A novel photonic chemosensor for rapidly detecting synthetic dyes in orange juice using colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods.

Synthetic dyes must be monitored and regulated. We aimed to develop a novel photonic chemosensor for rapidly monitoring synthetic dyes based on colorimetric (chemical interactions with optical probes using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices) and UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods. Various types of gold and silver nanoparticles were surveyed to identify the targets. In the presence of silver nanoprisms, the naked eye could visualize the unique and distinctive color changes of Tartrazine (Tar) to green and Sunset Yellow (Sun) to brown; UV-Vis spectrophotometry validated the results. The developed chemosensor showed linear ranges of 0.07-0.3 mM and 0.05-0.2 mM for Tar and Sun, respectively. Sources of interference had minimal effects, confirming the appropriate selectivity of the developed chemosensor. Our novel chemosensor demonstrated excellent analytical performance for measuring Tar and Sun in several types of orange juice as real samples, confirming its incredible potential for use in the food industry.

Sub-micro electrochemical recognition of carmoisine, sunset yellow, and tartrazine in fruit juices using P(ß-CD/Arg)/CysA-AuNPs/AuE.

An electrochemical sensor was designed to identify food colorants in juices. A green polymeric nanocomposite (beta-cyclodextrin/arginine) decorated with gold nanoparticles-capped cysteamine was fabricated on the surface of gold electrodes. Field emission-SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed the morphology and the presence of all elements related to all stages of the electrode modification. For three azo dyes (carmoisine, sunset yellow, and tartrazine), the analytical linear range was 10-8 to 10-4 M, with a low limit of quantification of about 1 nM. The engineered chemosensor showed suitable selectivity for analyzing candidate dyes in the presence of interfering agents. According to the scan rate results, the mass transport was controlled by diffusion, and the reaction on the chemosensor was electrochemically quasi-reversible. The results for different fruit juices confirmed this method's high potential application in detecting artificial color adulteration in food products.

The History of Melancholia Disease.

BACKGROUND: Melancholia is a kind of depression with the most common symptoms of evident mental disorder, slimness, lack of enjoyment, feeling guilty and having no appetite. In modern medicine, the word "melancholia" only refers to mental and affective symptoms of depression. However, historically, it could have physical symptoms as well as mental symptoms and the atrabilious situations were categorized according to their common reasons rather than their specific characteristics. This study aimed to enlighten the history of this disease. METHODS: This is a review article concerned with cerebral diseases by collecting data from medical electronic databases including PUBMED and SID, historical psychiatry books and traditional medicine manuscripts. RESULTS: The first known physician to have scientifically looked at the mental diseases was Hippocrates (370-460 B.C), who should be accredited as the father of medicine. While physicians in the time of Hippocrates seriously believed in the metaphysics power in health and diseases, Hippocrates believed in natural laws. Plato (348-428 B.C) believed that human behavior is affected by his physical needs and instincts. In the course of Hippocrates's theory about bodily humors, Aristotle considered a range of mental characteristics for each. Finally, Galen believed that cerebral disease causes mental diseases or disorders based on his own theories of anatomy. Persian physicians involved in this area were Rabban al-Tabari (838-870 A.D), Razes (865-925 A.D), Ali-Ibn Abbas Ahvazi (944-982 A.D), Al-ikhwan al bukhari the physician of the ninth century, Ibn Sina (980-1037 A.D), Gorgani (1040-1136 A.D) and Khaje Nasireddin Tousi (1201-1274 A.D). They considered cerebral diseases and health as a part of equality process; different organs accommodate a physical system and mutual dependence with the society and environment. CONCLUSION: Mental health has been reviewed from various aspects in view of ancient physicians. Feeble mindedness and behavioral disorder complications had already been addressed in earlier times too.