RESUMEN
Education is a central determinant of adolescent health. School absences and bullying involvement jeopardize wellbeing, mental health, and educational attainment. We analyzed time trends in school absenteeism over two decades and examined the association of absenteeism with bullying involvement.We analyzed data from the nationwide School Health Promotion study, with self-reported data from Finnish middle school students in grades 8 and 9 (ages 14-17, N = 1 000 970). Questionnaires assessed frequency of illness absences (IA), truancy, frequency of bullying victimization, bullying perpetration, and involvement in both bullying perpetration and victimization. Frequent school absences were defined as occurring on more than 3 days during the prior month (2000-2015), or at least weekly (2017-2019).Frequent IA increased from 12% to 2000 to 22% in 2015. In 2017-2019, frequent IA was reported by 3.5%. Frequent truancy declined from 9% to 2000 to 4% in 2015, and remained at 4% during 2017-2019. Bully victimization was reported at least weekly by 6.9%, perpetration by 5.4% and victimization-perpetration by 1.9% of participants in total. In a logistic regression model, every type of bullying involvement increased odds for both IA and truancy.Since bullying involvement was associated with both IA and truancy, particular concern should be raised for adolescents involved in bullying, and for their social and educational functioning. The concurrent increase in IA and decrease in truancy may reflect destigmatization of mental health problems or other changes in reporting absenteeism.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Long-term follow-up studies on the prognosis and consequences of occupational hand eczema (OHE) and the prognostic risk factors for persistent OHE are sparse. OBJECTIVES: To determine the medical and occupational outcome after a follow-up of 7-14 years in 605 patients diagnosed with OHE and to identify the prognostic risk factors for the continuation of hand eczema. METHODS: Patients examined at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health in 1994-2001 completed a follow-up questionnaire 7-14 years after diagnosis. RESULTS: The hand eczema had healed (no eczema during the last year) in 40% of patients with OHE. The duration of hand eczema before diagnosis was strongly associated with the continuation of eczema. Age, sex and diagnosis (allergic or irritant contact dermatitis) were not associated with the prognosis, but skin atopy, and especially respiratory atopy, were correlated with the continuation of hand eczema. Contact allergies in general were not risk factors for persistent OHE, but the presence of a work-related chromate allergy was associated with poor healing. A total of 34% of patients had changed their occupation due to OHE, and their long-term prognosis was better than those who had not. The hand eczema of patients originally in food-related occupations continued on an unfavourable course. CONCLUSIONS: In the logistic model, risk factors for the continuation of OHE were a long duration of hand eczema before diagnosis, respiratory atopy, skin atopy, and continuation in the same occupation. Those who ended up changing occupation due to their OHE had a better medical and economic prognosis.
Asunto(s)
Dermatitis Profesional/epidemiología , Eccema/epidemiología , Dermatosis de la Mano/epidemiología , Adulto , Dermatitis Profesional/diagnóstico , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Eccema/diagnóstico , Eccema/etiología , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Dermatosis de la Mano/diagnóstico , Dermatosis de la Mano/etiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ocupaciones , Pronóstico , Factores de Riesgo , Ausencia por Enfermedad , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown moderate heritability for female orgasm. So far, however, no study has addressed the pattern of genetic and environmental influences on diverse sexual dysfunctions in women, nor how genetic and environmental factors contribute to the associations between them. METHOD: The sample was drawn from the Genetics of Sex and Aggression (GSA) sample and consisted of 6, 446 female twins (aged 18-43 years) and 1994 female siblings (aged 18-49 years). The participants responded to the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), either by post or online. RESULTS: Model fitting analyses indicated that individual differences on all six subdomains of the FSFI (desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain) were primarily due to non-shared (individual-specific) environmental influences. Genetic influences were modest but significant, whereas shared environmental influences were not significant. A correlated factors model including additive and non-additive genetic and non-shared environmental effects proved to have the best fit and suggested that both correlated additive and non-additive genetic factors and unique environmental factors underlie the co-occurrence of the sexual function problems. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that female sexual dysfunctions are separate entities with some shared aetiology. They also indicate that there is a genetic susceptibility for sexual dysfunctions. The unique experiences of each individual are, however, the main factors determining if, and which, dysfunction develops.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Sexual/psicología , Disfunciones Sexuales Psicológicas/genética , Disfunciones Sexuales Psicológicas/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Comorbilidad , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Orgasmo , Dolor/epidemiología , Dolor/genética , Dolor/psicología , Satisfacción Personal , Autorrevelación , Conducta Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Disfunciones Sexuales Psicológicas/epidemiología , Medio Social , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Gemelos/genética , Gemelos/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Formaldehyde allergy is common and usually derives from formaldehyde-releasing biocides in cosmetic and other products. OBJECTIVES: To analyse patterns of patch test reactions to formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasing compounds and the sources of sensitization. PATIENTS/METHODS: At the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, we screened the patch test files for allergic reactions to formaldehyde and 12 formaldehyde-releasing compounds. All patients with contact allergy to any of the substances were included, and their records were reviewed. RESULTS: Between January 2001 and May 2007, we had patch tested 81 patients with formaldehyde allergy and 18 with independent allergy to some formaldehyde releaser. Of the formaldehyde allergies, 60 were new sensitizations, 25 of which were considered to be occupational. The most common source of occupational sensitization was metalworking fluids followed by creams and related products. Exposure to formaldehyde-releasing preservatives in liquid soaps and other rinse-off products was common in both occupational and non-occupational cases. Reactions to formaldehyde-releasing compounds were seen in 79% of the formaldehyde-allergic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational formaldehyde allergy was common and occurred in metalworkers, hairdressers, masseurs, and workers using protective creams, detergents, and liquid soaps. When compared with studies on general dermatological patients, contact allergy to formaldehyde releasers without formaldehyde allergy was rare.
Asunto(s)
Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Formaldehído/efectos adversos , Industrias , Pruebas del Parche , Alérgenos , Estudios de Cohortes , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/diagnóstico , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/epidemiología , Dermatitis Profesional/diagnóstico , Dermatitis Profesional/epidemiología , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Formaldehído/inmunología , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Morfolinas/efectos adversos , Salud Laboral , Oxazoles/efectos adversos , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Case reports of occupational asthma in dental personnel have been published, but there is little data on the risk of respiratory disorders related to occupational exposure to methacrylates in dental assistants. The objective of this study was to investigate the relation of exposure to methacrylates to occurrence of respiratory symptoms and diseases among dental assistants. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of female dental assistants from the membership register of the Finnish Association of Dental Hygienists and Assistants was conducted in the Helsinki metropolitan area. A CATI was carried out to collect information on health and exposures. A total of 799 dental assistants participated (response rate 87%). RESULTS: Daily use of methacrylates was related to a significantly increased risk of adult-onset asthma (adjusted OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.14-7.24), nasal symptoms (1.37, 1.02-1.84), and work-related cough or phlegm (1.69, 1.08-2.71). Nasal symptoms showed a dose-response relation with increasing years of exposure to methacrylates, and those with >10 years of exposure had also increased risk of hoarseness, dyspnoea, and wheezing with dyspnoea. Dental assistants with a history of atopic diseases were particularly susceptible to exposure to methacrylates, the adjusted OR for adult asthma being in this group 4.18 (95% CI 1.02-28.55) and for nasal symptoms 2.11 (1.08-4.19). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new evidence that the risk of adult-onset asthma, nasal symptoms and other respiratory symptoms increase significantly with daily use of methacrylates in dental assistants' work. The results suggest that exposure to methacrylates poses an important occupational hazard for dental assistants.
Asunto(s)
Asistentes Dentales , Metacrilatos/efectos adversos , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Respiratorias/inducido químicamente , Adulto , Asma/inducido químicamente , Tos/inducido químicamente , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad Inmediata/complicaciones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades Nasales/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Profesionales/inducido químicamente , Ruidos Respiratorios/etiologíaRESUMEN
Contact sensitivity to cosmetics is common, but the sensitizing chemicals vary between countries and study periods. The present survey aimed at revealing the recent trends in patch test sensitivity with cosmetic chemicals in Finland. We report a retrospective multicentre survey of patch test reactions focusing on cosmetic-related substances and comparing the test results in 1995-97 with those in 2000-02. The most striking increases in the frequency of the patch test sensitivity were found with balsam of Peru and propolis from 4.0% to 6.2% (P < 0.001) and from 0.5% to 1.4% (P < 0.001), respectively, whereas the most prominent decreases were found with methylchloro/methylisothiazolinone and chlorhexidine diglugonate from 2.4% to 1.3% (P < 0.001) and from 1.2% to 0.5% (P < 0.001), respectively. The level of patch test sensitivity to methyldibromo glutaronitrile increased, although not significantly, from 1.0% to 1.5%. An increasing tendency was also found with hair dye chemicals 4-aminophenol and toluene-2,5-diamine or toluene-2,5-diamine sulfate from 1.3% to 3.8% and from 1.4% to 5.2%, respectively, while such a tendency was not found among permanent wave chemicals. The sensitivity level of fragrance mix remained the same (6% - 7%). We conclude that surveys revealing the state of sensitivity to cosmetic chemicals should be performed periodically in different countries.
Asunto(s)
Alérgenos/efectos adversos , Cosméticos/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/diagnóstico , Pruebas del Parche/métodos , Desodorantes/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Femenino , Finlandia , Preparaciones para el Cabello/efectos adversos , Educación en Salud/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas del Parche/normas , Perfumes/efectos adversos , Extractos Vegetales/efectos adversos , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Própolis/efectos adversos , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Epoxy resin (ER) is a common cause of occupational allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), but contact urticaria from ER is very rare. METHODS AND RESULTS: A plastic-product worker first developed ACD from diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin, and subsequent exposure resulted half a year later in contact urticaria: first with edema of the lips and eyelids, and later an urticarial reaction on the upper chest, with strong swelling of the eyelids and tightness of the throat. The diagnosis was based on a positive skin prick test to his "own" ER compound, a positive prick test reaction to DGEBA, and a positive skin provocation test with the ER compound and DGEBA. The contact urticaria test reaction was strongly aggravated when the allergen was wiped off with an alcohol solution, apparently because the solution enhanced the penetration of the allergen. CONCLUSIONS: Our case is of interest, first, because contact urticaria from ER is very rare, and second, because this is the second report in which a strongly intensified contact urticaria reaction was provoked by an alcohol solution. We suggest that if the contact urticaria provocation test with low-molecular-weight chemicals is negative, a contact urticaria provocation test with alcohol (CUPTA) should be performed.
Asunto(s)
Carcinógenos/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Compuestos Epoxi/efectos adversos , Resinas Epoxi/efectos adversos , Urticaria/inducido químicamente , Adulto , Compuestos de Bencidrilo , Erupciones por Medicamentos/etiología , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
The exposure of dental personnel to airborne methacrylates and natural rubber latex (NRL) allergens was studied during placing of composite resin restorations in six dental clinics in Finland. Both area and personal sampling were performed, and special attention was paid to measurement of short-term emissions from the patient's mouth. Methacrylates were collected onto thermal desorption tubes filled with Tenax TA and NRL allergens onto membrane filters. The methacrylate samples were thermally desorbed and analysed by gas chromatography with mass selective detection. The NRL allergen concentrations were determined by the allergen-specific IgE-ELISA-inhibition method. The median concentration of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (2-HEMA) was 0.004 mg m-3 close to the dental nurse's work-desk and 0.003 mg m-3 in the breathing zone of the nurse with a maximum concentration of 0.033 mg m-3. Above the patient's mouth the concentration of 2-HEMA was about 0.01 mg m-3 during both working stages, i.e., during application of adhesive and composite resins and during finishing and polishing of the fillings. Maximum concentrations of 3-5 times higher than median concentrations were also measured. Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate was released into the air mainly during the removal of old composite resin restorations (0.05 mg m-3) and only to a minor extent during finishing and polishing procedures. The median concentration of the NRL allergen was 0.12 au m-3 (au = arbitrary unit) with a maximum concentration of 1.1 au m-3. The results show that, except for short-term emissions from the patient's mouth, the exposure of dental personnel to methacrylates and NRL allergens is very low. Measures to reduce exposure are discussed, as the airborne concentrations of methacrylates should be kept as low as possible in order to reduce the risk of hypersensitivity.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación del Aire Interior/análisis , Alérgenos/análisis , Clínicas Odontológicas , Personal de Odontología , Látex/análisis , Exposición Profesional , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Humanos , Exposición por Inhalación , Metacrilatos , Medición de Riesgo , Lugar de TrabajoAsunto(s)
Asistentes Dentales , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Dermatosis Facial/etiología , Máscaras/efectos adversos , Adulto , Cobalto/efectos adversos , Femenino , Dermatosis de la Mano/etiología , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad al Látex/complicaciones , Níquel/efectos adversos , Pruebas del ParcheRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Compositae mix and sesquiterpene-lactone (SL) mix are important patch test substances to show allergic contact dermatitis from various Compositae plants. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study are to calculate the sensitization rates to Compositae mix and SL mix in an occupational dermatology clinic and to describe cases of active sensitization caused by patch testing with Compositae mix and SL mix. METHODS: Conventional patch testing was performed. SL mix (0.1%) and Compositae mix (6% in petrolatum) were tested in a modified European standard series and a plant allergen series. Testing with other appropriate patch test series was also performed. RESULTS: SL mix provoked 8 allergic patch test reactions (0.7%) in 1,076 patients, whereas Compositae mix was positive in 15 of 346 patients (4.2%). Three patients were actively sensitized to Compositae mix and 1 patient to SL mix. One patient was also sensitized to other plant allergens in a series of allergenic plant chemicals, namely to Mansonone A, an ortho-quinone; (R)-3,4-dimethoxydalbergione, a quinone; and Chlorophorin, a hydroxy stilbene. Allergic patch test reactions to laurel leaf were caused by cross-sensitization to SLs. CONCLUSION: Compositae mix seems to be a more important patch test substance than SL mix to detect allergic contact dermatitis to Compositae plants, but patch testing may sensitize. The concentration of the individual components of the Compositae mix should be adjusted so that the mix detects allergic patients but does not sensitize.
Asunto(s)
Alérgenos , Asteraceae/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/diagnóstico , Pruebas del Parche/normas , Sesquiterpenos , Estilbenos , Adulto , Alérgenos/efectos adversos , Benzoquinonas/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactonas/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Naftoquinonas/efectos adversos , Extractos Vegetales/efectos adversos , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Resorcinoles/efectos adversos , Sesquiterpenos/administración & dosificación , Sesquiterpenos/efectos adversos , Sesquiterpenos de EudesmanoRESUMEN
Exposure to wood dusts may cause various skin and mucosal symptoms. Allergic dermatoses, caused by wood dusts, diagnosed at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health during 1976-1999 are reported here. 16 had allergic contact dermatitis and, 2 had contact urticaria. 9 men (3 cabinet makers, 3 joiners, 1 carpenter, 1 knifemaker and 1 machinist) were mainly exposed to tropical hardwoods. 1 man had dermatitis caused by western red cedar. 5 patients, 3 men and 2 women, were exposed to Finnish pine or spruce dusts, and 1 man to aspen. 7 also had rhinitis, 4 asthma or dyspnoea and 3 conjunctivitis. On patch testing, 10 men reacted to 9 different wood dusts, including teak (5), palisander (3), jacaranda (2), mahogany (2), walnut (2) and obeche (1). Reactions to wood allergens, including lapachol (2), deoxylapachol (1), (R)-3,4-dimethoxydahlbergione (2), 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (1), mansonone A (2) and salicyl alcohol (1), were noted in 4 cases. All but 1 of 5 patients exposed to pine or spruce dusts reacted to the sawdusts, all 5 to colophonium, 3 to abietic acid, 2 to tall oil resin, 3 to wood tar mix and 4 to other wood gum resins. Of the 2 CU patients, 1 was prick and RAST positive to obeche, 1 reacted with urticarial dermatitis to punah wood dust on chamber exposure. Occupational allergic dermatoses are mainly caused by the dusts of hardwoods, mostly due to Type IV allergy, but may also be caused by softwood dusts. Patch tests can be done with wood dusts, but should be confirmed by patch testing with wood allergens if possible.
Asunto(s)
Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Polvo/efectos adversos , Aceites de Plantas , Madera , Adulto , Contaminantes Ocupacionales del Aire/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Pruebas del ParcheAsunto(s)
Alérgenos/efectos adversos , Benzofenonas/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/diagnóstico , Dermatitis Profesional/diagnóstico , Preparaciones para el Cabello/efectos adversos , Dermatosis de la Mano/diagnóstico , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Dermatosis de la Mano/etiología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas del ParcheRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Data on the incidence rates (IR) of occupational dermatoses are scarce. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We calculated the IR of occupational allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by chromium, nickel and cobalt by occupation, during a 7-year period (1991-1997) from the data of the Finnish Register of Occupational Diseases and from the statistics on the working population in different occupations. RESULTS: A total of 2543 cases of occupational ACD were reported during 1991-1997. Cr caused 143 (5.6%) cases of ACD, Ni 176 cases (6.9%) and Co 41 cases (1.6%) of ACD. Women had greater number of occupational ACD from nickel, whereas occupational ACD from chromate and cobalt was more frequent in men. The ranking list of the IR of occupational ACD caused by Cr per 10,000 working years was (incidence rate in parenthesis) (1) tanners, fellmongers, and pelt dressers (12.20); (2) cast concrete product workers (6.94); (3) leather goods workers (4.71), (4) metal plating and coating workers (3.66); (5) bricklayers (3.44); (6) reinforcement concreters (2.79); and (7) building workers (1.32). The corresponding ranking list for Ni was (1) footwear workers (2.55); (2) machine and metal product assemblers (2.40); (3) electrical and teletechnical equipment assemblers (2.03); (4) precision instrument mechanics (1.73); (5) postal officials (1.48); (6) hairdressers, beauticians, and bath attendants (1.24); (7) industrial tailors and seamstresses (1.08); and (8) waiters in cafes and snack bars (1.04). The corresponding ranking list for Co was (1) printers (0.80); (2) turners, machinists, and toolmakers (0.36); and (3) machine and engine mechanics (0.17). CONCLUSION: The Finnish Register of Occupational Diseases forms a good basis for calculating IR. As IR illustrates the risk to become sensitized, preventive measures should be directed at occupations with the highest IR.
Asunto(s)
Cromo/efectos adversos , Cobalto/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/epidemiología , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Dermatitis Profesional/epidemiología , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Níquel/efectos adversos , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/prevención & control , Dermatitis Profesional/prevención & control , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Ocupaciones/estadística & datos numéricos , Vigilancia de la Población , Prevalencia , Sistema de Registros , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por Sexo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: We report on IgE-mediated allergy in a worker caused by Tribolium confusum (confused flour beetle). These beetles lived in the "old" flour to which he was exposed in his work. CASE REPORT: A 35-year-old, nonatopic mechanic in a rye crispbread factory developed rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthmatic symptoms, as well as urticaria on his wrists, lower arms, hands, neck, and face, during the maintenance and repair of machines contaminated by flour. This flour had been in and on the machines for a long time, and it contained small beetles. The patient did not suffer any symptoms when handling fresh, clean flour. RESULTS: Skin prick tests with standard environmental allergens, storage mites, enzymes, flours, and molds were negative. A prick test with flour from the machines gave a 10-mm reaction. An open application of the same flour caused urticarial whealing on the exposed skin. Prick tests with fresh flour from the factory were negative. A prick test with minced T. confusum from the flour in the machines gave a 7-mm reaction. Histamine hydrochloride 10 mg/ml gave a 7-mm reaction. Specific serum IgE antibodies to T. confusum were elevated at 17.2 kU/l. Prick tests with the flour from the machines were negative in five control patients. CONCLUSIONS: The patient had occupational contact urticaria, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthmatic symptoms from exposure to flour. His symptoms were caused by immediate allergy to the beetle T. confusum. Immediate allergy to this beetle has rarely been reported in connection with respiratory symptoms, but it may be more common. Contact urticaria from this source has not been reported before.