revealed to be the most effective hypolipidemic agents, with considerable hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic effects. They appear to be promising candidates for creating new powerful derivatives with anti-atherosclerotic and hypolipidemic properties. As for antimicrobial activity, some of the tested compounds showed moderate activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: compound 2 revealed an MIC value of 50 µg/mL, compared to 25 µg/mL for ciprofloxacin. Compound 3 showed good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, comparable to ciprofloxacin, and roughly half the activity of ampicillin, according to MIC values. Compound 2 has an MIC approximately 25% of that of clotrimazole against Candida albicans. Compound 2 also showed the highest antioxidant activity with 59% inhibition of radical scavenging activity. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity of these new derivatives 1-7 was investigated and most of them showed good anticancer activity against the three tested cell lines.

Tolmetin Sodium Fast Dissolving Tablets for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment: Preparation and Optimization Using Box-Behnken Design and Response Surface Methodology.

Tolmetin sodium (TLM) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs). TLM is used to treat inflammation, skeletal muscle injuries, and discomfort associated with bone disorders. Because of the delayed absorption from the gastro intestinal tract (GIT), the currently available TLM dosage forms have a rather protracted start to the effect, according to pharmacokinetic studies. The aim of this study was to create a combination for TLM fast dissolving tablets (TLM-FDT) that would boost the drug's bioavailability by increasing pre-gastric absorption. The TLM-FDTs were developed using a Box-Behnken experimental design with varied doses of crospovidone (CP), croscarmellose sodium (CCS) as super-disintegrants, and camphor as a sublimating agent. In addition, the current study used response surface approach to explore the influence of various formulation and process factors on tablet qualities in order to verify an optimized TLM-FDTs formulation. The optimized TLM-FDTs formula was subsequently evaluated for its in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. TLM-FDTs have good friability, disintegration time, drug release, and wetting time, as well as fast disintegration and dissolution behavior. Significant increase in drug bioavailability and reliable anti-inflammatory efficacy were also observed, as evidenced by considerable reductions in paw thickness in rats following carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. For optimizing and analyzing the effect of super-disintegrants and sublimating agents in the TLM-FDTs formula, the three-factor, three-level full factorial design is a suitable tool. TLM-FDTs are a possible drug delivery system for enhancing TLM bioavailability and could be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

Eco-friendly and regiospecific intramolecular cyclization reactions of cyano and carbonyl groups in N,N-disubstituted cyanamide.

Eco-friendly, low-cost and high-yielding synthetic route toward imidazoles and oxazoles has been developed. 1-(4,6-Dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-2-(alkylamino)-1,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-one 3a-c have been synthesized via regiospecific reaction of ethyl 2-(N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)cyanamide)acetate 1 with primary aliphatic amines in water as green solvent. While, the reaction between 4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)cyanamide 2 and primary aliphatic amines using water and/or iso-propanol as green solvents afforded 3-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazole-2(3H)-imine 6 and 1-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-N-alkyl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-amine 7a-d, respectively.

Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate for Treatment of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of Newborn: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effectiveness of nebulized magnesium sulfate in treating persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn (PPHN). METHODS: Twenty-eight mechanically ventilated term neonates with severe PPHN were randomized into two groups: NebMag group (n = 14), who receiving nebulized isotonic magnesium (1024 mg/h), and IVMag group (n = 14), who received intravenous magnesium (200 mg/kg over 30 min, followed by 50 mg/kg/h). The study time frame was 24 h. Outcome measures were the changes in oxygenation index (OI), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), vasoactive inotropic score (VIS), and serum magnesium level. RESULTS: Baseline demographic, ventilatory, and hemodynamic characteristics were comparable between the two groups. At the end of the study, the OI decreased by 44.3% in the NebMag group compared with 35.3% in the IVMag group (mean difference -3.14; 95%CI -5.08, -1.19; p 0.003). The NebMag group had a higher MABP (mean difference 2.29 mmHg; 95% CI 1.80, 2.77; p 0.000) and lower VIS (mean difference -14.64; 95% CI -16.52, -12.77; p 0.000) at the 24-h study time point. The increase in serum magnesium level, measured at 12-h study time point, was lower in the NebMag group (mean difference -2.26 mmol/L; 95% CI -2.58, -1.96; p 0.000). CONCLUSION: Nebulized magnesium sulfate may be an effective therapeutic modality for neonates with severe PPHN on mechanical ventilation, but this should be confirmed by larger studies. Retrospectively registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT04328636).

New nicotinic acid-based 3,5-diphenylpyrazoles: design, synthesis and antihyperlipidemic activity with potential NPC1L1 inhibitory activity.

Nicotinic acid hydrazide was incorporated into new 4,5-dihydro-5-hydroxy-3,5-diphenylpyrazol-1-yl derivatives. Compounds 6a-h were synthesized, and their antihyperlipidemic activity was evaluated in high cholesterol diet-fed rat model. Compounds 6e, 6f were found to decrease the levels of serum total cholesterol by 14-19% compared to control group. Total triglycerides were also reduced by 24-28% and LDL cholesterol by 16%. As expected from parent niacin, compounds 6e and 6f caused an elevation of HDL cholesterol by 33-41%. Docking study supported the ability of designed compounds to block NPC1L1 active site in a manner similar to that observed with ezetimibe.

DNA interaction, antimicrobial, anticancer activities and molecular docking study of some new VO(II), Cr(III), Mn(II) and Ni(II) mononuclear chelates encompassing quaridentate imine ligand.

The present study was conducted to synthesis of some new imine Cr(III), VO(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II) complexes derived from the condensation of 2-amino phenol with 2-hydroxynapthaldehyde were synthesized. The prepared HNPN imine ligand was analyzed by its melting point, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The investigated HNPN imine complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT IR, UV-vis and thermal analysis (TGA) under nitrogen atmosphere from ambient temperature to 750°C. The experimental results revealed that the investigated complexes contain hydrated water molecules. The molar conductance values of complexes are relatively low, indicating the non-electrolytic nature of these complexes. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that the investigated complexes are paramagnetic. Moreover, the stability constants of the preparing complexes were determined spectrophotometrically. All the complexes were found to be monomeric 1:1 (M:L) stoichiometry in nature with octahedral geometry for Cr(III), tetrahedral for Mn(II), square planner for Ni(II) and square pyramidal for VO(II). Moreover, the prepared HNPN imine ligand and its complexes were evaluated for antimicrobial effect against some types of bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis (+ve), Escherichia coli(-ve) and Staphylococcus aureus (+ve) and some types of fungi such as Aspergillusniger, Candida glabrata and Trichophyton rubrum. The results of these studies indicate that the metal complexes exhibit a stronger antibacterial and antifungal efficiency compared to their corresponding imine ligand. Moreover, the interaction of the investigated complexes with CT-DNA was checked using spectral studies, viscosity measurements and gel electrophoreses. The absorption titration studies revealed that each of these complexes is an avid binder to calf thymus-DNA. Also, there was appreciable changes in the relative viscosity of DNA, which is consistent with enhanced hydrophobic interaction of the aromatic rings and intercalation mode of binding. In addition to, the cytotoxic activity of the prepared imine complexes on human colon carcinoma cells, (HCT-116 cell line), hepatic cellular carcinoma cells, (HepG-2 cell line) and breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7 cell line) has cytotoxicity effect against growth of carcinoma cells compared to the clinically used Vinblastine standard. Furthermore, the molecular docking into TRK (PDB: 1t46) was done for the optimization of the investigated compounds as potential TRK inhibitors.