Mechanic-Mathematical Model of Javelin Flight / Modelación mecánico-matemática del vuelo de la jabalina

With a view to improving the athlete's performance during the javelin throw, the objective was to develop, based on the application of Newtonian mechanics to the javelin flight process, a mathematical model and a computerized tool that make it possible to determine the influence on javelin flight trajectory and distance of the characteristic parameters of throwing release phase. As a result, a mathematical model and software were obtained that make it possible to predict the trajectory and flight distance of the implement in function of the properties of the javelin and ambient air, gravitational forces and initial throwing parameters. The model was validated by comparing the flight distance predicted by the model with experimental results obtained in the framework of this research, as well as with data obtained from international competitions. The mean prediction error obtained during the comparison of the javelin flight distance calculated with the model, with the actual throwing results, ranged from 0.65% to 1.58%. (AU)

Con vistas al perfeccionamiento del desempeño del atleta durante el lanzamiento de la jabalina, se trazó como objetivo elaborar, sobre la base de la aplicación de la mecánica newtoniana al proceso de vuelo de la jabalina, un modelo matemático y una herramienta computarizada que posibiliten determinar la influencia sobre la trayectoria de vuelo y alcance de la jabalina de los parámetros del lanzamiento en la fase de liberación del implemento. Como resultado se obtienen un modelo matemático y un software que posibilitan predecir el alcance del implemento en función de las propiedades de la jabalina y del aire ambiente, así como de las fuerzas gravitacionales y de los parámetros iniciales del lanzamiento. El modelo fue validado comparando la predicción con resultados experimentales obtenidos en el marco de esta investigación, así como con datos obtenidos de competencias internacionales. El error medio de predicción del alcance de la jabalina, osciló, para diferentes parámetros iniciales, entre 0,65% y 1,58%. (AU)

Estudio IMPULSO: impacto de la COVID-19 en el presente de la oftalmología centrada en superficie ocular y tendencias de futuro / IMPULSE Study: Impact of COVID-19 in the present of ophthalmology focusing on ocular surface and future trends

Antecedentes y objetivo La evolución digital supone una oportunidad para que la oftalmología se adapte a nuevos modelos asistenciales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer cómo la pandemia ha modificado la práctica clínica y actividades formativas del oftalmólogo especializado en superficie ocular, y analizar tendencias y necesidades emergentes. Materiales y métodos Estudio realizado mediante encuesta online. Un comité de 3 especialistas diseñó un cuestionario de 25 preguntas estructurado en: 1) Perfil del participante; 2) Impacto de la pandemia en el manejo del paciente y las actividades profesionales; 3) Tendencias y necesidades. Resultados Participaron 68 oftalmólogos clínicos. Hubo un alto grado de acuerdo (90%) en que la pandemia demoró las visitas de seguimiento oftalmológico y el diagnóstico. Los participantes coincidieron en que aumentó la frecuencia de pacientes con enfermedad de ojo seco (75%), orzuelo/chalazión (62%) y blefaritis (60%). Según un 28%, será habitual el teleseguimiento mediante teleconsulta de dolencias como ojo seco, glaucoma, diabetes, conjuntivitis, hiposfagmas, orzuelos, etc., especialmente en población joven. Esto será especialmente relevante en las enfermedades crónicas o leves de la superficie ocular, y en el seguimiento de pacientes tras operación de cataratas y retinopatía diabética. Conclusiones Durante la pandemia se ha percibido un aumento de la incidencia de ciertas enfermedades de superficie ocular. El seguimiento de enfermedades crónicas o leves de la superficie ocular se vincula a la necesidad de proporcionar formación específica tanto para el paciente como para el profesional que lo atiende, además de protocolos de cribado y derivación que optimicen el flujo asistencial (AU)

Background and objective Digital evolution represents an opportunity for ophthalmology to adapt to new care models. This study aimed to find out how the pandemic has modified the clinical practice and training activities of the ophthalmologist specialized in ocular surface, as well as to analyze emerging trends and needs. Materials and methods This study was carried out through an online survey. A committee of 3 specialists developed a questionnaire of 25 questions structured in: 1) Participant profile; 2) Impact of the pandemic on patient management and professional activities; 3) Trends and needs. Results Sixty-eight clinical ophthalmologists participated. There was a high degree of agreement (90%) that the pandemic has delayed ophthalmological follow-up visits and diagnosis. The participants agreed that the frequency of patients with dry eye disease (75%), stye/chalazion (62%) and blepharitis (60%) has increased. According to 28%, remote monitoring of pathologies such as dry eye, glaucoma, diabetes, conjunctivitis, hyposphagmas, styes, etc., will be common, especially in the young population. This will be especially relevant in chronic or mild pathologies of the ocular surface, and in the follow-up of patients after cataract and diabetic retinopathy interventions. Conclusions During the pandemic, an increase in the incidence of certain ocular surface diseases has been perceived. The telematic follow-up of chronic or mild pathologies of the ocular surface entails the need to provide specific training for both the patient and the healthcare professional, in addition to screening and referral protocols that would optimize the flow of care (AU)

IMPULSE Study: Impact of COVID-19 in the present of ophthalmology focusing on ocular surface and future trends.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Digital evolution represents an opportunity for ophthalmology to adapt to new care models. This study aimed to find out how the pandemic has modified the clinical practice and training activities of the ophthalmologist specialised in ocular surface, as well as to analyse emerging trends and needs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was carried out through an online survey. A committee of 3 specialists developed a questionnaire of 25 questions structured in: 1) Participant profile; 2) Impact of the pandemic on patient management and professional activities; 3) Trends and needs. RESULTS: 68 clinical ophthalmologists participated. There was a high degree of agreement (90%) that the pandemic has delayed ophthalmological follow-up visits and diagnosis. The participants agreed that the frequency of patients with dry eye disease (75%), stye/chalazion (62%) and blepharitis (60%) has increased. According to 28%, remote monitoring of pathologies such as dry eye, glaucoma, diabetes, conjunctivitis, hyposphagmas, styes, etc., will be common, especially in the young population. This will be especially relevant in chronic or mild pathologies of the ocular surface, and in the follow-up of patients after cataract and diabetic retinopathy interventions. CONCLUSIONS: During the pandemic, an increase in the incidence of certain ocular surface diseases has been perceived. The telematic follow-up of chronic or mild pathologies of the ocular surface entails the need to provide specific training for both the patient and the healthcare professional, in addition to screening and referral protocols that would optimise the flow of care.

[IMPULSE Study: Impact of COVID-19 in the present of ophthalmology focusing on ocular surface and future trends]. / Estudio IMPULSO: impacto de la COVID-19 en el presente de la oftalmología centrada en superficie ocular y tendencias de futuro.

Background and objective: Digital evolution represents an opportunity for ophthalmology to adapt to new care models. This study aimed to find out how the pandemic has modified the clinical practice and training activities of the ophthalmologist specialized in ocular surface, as well as to analyze emerging trends and needs. Materials and methods: This study was carried out through an online survey. A committee of 3 specialists developed a questionnaire of 25 questions structured in: 1) Participant profile; 2) Impact of the pandemic on patient management and professional activities; 3) Trends and needs. Results: Sixty-eight clinical ophthalmologists participated. There was a high degree of agreement (90%) that the pandemic has delayed ophthalmological follow-up visits and diagnosis. The participants agreed that the frequency of patients with dry eye disease (75%), stye/chalazion (62%) and blepharitis (60%) has increased. According to 28%, remote monitoring of pathologies such as dry eye, glaucoma, diabetes, conjunctivitis, hyposphagmas, styes, etc., will be common, especially in the young population. This will be especially relevant in chronic or mild pathologies of the ocular surface, and in the follow-up of patients after cataract and diabetic retinopathy interventions. Conclusions: During the pandemic, an increase in the incidence of certain ocular surface diseases has been perceived. The telematic follow-up of chronic or mild pathologies of the ocular surface entails the need to provide specific training for both the patient and the healthcare professional, in addition to screening and referral protocols that would optimize the flow of care.

[Sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors associated to significative bacteriuria in a Spanish health area]. / Características sociodemográficas y factores de riesgo asociados a las bacteriurias significativas en un área de salud del sudeste español.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiological characteristics of significative bacteriuria (SB) and their relationship with sociodemographic factors and to analyze risk factors in inpatients. METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study carried out on urine culture samples received between 2016-2020 in the Microbiology laboratory, differentiating between minors and adults. The dependent variable was the presence of SB and the independent variables were age, sex, year, type of sample and source of the sample. In urine cultures of inpatients, risk factors were evaluated from the Minimum Basic Data Set. RESULTS: A total of 68,587 valid records (96.3% of the total) were analyzed. 40.8% (95% CI: 40.4%-41.2%) of urine cultures in adults and 33.8% (95% CI: 32.9%-34.7%) in children were positive, with an incidence that ranged in adults between 18.2 cases/1,000 inhabitants in 2016 and 14.6 cases/1,000 inhabitants in 2020 and 21.1 and 8.4 cases/1,000 inhabitants respectively in minors. Positive urine cultures were more frequent in children from urban areas compared to rural areas (OR=1.37; p<0.01). In hospitalized adults, for each year of age the risk of SB increased by 2%, it was 36% higher in women, 18% higher in obese patients and 17% more frequent in patients with kidney disease, (p<0.01). No relationship was observed between SB and diagnosis of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: The sociodemographic characteristics of the population with SB in our health area are similar to those found in other geographical areas worldwide, observing a decreasing trend in incidence in the years studied. The frequency of SB in children is higher in urban areas.

Integration of Epigenetic Mechanisms into Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenicity Hazard Assessment: Focus on DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications.

Epigenetics involves a series of mechanisms that entail histone and DNA covalent modifications and non-coding RNAs, and that collectively contribute to programing cell functions and differentiation. Epigenetic anomalies and DNA mutations are co-drivers of cellular dysfunctions, including carcinogenesis. Alterations of the epigenetic system occur in cancers whether the initial carcinogenic events are from genotoxic (GTxC) or non-genotoxic (NGTxC) carcinogens. NGTxC are not inherently DNA reactive, they do not have a unifying mode of action and as yet there are no regulatory test guidelines addressing mechanisms of NGTxC. To fil this gap, the Test Guideline Programme of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development is developing a framework for an integrated approach for the testing and assessment (IATA) of NGTxC and is considering assays that address key events of cancer hallmarks. Here, with the intent of better understanding the applicability of epigenetic assays in chemical carcinogenicity assessment, we focus on DNA methylation and histone modifications and review: (1) epigenetic mechanisms contributing to carcinogenesis, (2) epigenetic mechanisms altered following exposure to arsenic, nickel, or phenobarbital in order to identify common carcinogen-specific mechanisms, (3) characteristics of a series of epigenetic assay types, and (4) epigenetic assay validation needs in the context of chemical hazard assessment. As a key component of numerous NGTxC mechanisms of action, epigenetic assays included in IATA assay combinations can contribute to improved chemical carcinogen identification for the better protection of public health.

Hospitalization and Mortality from COVID-19 of Patients with Rheumatic Inflammatory Diseases in Andalusia. / Hospitalizaciones y mortalidad por COVID-19 en pacientes con enfermedades inflamatorias reumáticas en Andalucía.

OBJECTIVE: To describe whether rheumatic inflammatory diseases (RID) are associated with a higher risk of hospitalization and/or mortality from COVID-19 and identify the factors associated with hospitalization and mortality in RID and COVID-19 in different Hospitals in Andalusia. METHODS: Design: Multicentre observational case-control study. PATIENTS: RID and COVID-19 from different centres in Andalusia. CONTROLS: patients without RIS matched by sex, age and CRP-COVID. Protocol A list of patients with PCR for COVID-19 was requested from the microbiology service from March 14 to April 14, 2020. The patients who had RID were identified and then consecutively a paired control for each case. Variables The main outcome variable was hospital admission and mortality from COVID-19. Statistical analysis Bivariate followed by binary logistic regression models (DV: mortality/hospital admission). RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-six patients were included, 78 with RID and COVID-19 and 78 without RID with COVID-19. The patients did not present characteristics of COVID-19 disease different from the general population, nor did they present higher hospital admission or mortality. The factor associated with mortality in patients with RID was advanced age (OR [95% CI], 1.1 [1.0-1.2]; p = 0.025), while the factors associated with hospitalization were advanced age (OR [95% CI], 1.1 [1.0-1.1]; p = 0.007) and hypertension (OR [95% CI], 3.9 [1.5-6.7]; p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Mortality and hospital admission due to COVID-19 do not seem to increase in RID. Advanced age was associated with mortality in RID and, in addition, HTN was associated with hospital admission.

Incidence and case fatality rate of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory articular diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence and fatality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and identify risk factors to fatality in patients with inflammatory articular diseases (IAD). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study of IAD patients and COVID-19 with controls matched for age, sex, and RT-PCR. A control group was used to compare the cumulative incidence (CI) and case fatality rate (CFR). The main outcomes of the study were CI and CFR. Other variables included comorbidities, treatments, and characteristics of the COVID-19. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate risk factors for fatality in patients with IAD. RESULTS: Of the 1537 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 23/1537 (1.49%) had IAD 13 (0.8%) had rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 5 psoriatic arthritis (PsA) (0.3%) and 5 axial spondyloarthritis (0.3%). There were no significant differences in CI of COVID-19 and CFR in patients with IAD compared with COVID-19 patients without IAD. In RT-PCR positive patients, the CI of COVID-19 in PsA and AS was higher. Of the 23 IAD patients, 2 RA patients (8.6%) died. The patients did no show characteristics of the COVID-19 disease different from the population. In multivariate analysis, the factor associated with fatality in patients with IAD was older age (OR [95% CI], 1.1 [1.0-1.2]). CONCLUSION: COVID-19 CI, fatality rate and other features do not seem to be increased in IAD patients. Older age was associated with fatality in patients with IAD.

Chemical carcinogen safety testing: OECD expert group international consensus on the development of an integrated approach for the testing and assessment of chemical non-genotoxic carcinogens.

While regulatory requirements for carcinogenicity testing of chemicals vary according to product sector and regulatory jurisdiction, the standard approach starts with a battery of genotoxicity tests (which include mutagenicity assays). If any of the in vivo genotoxicity tests are positive, a lifetime rodent cancer bioassay may be requested, but under most chemical regulations (except plant protection, biocides, pharmaceuticals), this is rare. The decision to conduct further testing based on genotoxicity test outcomes creates a regulatory gap for the identification of non-genotoxic carcinogens (NGTxC). With the objective of addressing this gap, in 2016, the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) established an expert group to develop an integrated approach to the testing and assessment (IATA) of NGTxC. Through that work, a definition of NGTxC in a regulatory context was agreed. Using the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept, various cancer models were developed, and overarching mechanisms and modes of action were identified. After further refining and structuring with respect to the common hallmarks of cancer and knowing that NGTxC act through a large variety of specific mechanisms, with cell proliferation commonly being a unifying element, it became evident that a panel of tests covering multiple biological traits will be needed to populate the IATA. Consequently, in addition to literature and database investigation, the OECD opened a call for relevant assays in 2018 to receive suggestions. Here, we report on the definition of NGTxC, on the development of the overarching NGTxC IATA, and on the development of ranking parameters to evaluate the assays. Ultimately the intent is to select the best scoring assays for integration in an NGTxC IATA to better identify carcinogens and reduce public health hazards.

Vitamin D restriction enhances periovarian adipose tissue inflammation in a model of menopause.

Background: Menopause and deficiency in vitamin D (VD) are two health problems usually associated with aging women.Objective: We aimed to study inflammation in visceral adipose tissue when bilateral ovariectomy is combined with dietary restriction in VD.Methods: We studied 60 female C57BL/6 mice 3 months of age. Half of the animals had bilateral ovariectomy (Ovx group, n = 30) and half a sham procedure (Control [C] group, n = 30), and half of each Ovx or C group were fed a standard diet containing VD or a diet restricted in VD (D-) for an additional 12 weeks. Therefore, four groups were formed (n = 15 each group): C, C(D-), Ovx, and Ovx(D-). After sacrifice, the periovarian adipose tissue (PAT) was investigated.Results: In PAT, we observed different levels of hypertrophied adipocytes, enhanced proinflammatory cytokines, activation of inflammatory markers, and components of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase. The most affected PAT was seen in the Ovx(D-) group, followed by the Ovx group, the C(D-) group, and the C group (the least altered).Conclusion: The results demonstrate that ovariectomy and dietary restriction of VD are inducers of adverse effects on mouse visceral adipose tissue. When combined, these insults might enhance PAT inflammation.

Photoluminescence spectrum using DFT for double-walled carbon nanotubes with metallic constituents.

A theoretical study of the photoluminescence (PL) of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) using density functional theory (DFT) theory is reported in this work. The DWCNTs are of the armchair/armchair type and the structures studied have the arrangements (3,3)/(2,2), (8,8)/(4,4), (12,12)/(6,6), (16,16)/(8,8), (6,6)/(3,3), (10,10)/(5,5), (14,14)/(7,7), and (18,18)/(9,9). The PL spectra were obtained taking into account different DWCNT axial lengths ranging from 0.49 nm ≤ L ≤ 2.33 nm and their inner nanotube diameters in the range of 0.31 ≤ Dinn ≤ 1.22 nm; variations in their inter-wall separations were also considered, 0.18 ≤ Dinw ≤ 0.61 nm. Although the DWCNTs have metallic SWCNT constituents, such structures give rise to photoluminescence due mainly to both curvature effects and inter-wall interaction of the inner and outer nanotubes; these two factors modify significantly their electronic structure; besides, they also lead to these structures to exhibit the quenching effect. We realized calculations at a DFT level in which we used the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to establish the molecular geometries and the fundamental state energies. To obtain the results of the PL spectra, the constituent SWCNTs were optimized in their ground state, with the hybrid function CAM-B3LYP, which is a mixed functional exchange and correlation, and the base set that was used is the 6-31G.

Asociación entre dedos en resorte múltiples, enfermedades sistémicas y síndrome del túnel carpiano: análisis multivariante / Association between multiple trigger fingers, systemic diseases and carpal tunnel syndrome: a multivariate analysis

Introducción: El dedo en resorte (DR) es una patología frecuente de etiología multifactorial. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la relación entre la aparición de DR múltiple y patologías sistémicas o musculoesqueléticas en una muestra de pacientes jóvenes en edad laboral. Material y método: Se analizaron retrospectivamente todos los pacientes con DR intervenidos en nuestro hospital entre 2011 y 2015. Se recogió la existencia de DR múltiple o único y patologías como diabetes mellitus (DM), disfuncionalidad tiroidea, síndrome del túnel carpiano (STC), epicondilalgia o enfermedad de DeQuervain. Los resultados estadísticos incluyen un análisis bivariante y una regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: Se incluyeron 279 pacientes, con una edad media de 48,45+/-9,01años. La mano dominante estuvo afectada en 217 casos. Hubo 59 pacientes con DR múltiple, 21 con DM, 55 STC, 16 epicondilalgia y 14 DeQuervain. La prevalencia de STC fue del 19,7%, significativamente superior a la media poblacional (2-4%). No se hallaron diferencias en cuanto a edad media, sexo, hipotiroidismo, epincondilitis o DeQuervain en DR único o múltiple. El análisis bivariante detectó que la proporción de DM (20,3%) y STC (32,2%) en el grupo de DR múltiple fue significativamente mayor que en el grupo de DR único (DM: 4,1%, p=0,007; STC: 16,4%, p<0,01). El DR múltiple también fue más frecuente en mano dominante (93,2%; p<0,01). La regresión logística multivariante confirmó los hallazgos, mostrando asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo de DR múltiple y DM (OR: 4,98, p<0,01), STC (OR: 2,09, p=0,037) y la mano dominante (OR: 3,76, p=0,016). Conclusiones: La DM, el STC y la mano dominante se relacionan de forma independiente con la aparición de DR múltiples en pacientes jóvenes en edad laboral

Introduction: Trigger finger (TF) is a frequent pathology depending on several factors. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between multiple TF and systemic or musculoskeletal disorders in a sample of young patients. Material and method: A retrospective study was performed of all patients with TF operated in our hospital between 2011 and 2015. Multiple or single TF diagnosis and pathologies such as diabetes mellitus (DM), thyroid dysfunction, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), epicondylalgia or DeQuervain's disease were collected. Statistical results included a bivariate analysis and a multiple logistic regression. Results: Two hundred and seventy-nine patients with a mean age of 48.45years were included. The dominant hand was affected in 217 cases. There were 59 patients with multiple TF, 21 DM, 55 STC, 16 epicondylalgia and 14 DeQuervains. Prevalence of CTS was 19.7%, significantly higher than the general population (2%-4%). No statistical differences were found in age, sex, hypothyroidism, epicondylalgia or DeQuervain in the multiple TF group. Bivariate analysis detected that DM and CTS patients in the multiple TF group was significantly higher than in the single TF group (P=.007, P<.01). Multiple TF was also more frequent on the dominant side (P<.01). Multivariate logistic regression confirmed these findings, showing a statistically significant association between the multiple TF group and DM (OR: 4.98, P<.01), STC (OR: 2.09, P=.037) and dominant side (OR: 3.76, P=.016). Conclusions: Diabetes, CTS and dominant side are independently associated with multiple TF in young patients

Association between multiple trigger fingers, systemic diseases and carpal tunnel syndrome: A multivariate analysis. / Asociación entre dedos en resorte múltiples, enfermedades sistémicas y síndrome del túnel carpiano: análisis multivariante.

INTRODUCTION: Trigger finger (TF) is a frequent pathology depending on several factors. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between multiple TF and systemic or musculoskeletal disorders in a sample of young patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective study was performed of all patients with TF operated in our hospital between 2011 and 2015. Multiple or single TF diagnosis and pathologies such as diabetes mellitus (DM), thyroid dysfunction, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), epicondylalgia or DeQuervain's disease were collected. Statistical results included a bivariate analysis and a multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy-nine patients with a mean age of 48.45years were included. The dominant hand was affected in 217 cases. There were 59 patients with multiple TF, 21 DM, 55 STC, 16 epicondylalgia and 14 DeQuervains. Prevalence of CTS was 19.7%, significantly higher than the general population (2%-4%). No statistical differences were found in age, sex, hypothyroidism, epicondylalgia or DeQuervain in the multiple TF group. Bivariate analysis detected that DM and CTS patients in the multiple TF group was significantly higher than in the single TF group (P=.007, P<.01). Multiple TF was also more frequent on the dominant side (P<.01). Multivariate logistic regression confirmed these findings, showing a statistically significant association between the multiple TF group and DM (OR: 4.98, P<.01), STC (OR: 2.09, P=.037) and dominant side (OR: 3.76, P=.016). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes, CTS and dominant side are independently associated with multiple TF in young patients.

Beneficial effects of maternal swimming during pregnancy on offspring metabolism when the father is obese.

We aimed to evaluate the impact of maternal exercise training on the offspring metabolism and body size caused by father obesity. C57BL/6 male 4-week-old mice were fed a high-fat diet (HF father) or control diet (C father), while equal age female mice were fed only a C diet and were separated into two groups: trained (T mother) and non-trained (NT mother), and at 12 weeks of age mice were mated. A continuous swimming protocol was applied for 10 weeks (before and during gestation), and offspring were followed since weaning until sacrifice (at 12 weeks of age). HF father, compared to C father, showed obesity, elevated total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG), and glucose intolerance. Both sexes HF/NT offspring showed hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and high levels of TC and TG, without obesity. However, HF/T offspring showed data close to C/NT, demonstrating the beneficial effect of maternal exercise in the offspring of obese fathers.

Adaptation of antibiotic treatment to clinical practice guidelines in patients aged ⩾65 years hospitalised due to community-acquired pneumonia.

Early, conforming antibiotic treatment in elderly patients hospitalised for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a key factor in the prognosis and mortality. The objective was to examine whether empirical antibiotic treatment was conforming according to the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery guidelines in these patients. Multicentre study in patients aged ⩾65 years hospitalised due to CAP in the 2013-14 and 2014-15 influenza seasons. We collected socio-demographic information, comorbidities, influenza/pneumococcal vaccination history and antibiotics administered using a questionnaire and medical records. Bivariate analyses and multilevel logistic regression were made. In total, 1857 hospitalised patients were included, 82 of whom required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Treatment was conforming in 51.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 49.1-53.8%) of patients without ICU admission and was associated with absence of renal failure without haemodialysis (odds ratio (OR) 1.49, 95% CI 1.15-1.95) and no cognitive dysfunction (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.25-2.35), when the effect of the autonomous community was controlled for. In patients with ICU admission, treatment was conforming in 45.1% (95% CI 34.1-56.1%) of patients and was associated with the hospital visits in the last year (<3 vs. ⩾3, OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.03-7.12) and there was some evidence that this was associated with season. Although the reference guidelines are national, wide variability between autonomous communities was found. In patients hospitalised due to CAP, health services should guarantee the administration of antibiotics in a consensual manner that is conforming according to clinical practice guidelines.

Liver metabolism in adult male mice offspring: consequences of a maternal, paternal or both maternal and paternal high-fructose diet.

The study aimed to evaluate the consequences of the consumption of a high-fructose diet (HFR; fructose was responsible for 45% of the energy from carbohydrates) by the mother, the father, or both on C57BL/6 adult male offspring. Non-consanguineous parents received the diet (HFR or control, C) from 8 weeks before mating until weaning (n=10 fathers and n=10 mothers on each diet). After weaning, only the C diet was offered to offspring. The groups were formed by one male randomly taken from each litter. The offspring groups were identified according to the mother's diet (the first letter), then the father's diet (the second letter), that is, C/C, C/HFR, HFR/C, HFR/HFR (n=10 per group). The parents exhibited the following characteristics: compared with those of the C group, the HFR parents had higher blood pressure (BP), enlarged liver, increased hepatic triacylglycerol content, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high plasma leptin and low adiponectin. The offspring exhibited the following characteristics: compared with the C/C group, the HFR/HFR group had high BP. The C/HFR, HFR/C and HFR/HFR showed elevated uric acid and leptin levels and diminished adiponectin. The HFR/HFR group showed liver inflammation (increased NFκB, SOCS3, JNK, TNF-α, IL1-ß and IL6 levels). Likewise, SREBP-1c and FAS were upregulated. In conclusion, the consumption of a HFR by the mother and/or father is associated with adverse effects on liver metabolism in adult male offspring. When both mother and father are fed a HFR, the adverse effects on the offspring are more severe.

Carbofuran degraded by iron-doped anatase: Weakening the cholinesterase inhibitory activity in the photoproducts mixture.

Carbofuran is a toxic carbamate pesticide, and its use has increased in recent years. While marketing information indicates stability in different chemical media, carbofuran exhibits relative photolability. The aim of this research was to decompose carbofuran and to identify the photoproducts achieved when two different doped titania photocatalysts were employed under UV irradiation. The iron-doped TiO2 materials were obtained (a) via a hydrothermal method and (b) by an ultrasound-assisted sol-gel method. The precursors were TiOSO4⋅xH2O and Fe3(NO3)·9H2O. X-ray studies confirmed that the anatase phase of the iron-doped TiO2 resulted from the two preparation methods. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared materials was monitored by LC/ESI-QTOF-MS, enabling the identification of photoproducts: oxo-carbamates, hydroxylated benzofuranes, a carboxamide, and one amine. By using the iron-doped TiO2 materials, 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3,7-diol was the most abundant photoproduct, and N,2,2-trimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-amine was the only compound that had not been previously reported in the photolysis and photocatalysis of carbofuran. The product 3-hydroxy carbofuran, a cholinesterase inhibitor, was quantified and was found to be transformed into compounds that lack this inhibitive property.

High-intensity interval training (swimming) significantly improves the adverse metabolism and comorbidities in diet-induced obese mice.

AIM: Controlling obesity and other comorbidities in the population is a challenge in modern society. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) combines short periods of high-intensity exercise with long recovery periods or a low-intensity exercise. The aim was to assess the impact of HIIT in the context of diet-induced obesity in the animal model. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were fed one of the two diets: standard chow (Lean group - LE) or a high--fat diet (Obese group - OB). After twelve weeks, the animals were divided into non-trained groups (LE--NT and OB-NT) and trained groups (LE-T and OB--T), and began an exercise protocol. For biochemical analysis of inflammatory and lipid profile, we used a colorimetric enzymatic method and an automatic spectrophotometer. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of the experimental groups with Holm-Sidak pos hoc test. Two-way ANOVA analyzed the interactions between diet and HIIT protocol. RESULTS: HIIT leads to significant reductions in body mass, blood glucose, glucose tolerance and hepatic lipid profile in T-groups compared to NT-groups. HIIT was able to reduce plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, HIIT improves the insulin immunodensity in the islets, reduces the adiposity and the hepatic steatosis in the T-groups. HIIT improves beta--oxidation and peroxisome proliferator--activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha and reduces lipogenesis and PPAR--gamma levels in the liver. In skeletal muscle, HIIT improves PPAR--alpha and glucose transporter-4 and reduces PPAR--gamma levels. CONCLUSION: HIIT leads to attenuate the adverse effects caused by a chronic ingestion of a high-fat diet.

Tumor congénito de lengua / Congenital tumor of tongue

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The heat-shock response co-inducer arimoclomol protects against retinal degeneration in rhodopsin retinitis pigmentosa.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited diseases that cause blindness due to the progressive death of rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina. There are currently no effective treatments for RP. Inherited mutations in rhodopsin, the light-sensing protein of rod photoreceptor cells, are the most common cause of autosomal-dominant RP. The majority of mutations in rhodopsin, including the common P23H substitution, lead to protein misfolding, which is a feature in many neurodegenerative disorders. Previous studies have shown that upregulating molecular chaperone expression can delay disease progression in models of neurodegeneration. Here, we have explored the potential of the heat-shock protein co-inducer arimoclomol to ameliorate rhodopsin RP. In a cell model of P23H rod opsin RP, arimoclomol reduced P23H rod opsin aggregation and improved viability of mutant rhodopsin-expressing cells. In P23H rhodopsin transgenic rat models, pharmacological potentiation of the stress response with arimoclomol improved electroretinogram responses and prolonged photoreceptor survival, as assessed by measuring outer nuclear layer thickness in the retina. Furthermore, treated animal retinae showed improved photoreceptor outer segment structure and reduced rhodopsin aggregation compared with vehicle-treated controls. The heat-shock response (HSR) was activated in P23H retinae, and this was enhanced with arimoclomol treatment. Furthermore, the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is induced in P23H transgenic rats, was also enhanced in the retinae of arimoclomol-treated animals, suggesting that arimoclomol can potentiate the UPR as well as the HSR. These data suggest that pharmacological enhancement of cellular stress responses may be a potential treatment for rhodopsin RP and that arimoclomol could benefit diseases where ER stress is a factor.