Spontaneous regression and quiescence of choroidal neovascularization secondary to traumatic choroidal rupture depicted on OCT angiography.

INTRODUCTION: Choroidal rupture is a tear/break within the Bruch's membrane, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid following blunt trauma. Choroidal neovascularization is a well-known complication of traumatic choroidal rupture that is typically treated with intravitreal injections of Bevacizumab. This case describes an early detection of choroidal neovascular complex secondary to traumatic choroidal rupture and its spontaneous regression and quiescence without treatment followed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography. CASE DESCRIPTION: A healthy 19 year old female presented with decreased vision in her left eye following a blunt non-penetrating closed globe injury two weeks prior. A complete ophthalmic examination with ancillary testing was consistent with sub-foveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to traumatic choroidal rupture. Five weeks later, there was spontaneous regression of the choroidal neovascular complex as depicted on OCT angiography and complete resolution of subretinal fluid/exudation on structural OCT. A conservative approach without intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections was chosen for management. CONCLUSION: To the authors' knowledge this is a first case describing a unique evolution with spontaneous regression and quiescence of choroidal neovascularization secondary to traumatic choroidal rupture without treatment followed using OCT angiography. Expectant management may be a viable treatment option for this condition.

Foveal vasculature changes and nonperfusion in patients with diabetes types I and II with no evidence of diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To analyze the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in patients with diabetes and no retinopathy vs. controls using OCT angiography (OCT-A). METHODS: Prospective, observational clinical study. Type I and II diabetics with no retinopathy and healthy control patients underwent OCT-A. The FAZ size and capillary density were calculated using Image J and Adobe Photoshop CS8. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison test and the Pearson correlation test. RESULTS: Fifty-two eyes of 28 diabetic patients and 28 eyes of 16 healthy controls were enrolled. Type I diabetes patients had a longer disease duration than type II (30.3 ± 10.3 vs. 12.3 ± 9.7 years). The mean superficial capillary plexus (SCP) of the FAZ area was 0.27 ± 0.1, 0.36 ± 0.14, and 0.27 ± 0.12 mm2, for the type I, type II, and controls (p = 0.0058) and was significantly larger in type II diabetics (p < 0.05). The mean DCP (deep capillary plexus) FAZ was significantly larger in type II diabetics vs. controls (0.67 ± 0.2 and 0.52 ± 0.16 mm2 respectively) (p < 0.05). Both type I and type II SCP capillary density were significantly lower than the controls (p < 0.05, p < 0.005), and DCP capillary density was significantly lower in type II vs. controls (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Type I patients showed fewer changes in the FAZ than the type II group, although their duration of diabetes was longer. Larger studies are needed to better analyze the differences between type I and type II diabetics.

Early Detection of Radiation Retinopathy in Pediatric Patients Undergoing External Beam Radiation Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Detection of early vascular changes observed on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in children who have received external beam radiation and are at risk of developing radiation retinopathy (RR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eleven pediatric patients (20 eyes) with history of irradiation and nine healthy subjects (14 eyes) were retrospectively studied after dilated fundus exam and imaging. RESULTS: Four eyes of three patients had clinical RR. Eyes with radiation exposure but no RR had worse vision (no RR: logMAR 0.09 ± 0.14, Snellen 20/25) than controls (logMAR 0.01 ± 0.03, Snellen 20/21; P = .04) and increased superficial foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area (radiation: 0.31 ± 0.15 vs. control: 0.18 ± 0.10; P = .005). Eyes with RR had worse vision (RR: logMAR 0.34 ± 0.31, Snellen 20/44) than eyes with no RR (P = .001) and had increased deep FAZ (RR: 1.23 ± 0.40 vs. no RR: 0.68 ± 0.25; P = .01), but similar superficial FAZ (RR: 0.44 ± 0.28 vs. no RR: 0.31 ± 0.15; P = .42). CONCLUSIONS: Eyes with mildly decreased vision but no RR show superficial but not deep plexus changes. Eyes with RR have both superficial and deep plexus changes. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2019;50:145-152.].

Non-Mydriatic Ultra-Widefield Imaging Compared With Single-Field Imaging in the Evaluation of Peripheral Retinal Pathology.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To report clinical feasibility of non-mydriatic ultra-widefield (NMUWF) imaging and determine the prevalence of peripheral retinal pathology in comparison to standard single-field imaging in a primary care setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Six hundred and thirty-two subjects (1,260 eyes) who underwent NMUWF imaging during annual health screening from October 2015 through March 2016 were retrospectively identified. An automated algorithm processed the raw images into: (1) NMUWF image with mask/grid outline that delineates the center 45° field simulating standard single-field photograph and (2) single-field image comprising 45° posterior pole extracted from the corresponding NMUWF image. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 59.6 years ± 7.5 years. Of the 1,260 eyes, 1,238 eyes (98.3%) were considered optimum for grading. NMUWF images detected peripheral retinal pathology in 228 eyes (18.4%) that were not visible on corresponding single-field images. CONCLUSIONS: NMUWF imaging is feasible in a primary care setting, allows improved visualization of peripheral retinal pathology, and may therefore be useful for telemedicine screening. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2017;48:962-968.].

Idiopathic Retinal Vasculitis, Aneurysms, and Neuroretinitis Syndrome Presenting With Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion.

Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) is a rare syndrome affecting the retinal and optic disc vasculature. Diffuse retinal ischemia, macular edema, and neovascularization may lead to bilateral vision loss. The authors report a case of a 36-year-old woman presenting with branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) in her right eye who was subsequently diagnosed with IRVAN syndrome. She was treated with panretinal photocoagulation for peripheral retinal ischemia and pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage. She later developed a BRAO in her left eye. This case demonstrates that BRAO may be a presenting feature of IRVAN syndrome. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2017;48:948-951.].

Optical coherence tomography angiography artifacts in retinal pigment epithelial detachment.

OBJECTIVE: To describe optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) reflectance artifacts secondary to retinal pigment epithelial detachment (RPED). DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: Four eyes from 4 subjects were included. Three presented with RPED and 1 eye was a normal control. Two eyes diagnosed with RPED and the normal eye were evaluated using en face OCTA centred at the fovea acquired using the RTVue XR Avanti (Optovue Inc). In the third eye with RPED, OCTA imaging was performed using a CIRRUS 5000 prototype modified to do OCTA imaging on a spectral domain OCT platform provided by Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc. The segmented OCTA angiograms were overlaid to determine if the flow patterns seen at the edge of the RPEDs were due to reflectance from the inner retinal vessels, also known as "decorrelation tails." RESULTS: OCTA projection artifacts were noted when segmentation lines intersected with the boundary of the RPED. The overlaid segmented OCTA from the 3 RPED eyes imaged using each system revealed the same vasculature pattern at the edges of the RPED as that of the inner retina, demonstrating the "decorrelation tails" artifact, which caused the RPED to appear as a bright ring on the segmented OCTA. CONCLUSIONS: OCTA images are susceptible to various known artifacts. This series describes the impact of the projection artifact seen at the edges of an RPED that simulates appearance of flow but is actually due to reflectance of the inner retinal vasculature on the RPED.

The Effect of Change in Intraocular Pressure on Choroidal Structure in Glaucomatous Eyes.

Purpose: Choroidal thickness increases linearly with intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering. We studied the relationship between the change in size of the choroidal vasculature and IOP lowering after glaucoma procedures. Methods: Thirty eyes of twenty-nine patients were examined pre- and postoperatively for up to 6 months with standard clinical assessment, enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), and axial length measurement. Each enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain OCT image was analyzed using three separate methods to determine the choroidal thickness, choroidal vessel thickness, choroidal interstitial thickness, large choroidal vessel layer thickness, medium choroidal vessel layer thickness, and light-dark ratio. Bivariate linear regression analysis was completed with largest change in IOP as the independent variable. The dependent variables included choroidal thickness, choroidal vessel thickness, and choroidal interstitial thickness, at the largest change in IOP. Multivariable regression analysis using a generalized estimating equation to account for multiple measurements per eye was also completed. Results: Mean choroidal vessel thickness increases 1.5 µm for every 1 mm Hg decrease in IOP (P < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8, 2.1) and choroidal interstitial thickness increases 1.3 µm for every 1 mm Hg change in IOP (P < 0.0001; 95% CI, 0.8, 1.8). There was no significant association between change in IOP and change in large choroidal vessel layer temporally (P = 0.13), nasally (P = 0.20), or subfoveally (P = 0.18). There was also no association between IOP and the light-dark ratio (P = 0.16). Conclusions: The increase in choroidal thickness at lower IOP is associated with approximately equal increases in its intravascular and extravascular compartments.

Poncet's disease: two case reports.

BACKGROUND: One of the rare presentations of active pulmonary or even extrapulmonary tuberculosis is polyarthropathy which is the involvement of multiple large and small joints in the body; a reactive constellation known as Poncet's disease. This may sometimes be the sole manifestation of the disease before more obvious features develop. The pain experienced during polyarthritis can be crippling thereby limiting the mobility and activities of patients. Polyarthritis as a symptom of active tuberculosis can be easily misinterpreted for more common causes of polyarthritis such as rheumatological diseases that present similarly. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a 25-year-old Asian woman and a 45-year-old Asian man who presented with active tuberculosis where polyarthralgia was the first and only symptom for many months followed by pulmonary and pleural manifestations. Both patients showed dramatic improvement with anti-tuberculous therapy. The total duration of therapy was 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our observations, we propose that tuberculosis be included among the differentials for patients with unusual presentation of joint pains, especially in endemic regions and/or susceptible populations.

En Face Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography Measurement of Total Retinal Blood Flow in Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema.

IMPORTANCE: Alterations in ocular blood flow play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the measurement of retinal blood flow in clinical studies has been challenging. En face Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides an effective method for measuring total retinal blood flow (TRBF) in the clinic. OBJECTIVE: To investigate TRBF in eyes with DR of varying severity, with or without diabetic macular edema (DME), using en face Doppler OCT. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from May 23, 2014, to January 11, 2016, which analyzed 41 eyes with DR from 31 diabetic patients, 20 eyes without DR from 11 diabetic patients, and 16 eyes from 12 healthy age-matched controls, all at the New England Eye Center in Boston, Massachusetts. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Participants were imaged with a high-speed, swept-source OCT prototype at 1050-nm wavelength using repeated en face Doppler OCT raster scans, comprising 600 × 80 axial scans and covering a 1.5 × 2-mm2 area centered at the optic disc. The TRBF was automatically calculated using custom Matlab software. RESULTS: This study included 41 eyes with DR from 31 diabetic patients (mean [SD] age, 62.8 [13.4] years; 12 were female patients), 20 eyes without DR from 11 diabetic patients (mean [SD] age, 58.8 [10.1] years; 5 were female patients), and 16 eyes from 12 healthy age-matched controls (mean [SD] age, 57.9 [8.1] years; 8 were female participants). The mean (SD) TRBF was 28.0 (8.5) µL/min in the eyes with DME, 48.8 (13.4) µL/min in the eyes with DR but without DME, 40.1 (7.7) µL/min in the diabetic eyes without retinopathy, and 44.4 (8.3) µL/min in age-matched healthy eyes. A difference in TRBF between the eyes with DME that were treated and the eyes with DME that were not treated was not identified. The TRBF was consistently low in the eyes with DME regardless of DR severity. The eyes with moderate nonproliferative DR but without DME exhibited a wide range of TRBF from 31.1 to 75.0 µL/min, with the distribution being highly skewed. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: High-speed en face Doppler OCT can measure TRBF in healthy and diabetic eyes. Diabetic eyes with DME exhibited lower TRBF than healthy eyes (P ≤ .001). Further longitudinal studies of TRBF in eyes with DR would be helpful to determine whether reduced TRBF is a risk factor for DME.

Choroidal Vessel Diameters in Pseudoexfoliation and Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma Analyzed Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The purpose of the study was to analyze choroidal vessel diameters in pseudoexfoliation (PXF) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXFG) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients (100 eyes) with PXF and PXFG who underwent high-definition 1-line raster SD-OCT imaging at New England Eye Center, Boston, were retrospectively identified and divided into unilateral PXFG (26 patients, 52 eyes), unilateral PXF (4 patients, 8 eyes), bilateral PXFG (4 patients, 8 eyes), and bilateral PXF (16 patients, 32 eyes). Eyes with concomitant chorioretinal pathology, history of shunting/filtering for glaucoma, and significant anisometropia were excluded. SD-OCT scans were divided into subfoveal, central, and peripheral zones and choroidal vessel diameters were measured. RESULTS: In patients with unilateral PXFG, mean choroidal vessel diameter was 12.9 µm smaller in the affected eyes when compared with their contralateral eyes (45.7 vs. 58.6 µm; P<0.0001) with the greatest reduction (16.6 µm) in the subfoveal zone (49.0 vs. 65.6 µm; P<0.0001). In patients with unilateral PXF, the mean choroidal vascular diameter was 13.3 µm smaller in the affected eyes when compared with their contralateral eyes (42.8 vs. 56.1 µm; P=0.02). As expected, no significant difference was observed between the 2 eyes of patients with bilateral PXFG (45.5 vs. 45.7 µm; P=0.95) and bilateral PXF (51.4 vs. 50.2 µm; P=0.52). CONCLUSIONS: Choroidal vessel diameters are smaller in the affected eyes of patients with unilateral PXF and PXFG when compared with their contralateral unaffected eyes. These changes appear to be independent of the presence or absence of glaucoma. Future studies may identify the choroidal vascular changes and their relationship with the pathogenesis of these conditions.

ULTRAHIGH SPEED SWEPT SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY OF RETINAL AND CHORIOCAPILLARIS ALTERATIONS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT RETINOPATHY.

PURPOSE: To investigate the utility of ultrahigh speed, swept source optical coherence tomography angiography in visualizing retinal microvascular and choriocapillaris (CC) changes in diabetic patients. METHODS: The study was prospective and cross-sectional. A 1,050 nm wavelength, 400 kHz A-scan rate swept source optical coherence tomography prototype was used to perform volumetric optical coherence tomography angiography of the retinal and CC vasculatures in diabetic patients and normal subjects. Sixty-three eyes from 32 normal subjects, 9 eyes from 7 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 29 eyes from 16 patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and 51 eyes from 28 diabetic patients without retinopathy were imaged. RESULTS: Retinal and CC microvascular abnormalities were observed in all stages of diabetic retinopathy. In nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, optical coherence tomography angiography visualized a variety of vascular abnormalities, including clustered capillaries, dilated capillary segments, tortuous capillaries, regions of capillary dropout, reduced capillary density, abnormal capillary loops, and foveal avascular zone enlargement. In proliferative diabetic retinopathy, retinal neovascularization above the inner limiting membrane was visualized. Regions of CC flow impairment in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy were also observed. In 18 of the 51 of eyes from diabetic patients without retinopathy, retinal mircrovascular abnormalities were observed and CC flow impairment was found in 24 of the 51 diabetic eyes without retinopathy. CONCLUSION: The ability of optical coherence tomography angiography to visualize retinal and CC microvascular abnormalities suggests it may be a useful tool for understanding pathogenesis, evaluating treatment response, and earlier detection of vascular abnormalities in patients with diabetes.

Sequential Chorioretinal Changes in Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome Analyzed Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

PURPOSE: To analyze sequential chorioretinal changes in presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) using volumetric spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS: A total of 28 treatment-naive eyes of 20 POHS patients were characterized as: no choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) at initial SD-OCT but CNVM development during follow-up (primary group); CNVM at initial SD-OCT (progressive group); and contralateral asymptomatic eyes (control group). RESULTS: The primary group (4/28 eyes) initially demonstrated external limiting membrane (ELM), ellipsoid zone and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/Bruch's disruption in 100%, and pigment epithelial detachment (PED) in 75% of eyes. CNVM developed in 100% of eyes during follow-up. Progressive group (8/28 eyes) showed CNVM in 100% of eyes. Control group (16/28 eyes) showed ELM disruption in two and PED in three additional eyes on follow-up from initial analysis. CONCLUSIONS: SD-OCT is a useful tool to sequentially follow eyes with POHS for subtle chorioretinal changes that may suggest impending CNVM development, and thus benefit from closer clinical monitoring.

Visual response and anatomical changes on sequential spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in birdshot chorioretinopathy treated with local corticosteroid therapy.

BACKGROUND: Birdshot chorioretinopathy is a chronic bilateral inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by bilateral retinal vasculitis, mild to moderate vitritis, retinal vascular leakage, cystoid macular edema (CME), and typical "birdshot" chorioretinal lesions. Typically, patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy are treated with systemic immunosuppressive and/or corticosteroid therapy in an effort to minimize loss of vision. Spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) has shown regional or generalized photoreceptor loss in addition to both retinal as well as choroidal thinning in these patients. The present study describes anatomical changes of the retina and alterations in choroidal thickness and vasculature on sequential spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in 4 patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy treated with local corticosteroids. METHODS: A retrospective observational case series identified 4 consecutive patients (8 eyes) at New England Eye Center, Boston diagnosed with birdshot chorioretinopathy according to the research criteria of the international consensus conference that were managed by a single retina specialist and treated exclusively with local corticosteroid therapy (intravitreal/sub-tenon injections) without systemic immunosuppression. All patients underwent longitudinal SD-OCT imaging with both the 512 × 128 cube scan and the 1-line raster protocol. A chart review was performed to review the visual response to treatment. Two independent observers analyzed sequential SD-OCT images for retinal parameters such as occurrence of CME at any time during the course of disease, presence of retinal thinning and presence of hyper-reflective foci within the retina, and choroidal parameters including its thickness and its vasculature. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients at diagnosis was 47 years (26-60 years). Mean duration of follow-up was 96 months. All patients were HLA-A29 positive. Visual acuity remained stable in 75 % of eyes, 63 % eyes had central retinal thinning, 75 % eyes had hyper reflective foci within the retina and 75 % eyes had CME during follow-up. Mean total sub-foveal choroidal thickness of all 8 eyes at the time of the last SD-OCT was significantly lower than at initial SD-OCT (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: This case series suggests that treatment with local corticosteroids may have good visual outcome despite retinal and choroidal thinning. Future longitudinal studies are necessary to further determine the benefits of local corticosteroid therapy.

Choroidal thickness in older patients with central serous chorioretinopathy.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the choroidal thickness in older patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) compared to age-matched normal subjects. METHODS: Fifteen patients (30 eyes) with CSCR, all aged ≥60 years, and 21 age-matched normal subjects (21 eyes) underwent high-definition raster scanning using SD-OCT. Both eyes from CSCR patients were included in the analysis. The eyes in patients with CSCR were divided into two groups: active CSCR (17 eyes) if there was foveal-involving subretinal fluid and inactive contralateral eye group (13 eyes). Choroidal thickness was measured from the posterior edge of the retinal pigment epithelium to the choroidal-scleral junction at 500 µm intervals up to 2500 µm temporal and nasal to the fovea (11 locations). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients with CSCR was 68.87 ± 6.83 years (mean ± standard deviation). Reliable measurements of choroidal thickness were obtainable in 70.6 % of eyes examined. The choroid was statistically significantly thicker in eyes with both active CSCR (P < 0.001) and inactive contralateral eyes (P < 0.01) when compared to normal age-matched eyes. The subfoveal choroid was 95 µm (P < 0.01) thicker in eyes with active CSCR (338.05 ± 31.42 µm) compared with normal eyes (243.05 ± 13.39 µm). The subfoveal choroid thickness in the inactive contralateral eyes was numerically greater than normal, and it was not statistically significantly thicker compared to the normal eyes (difference-55.68 µm, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Choroid in older patients with active CSCR was thicker than the choroid in age-matched normal eyes. It is important to consider CSCR as a differential diagnosis of serous retinal detachment in elderly patients with thickened choroid and to consider SD-OCT as an imaging modality by which to evaluate the choroidal thickness.

Evaluation and Referral of Diabetic Eye Disease in the Endocrinology and Primary Care Office Settings.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify whether endocrinologists and primary care physicians (PCP) adequately screen for ophthalmic symptoms/signs within office visits and provide timely ophthalmology referrals in patients with diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients between the ages of 18 years and 80 years with diabetes who underwent an office visit with an endocrinologist or a PCP between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2014, were identified. Demographics, ophthalmic assessments, and referral information were collected. RESULTS: A total of 1,250 patient records were reviewed. Providers asked about ophthalmic symptoms/signs in 95.5% and 71% of endocrinology and primary care office encounters, respectively (P < .0001). Past and/or future ophthalmology appointments were verified in 86.1% and 49.7% of patients during endocrinology and PCP visits, respectively (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmic complications from diabetes are not adequately screened, especially within the primary care setting, and further quality improvement measures may improve adherence to recommended screening protocols. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2016;47:930-934.].

Retinal Capillary Network and Foveal Avascular Zone in Eyes with Vein Occlusion and Fellow Eyes Analyzed With Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the perifoveolar retinal capillary network at different depths and to quantify the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in eyes with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) compared with their fellow eyes and healthy controls using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography (SD-OCTA). METHODS: We prospectively recruited 23 patients with RVO including 15 eyes with central RVO (CRVO) and 8 eyes with branch RVO (BRVO), their fellow eyes, and 8 age-matched healthy controls (8 eyes) for imaging on prototype OCTA software within RTVue-XR Avanti. The 3 × 3 mm and 6 × 6 mm en face angiograms of superficial and deep retinal capillary plexuses were segmented. Perifoveolar retinal capillary network was analyzed and FAZ was quantified. RESULTS: Decrease in vascular perfusion at the deep plexus was observed in all eyes with CRVO (8/8, 100%) and BRVO (6/6, 100%) without cystoid macular edema, and in 8 of 15 (53%) and 2 of 8 (25%) of the fellow eyes, respectively. Vascular tortuosity was observed in 13 of 15 (87%) CRVO and 5 of 8 (63%) BRVO eyes. Collaterals were seen in 10 of 15 (67%) CRVO and 5 of 8 (63%) BRVO eyes. Mean FAZ area was larger in eyes with RVO than their fellow eyes (1.13 ± 0.25 mm2 versus 0.58 ± 0.28 mm2; P = 0.007) and controls (1.13 ± 0.25 mm2 versus 0.30 ± 0.09 mm2; P < 0.0001), and in fellow eyes of RVO patients when compared to controls (0.58 ± 0.28 mm2 versus 0.30 ± 0.09 mm2; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Spectral-domain OCTA reveals abnormalities at different levels of perifoveolar retinal capillary network and is able to quantify the FAZ in RVO. Longitudinal studies may be considered to evaluate the clinical utility of OCTA in RVO and other retinal vascular diseases.

Choroidal Morphology and Vascular Analysis in Eyes With Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To describe morphology and vascular layer thickness of the choroid in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, retrospective analysis of 15 eyes with neovascular AMD and 11 healthy age-matched eyes that underwent single horizontal, high-definition raster line imaging using high-definition SD-OCT. Two independent graders assessed choroid morphology and measured the thickness of individual vascular layers of the choroid beneath the fovea. RESULTS: Normal concave choroidal contour was found in 13.3% of eyes with neovascular AMD and 100% of healthy eyes. The thickest point of the choroid was located beneath the foveal center in 20% of eyes and focal thinning was observed in 40% of eyes with neovascular AMD, compared to 91% and 0% of healthy eyes, respectively. Subfoveal total choroidal thickness, large choroidal vessel layer thickness, and the medium choroidal vessel/choriocapillaris layer thickness were reduced in eyes with neovascular AMD compared to healthy eyes (205.7 µm ± 17.08 µm versus 281.3 µm ± 19.29 µm, P = .007; 174.1 µm ± 16.34 µm versus 244.5 µm ± 19.51 µm, P = .01; and 31.53 µm ± 3.67 µm verus 51.9 µm ± 1.94 µm, P = .0002, respectively). CONCLUSION: Choroidal morphology is altered in eyes with neovascular AMD as assessed on SDOCT. Choroidal thinning in neovascular AMD involves all its vascular layers. These morphological and vascular changes may have clinical implications in the diagnosis and monitoring of eyes with neovascular AMD. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2016;47:618-625.].

Application of Novel Software Algorithms to Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography for Automated Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To present novel software algorithms applied to spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for automated detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-one diabetic patients (44 eyes) and 18 healthy, nondiabetic controls (20 eyes) who underwent volumetric SD-OCT imaging and fundus photography were retrospectively identified. A retina specialist independently graded DR stage. Trained automated software generated a retinal thickness score signifying macular edema and a cluster score signifying microaneurysms and/or hard exudates for each volumetric SD-OCT. RESULTS: Of 44 diabetic eyes, 38 had DR and six eyes did not have DR. Leave-one-out cross-validation using a linear discriminant at missed detection/false alarm ratio of 3.00 computed software sensitivity and specificity of 92% and 69%, respectively, for DR detection when compared to clinical assessment. CONCLUSION: Novel software algorithms applied to commercially available SD-OCT can successfully detect DR and may have potential as a viable screening tool for DR in future. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2016;47:410-417.].

Select Features of Diabetic Retinopathy on Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomographic Angiography Compared With Fluorescein Angiography and Normal Eyes.

IMPORTANCE: Optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) is a recently developed noninvasive imaging technique that can visualize the retinal and choroidal microvasculature without the injection of exogenous dyes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential clinical utility of OCTA using a prototype swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) device and compare it with fluorescein angiography (FA) for analysis of the retinal microvasculature in diabetic retinopathy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective, observational cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary care academic retina practice from November 2013 through November 2014. A cohort of diabetic and normal control eyes were imaged with a prototype SS-OCT system. The stage of diabetic retinopathy was determined by clinical examination. Imaging was performed using angiographic 3 × 3-mm and 6 × 6-mm SS-OCT scans to generate 3-dimensional en-face OCT angiograms for each eye. Two trained Boston Image Reading Center readers reviewed and graded FA and OCTA images independently. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The size of the foveal nonflow zone and the perifoveal intercapillary area on OCTA were measured in both normal and diabetic eyes using Boston Image Reading Center image analysis software. RESULTS: The study included 30 patients with diabetes (mean [SD] age, 55.7 [10] years) and 6 control individuals (mean [SD] age, 55.1 [6.4] years). A total of 43 diabetic and 11 normal control eyes were evaluated with OCTA. Fluorescein angiography was performed in 17 of 43 diabetic eyes within 8 weeks of the OCTA. Optical coherence tomographic angiography was able to identify a mean (SD) of 6.4 (4.0) microaneurysms (95% CI, 4.4-8.5), while FA identified a mean (SD) of 10 (6.9) microaneurysms (95% CI, 6.4-13.5). The exact intraretinal depth of microaneurysms on OCTA was localized in all cases (100%). The sensitivity of OCTA in detecting microaneuryms when compared with FA was 85% (95% CI, 53-97), while the specificity was 75% (95% CI, 21-98). The positive predictive value and the negative predictive value were 91% (95% CI, 59-99) and 60% (95% CI, 17-92), respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Optical coherence tomographic angiography enables noninvasive visualization of macular microvascular pathology in eyes with diabetic retinopathy. It identified fewer microaneurysms than FA, but located their exact intraretinal depth. Optical coherence tomographic angiography also allowed the precise and reproducible delineation of the foveal nonflow zone and perifoveal intercapillary area. Evaluation of OCTA may be of clinical utility in the evaluation and grading of diabetic eye disease.