Fuligo septica Spores Onboard a Stratospheric NASA Balloon and Its Complete In Vitro Life Cycle.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate for the first time Fuligo septica spore viability in the stratosphere through spore germination and its complete life cycle. These protozoan spores were flown by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF) flight 667NT, launched from its base in Fort Sumner, New Mexico. F. septica spores were exposed to stratospheric conditions on board the NASA/CSBF 667 balloon flight for 9 h. The spores obtained after the flight and those from the control box that stayed at ground maintained the same size and morphology, as will be shown in this work. The spores retained viability, and all life cycle stages were obtained by in vitro culture. Moreover, some life cycle events were observed for the first time in F. septica.

MRI of the axillary arch muscle: prevalence, anatomic relations, and potential consequences.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to use MRI of the shoulder to analyze the axillary arch muscle and its anatomic relations to lymph nodes and the brachial plexus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study at a single clinic, five observers blinded to the patient's condition assessed images from 1,109 consecutive initial shoulder MRI examinations for the presence and anatomic relations of the axillary arch. MRI interpretation reports were reviewed for documentation of previous injuries and upper extremity radicular pain or numbness for possible correlations between presence of the arch and symptoms of nerve entrapment. Results were reported as prevalence percentage or mean ± SD with 95% CI. Groups were compared by use of Student's t test or chi-square test as indicated (p < 0.05). RESULTS: An arch muscle was found in 71 of 1,109 (6%) examinations, and variability was found in arch insertion and visualization. A statistically significant 65 of 71 (92%) arches had a course superficial to the lymph nodes. The insertion of 50 of 71 (70%) arches was within 5 mm of the brachial neurovascular bundle. Excluding documented injuries, significantly more patients with an arch had upper extremity neurologic abnormalities than did patients without an arch (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The axillary arch muscle is situated in such a way that it can conceal lymph nodes and impinge on the brachial plexus, causing symptoms of upper extremity nerve entrapment. Radiologists' familiarity with the arch can improve their recognition of this muscular variant so that they can communicate appropriate clinical correlations to referring physicians.