Influence of stocking density on the growth, immune and physiological responses, and cultivation environment of white-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in biofloc systems.

Biofloc (BF) stands out as a promising system for sustainable shrimp farming. Optimizing various culture conditions, such as stocking density, carbohydrate source, and feeding management, is crucial for the widespread adoption of the BF system. This study compares the growth performance of white-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in culture ponds at low density (LD) with 50 organisms/m2 and high density (HD) with 200 organisms/m2. Post-larvae of white-leg shrimp were stocked for 16 weeks in both LD and HD groups. The LD group exhibited a superior survival rate, growth rate, and feed consumption compared to the HD group. The BF from the LD system recorded a significantly higher protein content (16.63 ± 0.21%) than the HD group (15.21 ± 0.34%). Heterotrophic bacterial counts in water did not significantly differ with stocking density. However, Vibrio count in water samples was higher in the HD group (3.59 ± 0.35 log CFU/mL) compared to the LD group (2.45 ± 0.43 log CFU/mL). The whole shrimp body analysis revealed significantly higher protein and lipid content in the LD group. In contrast, the total aerobic bacterial count in shrimp from the HD group was high, with the identification of Salmonella enterica ssp. arizonae. Additionally, Vibrio counts in shrimp samples were significantly higher in the HD group (4.63 ± 0.32 log CFU/g) compared to the LD group (3.57 ± 0.22 log CFU/g). The expression levels of immune-associated genes, including prophenoloxidase, transglutaminase, penaiedin 3, superoxide dismutase, lysozyme, serine proteinase, and the growth-related gene ras-related protein (rap-2a), were significantly enhanced in the LD group. Conversely, stress-related gene expression increased significantly in the HD group. Hepatopancreases amylase, lipase, and protease were higher in the LD group, while trypsin activity did not differ significantly. Antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) significantly increased in the LD group. The histological structure of hepatopancreas, musculature, and female gonads remained similar in both densities. However, negative effects were observed in the gills' histology of the HD group. These results suggest that increasing stocking density is associated with significantly negative biological, microbial, and physiological effects on white-leg shrimp under the BF system.

Vitamin D Deficiency in Pediatric Oncology Patients: A Single-Center Experience in Saudi Arabia.

Background There is a lack of local studies on vitamin D deficiency in children with cancer. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the pediatric oncology population at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City (KAMC) in Jeddah, addressing knowledge gaps for improved clinical practice and future research. Methods This retrospective observational study was conducted from 2016 to 2021 at the pediatric oncology clinic in National Guard Hospital, Jeddah. The study focused on children aged 14 or younger at cancer diagnosis, data encompassed patient demographics, cancer details, and treatment information, including serum measurements of vitamin D (25(OH)D, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase). Vitamin D levels were categorized as deficient (<25 ng/ml), insufficient (25-49 ng/ml), sufficient (≥50- 125 ng/ml), or hypervitaminosis (>125 ng/ml), based on our center reference range and the validation of the assay. Results In this retrospective study of 155 pediatric oncology patients, the majority aged 0 to 10 years (78%), findings reveal a male preponderance (54.2%) and a more prevalent in patients with hematological malignancies (85%). Chemotherapy was administered to 98%, with 7% underwent radiotherapy, and 89% received steroids. Analysis of serum 25-OH vitamin D levels indicated an overall deficiency and insufficiency at diagnosis (63%) and post-therapy (43%). Age and gender had a significant influence on vitamin D levels at diagnosis, with older children and females exhibiting lower concentrations. However, these differences diminished by the end of therapy. Notably, hematological malignancy patients often presented insufficient vitamin D levels, while solid tumor patients frequently had sufficient levels. Clinical outcomes showed a high survival rate (90.7%), limited bone density assessments (18.1%), and a 14.2% prevalence of hypervitaminosis. Conclusion In summary, our study reveals that over two-thirds of pediatric oncology patients experience vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency at the time of diagnosis, particularly notable in females and older children. Notably, those with solid tumors exhibit higher baseline 25-OH vitamin D concentrations compared to counterparts with hematological malignancies. The findings underscore the importance of educating both patients and caregivers on supplementation and sun exposure to mitigate the prevalence of deficient and insufficient vitamin D levels in pediatric oncology cases.

Argel's stemmoside C as a novel natural remedy for mice with alcohol-induced gastric ulcer based on its molecular mechanistic pathways.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Solenostemma argel is widely distributed in Africa & Asia with traditional usage in alleviating abdominal colic, aches, & cramps. This plant is rich in phytochemicals, which must be explored for its pharmacological effects. PURPOSE: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is the digestion of the digestive tube. PUD not only interferes with food digestion & nutrient absorption, damages one of the largest defensive barriers against pathogenic micro-organisms, but also impedes drug absorption & bioavailability, rendering the oral route, the most convenient way, ineffective. Omeprazole, one of the indispensable cost-effective proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) extensively prescribed to control PUD, is showing growing apprehensions toward multiple drug interactions & side effects. Hence, finding a natural alternative with Omeprazole-like activity & limited side effects is a medical concern. STUDY DESIGN: Therefore, we present Stemmoside C as a new gastroprotective phytochemical agent isolated from Solenostemma argel to be tested in upgrading doses against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in mice compared to negative, positive, & reference Omeprazole groups. METHODS: We carried out in-depth pharmacological & histopathological studies to determine the possible mechanistic pathway. RESULTS: Our results showed that Stemmoside C protected the stomach against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers parallel to Omeprazole. Furthermore, the mechanistic studies revealed that Stemmoside C produced its effect using an orchestrated array of different mechanisms. Stemmoside C stimulates stomach defense by increasing COX-2, PGE-2, NO, & TFF-1 healing factors, IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine, & Nrf-2 & HO-1 anti-oxidant pathways. It also suppresses stomach ulceration by inhibiting leucocyte recruitment, especially neutrophils, leading to subsequent inhibition of NF-κBp65, TNF-α, IL-1ß, & iNOS pro-inflammatory cytokines & JAK-1/STAT-3 inflammation-induced carcinogenicity cascade in addition to MMP-9 responsible for tissue degradation. CONCLUSION: These findings cast light on Stemmoside C's clinical application against gastric ulcer progression, recurrence, & tumorigenicity & concurrently with chemotherapy.

Off-Label Drug Use in Pediatric Out-Patient Care: A Multi-Center Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: Prescribing a drug for a child is not an easy task and requires using the best available evidence as a guide, especially when a drug is used off-label. The practice of prescribing a drug for off-label use is fairly widespread worldwide. The FDA does not regulate prescribing patterns or practices of individual practitioners and, therefore, allows off-label use. The main objective of this study is to evaluate off-label prescribing among the pediatric population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). METHOD: This is a retrospective, simple random selection observational study of children (≤15 years) who visited pediatric clinics and had at least 1 drug prescribed over a 12-month period (January to December 2018). RESULTS: A total of 865 drugs (mean 1 and SD 0.24) were prescribed to 326 children. Off-label was identified in 39.4% of the drugs with a frequency of 512 (as 1 drug may belong to more than 1 off-label category). The most common reason for off-label prescribing was related to doses that were "higher or lower than the recommended use" (48.6%), and the most frequently identified drug class prescribed for off-label use was anti-infective drugs for systemic use (39.9%). The percentage of off-label drug use was found to be higher in girls and in the age group of 1 month to 2 years (P = .001) for both variables. In addition, a significant association was found between off label drug use and the total number of drugs prescribed, P < .001. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed a high incidence of off-label prescribing mainly related to dosing and indication. The results of this observational study support the need to establish a unified national pediatric dosing formulary guide to ensure safe drug use in pediatrics.

T cell ALL in a child with Ataxia telangiectasia; diagnosis and management challenges.

Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare childhood autosomal recessive neurodegenerative chromosomalin stability disorder. It is characterized by high risk of hematological malignancies with T-cell phenotype being the most common, which can present first before the diagnosis of A-T made. The chromosomalin stability in A-T increases the toxicity to radio-chemotherapeutic agents, creating the treatment modification challenges and the deviation from the optimal management protocols. In this case report, we present a 14-month-old boy diagnosed as T cell -ALL. Based on his early presentation, family history of childhood lymphoma, and high AFP, inherited predisposition was suspected, and genetic testing confirms A-T. This report represents the crucial part of clinical suspicion of A-T in similar cases as well as highlighting the importance of an early A-T diagnosis that prevents toxic death due to the extensive regimen of radio- chemotherapeutic agents. The report summarizes the toxicity and modification challenges during management with literature review for the chemotherapy modification experience in such cases.

Adoption of a Personal Health Record in the Digital Age: Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: As health care organizations strive to improve health care access, quality, and costs, they have implemented patient-facing eHealth technologies such as personal health records to better engage patients in the management of their health. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, eHealth is also growing in accordance with Vision 2030 and its National Transformation Program framework, creating a roadmap for increased quality and efficiency of the health care system and supporting the goal of patient-centered care. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the adoption of the personal health record of the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA Care). METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in adults visiting outpatient clinics in hospitals at the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs hospitals in Riyadh, Jeddah, Dammam, Madinah, and Al Ahsa, and primary health care clinics in Riyadh and Qassim. The main outcome measure was self-reported use of MNGHA Care. RESULTS: In the sample of 546 adult patients, 383 (70.1%) reported being users of MNGHA Care. MNGHA Care users were more likely to be younger (P<.001), high school or university educated (P<.001), employed (P<.001), have a chronic condition (P=.046), use the internet to search for health-related information (P<.001), and use health apps on their mobile phones (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that there is substantial interest for the use of MNGHA Care personal health record with 70% of participants self-reporting use. To confirm these findings, objective data from the portal usage logs are needed. Maximizing the potential of MNGHA Care supports patient engagement and is aligned with the national eHealth initiative to encourage the use of technology for high-quality, accessible patient-centered care. Future research should include health care provider perspectives, incorporate objective data, employ a mixed-methods approach, and use a theoretical framework.

Comparative efficacy of Gum Arabic (Acacia senegal) and Tribulus terrestris on male fertility.

In this study the effect of Gum arabic (Acacia Senegal) was systemically targeted at male fertility with two experiments, the first comparing the effectiveness of Gum arabic (GA) and Tribulus terrestris (TT). For the first experiment, 27 adult mice Balb / c (18 females, 9 males) were divided into 3 in each group, one male and two females, group one had the usual tap water as power, group two had 5% (w / v) GA and group three had 5% (w / v) of TT for 21 days. The results showed, the number of offspring was more with GA treated when compared to TT treated. Blood measurements of testosterone showed significant increase in the GA group as compared to other groups, also Histopathological analysis showed the dose dependent 5% GA had normal seminiferous tubules with increase spermatogenesis. In this study the enhanced fertility in GA-treated mice Balb/c was observed and the experimental studies also show that GA fertility was increased.

Epidemiology of Preventable Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) Among Hospitalized Children at KAMC-Jeddah: a Single-Institution Observation Study.

AIM: Drug-related problems (DRPs) "are the unwanted effects of drugs that potentially lead to a harmful outcome" thereby requiring considerable attention. Hospitalized pediatric patients, in particular, represent a population at risk of DRPs. The epidemiology of preventable DRPs among children in Saudi Arabia remains scarce, which thus poses distinct challenges to all healthcare professionals. We aim to characterize preventable DRPs among hospitalized children at KAMC-Jeddah. METHODS: A prospective observational study of children (≤15 years) admitted to pediatric units (excluding cancer units) at KAMC-Jeddah over a 3-month period (May 29 to August 30, 2016) is carried out to determine the incidence of preventable DRPs and investigate the possible associated factors (gender, age, admission location, type of admission, and number of medications). RESULTS: A total of 319 DRPs were identified among 235 patients, of which 280 DRPs (87.8%, 280/319) were deemed preventable. The majority of preventable DRPs were related to dose selection (78%, 219/280). None of the preventable DRPs were life threatening or fatal, and the majority were assessed as moderate in severity (94.3%, 264/280). There was no significant difference between DRP incidences with age mean 3.5 (P=0.389), gender mean (P=0.436), and weight mean 13.47 (P=0.323). Younger children (age ≤2years) admitted to PICU were more likely to have DRP (OR 4.44, 95% CI, 1.87 to 10.52, P=0.00001). Scheduled admissions were 2.89 times more likely to be exposed to DRP compared to transferred admissions (OR 2.8, 95% CI, 1.83 to 4.70, P=0.005). Additionally, DRP incidences increased proportionally to the number of medications. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that establishing appropriate prevention strategies towards improvement and safety in medicine use among this vulnerable patient population is a high priority.

Impact of the e-prescribing system on the incidence and nature of drug-related problems in children in a Saudi hospital.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of a computerised physician order entry (CPOE) system on the drug-related problems' (DRPs) incidence and characteristics in hospitalised children in a Saudi hospital, and to compare DRPs incidence pre-/post-CPOE implementation. METHODS: An observational study. DRPs were identified by pharmacists, reviewing children's (0-14 years) medical records on CPOE system, in paediatric wards and/or attending emergency department. DRPs preventability and severity were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 657 paediatric patients were included, with 235 (35.8%) experienced 328 DRPs, majority were preventable (99.7%, 327). Difference in DRP incidence pre- and post-CPOE implementation (44.8% versus 35.8%, P < 0.01) was significant. CONCLUSION: The CPOE system has significantly reduced DRPs incidence in children in the study hospital.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors in a group of obese Saudi children and adolescents: a hospital-based study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We assessed the distribution of risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in a group of obese Saudi children and adolescents. No previous studies had addressed this issue in the Saudi pediatric population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients evaluated for obesity between 2004 and 2008 and collected data on age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), BP, fasting lipid profile, fasting glucose, insulin concentrations, and insulin resistance based on the homeostasis assessment model-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) score. Obesity was defined as a BMI above the 95th percentile for age and gender and metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to standard criteria. RESULTS: We studied 57 obese Saudi children and adolescents with a mean (standard deviation) age of 9.8 (3.5) years. Mean weight and body mass index (BMI) were 63.7 (28.3) kg and 31.6 (8.0) kg/m(2) , respectively. Systolic BP was elevated in 24 (42%) of the 57 subjects. Of the 39 children who had a lipid profile in their records, 10 had hypertriglyceridemia, 8 had hypercholesterolemia, 6 had elevated LDL cholesterol levels, and 6 had low HDL cholesterol levels. Impaired fasting glucose was found in 10 of 38 patients in which it was measured, and 9 of 25 patients had fasting hyperinsulinemia. Eleven of 37 patients (29.7%) met the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome. Diastolic BP correlated positively with BMI (r=0.440, P =.001), and HDL cholesterol correlated negatively with weight and BMI (r=-0.487, P =.002 and r=-0.317, P =.05). HOMA-IR correlated positively with BMI and triglyceride levels and negatively with HDL cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS: Obese Saudi children and adolescents have multiple risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome.

Seasonal incidence and molecular characterization of Salmonella from dairy cows, calves, and farm environment.

The occurrence patterns and molecular characteristics of Salmonella are important for surveillance and control of the pathogens. Objectives of this study were to determine month-to-month variation and seasonal effects on the occurrence of Salmonella in dairy animals and environments and to characterize selected Salmonella isolates. A total of 7680 animal and environmental samples, collected monthly from a dairy farm, were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella during a 12-month study. Major sources of Salmonella on the dairy farm (% positive) were milking parlor air (62%) and bird droppings (63%) during winter; feeds (50-58%), water (53-67%), calf bedding (63%), soils (60-63%), milking parlor air (60%), and bird droppings (50%) in spring; all animal and environmental samples (40-92%) except milking parlor air (25%) and bulk tank milk (29%) in summer; and feeds (60-71%), cow beddings (59%), cow soils (50%), air (46-71%), and insects (63%) during fall. Salmonella ribotyping indicated that most serovars came from different sources but some might have originated from a common source and transmitted from site to site on the farm. These data provide some important information on key animal and environmental sampling sites needed to initiate on-farm management programs for control of this important foodborne pathogen.