The Morphometric Analysis of the Ethmoid Roof for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery With Multidetector Computed Tomography.

Most potential major complications in endoscopic sinus surgery are related to the ethmoid bone. To prevent complications, it is necessary to define the concept of a "dangerous ethmoid." The coronal multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scans of a total of 271 patients, including 101 patients under 18 years old and 170 patients over 18 years old, were examined. For each patient, the depth of the olfactory fossa (DOF), the width of the olfactory fossa (WOF), the angle between the lateral lamella and the cribriform plate (LLCPA), the length of the lateral lamella (LLL), the distance between the nasal floor and the ethmoid roof (NFERL), and the width of the olfactory cleft (WOC) were recorded. The Keros and Gera types were determined. NFERL was found to be significantly higher in males across all age groups. WOC was significantly higher in males only under 18 years old. Only LLCPA was found to be significantly higher on the right side in both sexes. It was determined that NFERL increased with age, while WOC increased with age until 18. Keros type III and Gera type C, which are called dangerous types, were detected in 28 and 24 cases in total, respectively. The data obtained from significant anatomical landmarks in pediatric and adult cases provide useful information about the region in preoperative planning. The analysis results of the prevalence of Keros and Gera classifications allow the identification of high-risk anatomical conditions within the ethmoid.

Morphometric Analysis of Corpus Callosum in Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Study.

INTRODUCTION: The Corpus Callosum (CC) is the largest commissural tract in the nervous system. Few studies have examined the extent of CC in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, and these studies have reported conflicting findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed using 176 brain MRI images of 88 Alzheimer's patients (55 women-32 men) and 88 healthy individuals (44 women-44 men). RESULTS: In our study, 7 different parameters of the CC were measured, and their average values were determined. We measured each parameter separately in AD patients and healthy individuals and compared them with each other. CONCLUSION: CC has an important place not only in Patients with AD but also in other neurodegenerative diseases. We consider that our study will be useful in the evaluation of Patients with AD.

The effects of omega-3 fatty acids on antioxidant enzyme activities and nitric oxide levels in the cerebral cortex of rats treated ethanol.

The toxic effect of ethanol on the cerebral cortex and protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids against this neurotoxicity were investigated. Twenty eight male Wistar-albino rats were divided into 4 groups. Rats of the ethanol and ethanol withdrawal groups were treated with ethanol (6 g/kg/day) for 15 days. Animals of the ethanol+omega-3 group received omega-3 fatty acids (400 mg/kg daily) and ethanol. In rats of the ethanol group SOD activity was lower than in animals of the control group. In rats treated with omega-3 fatty acids along with ethanol SOD, activity increased. GSH-Px activity and MDA levels in animals of all groups were similar. In ethanol treated rats NO levels significantly decreased as compared to the animals of the control group (6.45±0.24 nmol/g vs 11.05±0.53 nmol/g, p.

The effect of zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation on element levels in the bone tissue of ovariectomized rats: histopathologic changes.

OBJECTIVE: Study aimed to determine the effects of zinc supplementation/deficiency on the histological structure and elements levels in bone tissue in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: The study included 40 Sprague-Dawley type adult female rats, divided as follows: Control, ovariectomized, ovariectomized + zinc supplemented, ovariectomized + zinc deficient groups. At the end of the study bone tissues (femur) were collected to determine the levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron, aluminium, chrome, lithium, lead, nickel, and manganese. The bone tissue was examined for histopathology. RESULTS: Ovariectomy leaded to significant decrease in magnesium. Zinc supplementation to ovariectomized rats restored the reduced calcium, phosphorus, zinc. However, zinc deficiency in ovariectomized rats further reduced calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and manganese levels. Zinc deficiency in ovariectomized significantly increased Al, Cr, Li, Pb, and Ni levels. Tissue integrity was impaired due to ovariectomy and zinc deficiency. CONCLUSION: Ovariectomy and zinc deficiency leads significant decreases elements of the bone.

The morphometrical analysis of the external carotid artery and its branches with multidetector computerized tomography angiography technique / Análisis morfométrico de la arteria carótida externa y sus ramas mediante la técnica de angiografía por tomografía computarizada multidetector

The external carotid artery (ECA) is the main artery of the head and the neck region. Carotid bifurcation (CB), which is one of the place where the atherosclerotic plaques are most commonly seen. The surgical procedure of these plaques which causes cerebral vascular accident (CVA) is carotid endarterectomy. In this surgical procedure, the knowledge of the anatomical courses and variations of the carotid artery increased the surgery performance. In our study, we aimed to introduce the course, the location and the variation of the ECA's and their branches. This study is carried out on multidetector computerized tomography angiography of the ECA's of 50 men and 50 women, totally 200 ECA's (100 right, 100 left). The measurement of the inner diameter of the common carotid artery (CCA) and the ECA was evaluated. The location of the CB was determined and its vertical distance to the gonion measured. We found that the superior thyroid artery (STA) originated from the CCA, the CB and the ECA. The vertical distances between the CB and the STA, lingual (LA), facial (FA) occipital (OA) were measured. The ECA and its branches were recorded. We believe that the assessment of the ECA morphometrically may comprise control groups of diseases related to the vessel diameter and this data may be used as reference in clinic and surgery. Knowing the anatomical details and variations is vital to prevent unpredictable complications in surgery.

La arteria carótida externa (ACE) es la principal arteria de la cabeza y de la región del cuello. La bifurcación carotídea (BC) es uno de los lugares donde las placas ateroscleróticas son más frecuentes. El procedimiento quirúrgico para tratar estas placas que causan el accidente vascular cerebral (AVC) es la endarterectomía carotídea. En este procedimiento quirúrgico, el conocimiento de los cursos anatómicos y variaciones de la arteria carótida aumenta el rendimiento de la cirugía. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue presentar el trayecto, localización y variación de la ACE y sus ramas. El estudio se realizó mediante angiografía multidetector por tomografía computarizada de la ACE de 50 hombres y 50 mujeres, totalizando 200 ACE (100 derechas y 100 izquierdas). Se evaluaron el diámetro interior de la arteria carótida común (ACC) y la ACE. Se determinó la ubicación de la BC y se midió la distancia vertical hasta el gonion. Se observó que la arteria tiroidea superior (ATS) se originó desde la ACC, la BC y la ACA. Las distancias verticales entre la BC, y las arterias tiroídea superior, lingual (AL), facial (AF) y occipital (AO) fueron medidas. La ACE y sus ramas se registraron. Creemos que la evaluación morfométrica de la ACE puede comprender grupos de control de las enfermedades relacionadas con el diámetro de los vasos, y estos datos pueden ser utilizados como referencia clínica y quirúrgica. El conocimiento de los detalles anatómicos y variaciones es de vital importancia para evitar complicaciones imprevisibles en la cirugía.