A New Score Based on the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury for Integrative Evaluation of Changes in Sensorimotor Functions.

Sensorimotor function of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) is commonly assessed according to the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI). From the ISNCSCI segmental motor and sensory assessments, upper and lower extremity motor scores (UEMS and LEMS), sum scores of pinprick (PP) and light touch (LT) sensation, the neurological level of injury (NLI) and the classification of lesion severity according to the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade are derived. Changes of these parameters over time are used widely to evaluate neurological recovery. Evaluating recovery based on a single ISNCSCI scoring or classification variable, however, may misestimate overall recovery. Here, we propose an Integrated Neurological Change Score (INCS) based on the combination of normalized changes between two time points of UEMS, LEMS, and total PP and LT scores. To assess the agreement of INCS with clinical judgment of meaningfulness of neurological changes, changes of ISNCSCI variables between two time points of 88 patients from an independent cohort were rated by 20 clinical experts according to a five-categories Likert Scale. As for individual ISNCSCI variables, neurological change measured by INCS is associated with severity (AIS grade), age, and time since injury, but INCS better reflects clinical judgment about meaningfulness of neurological changes than individual ISNCSCI variables. In addition, INCS is related to changes in functional independence measured by the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) in patients with tetraplegia. The INCS may be a useful measure of overall neurological change in clinical studies.

Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with robotic therapy for upper and lower limb function after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials.

BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method able to modulate neuronal activity after stroke. The aim of this systematic review was to determine if tDCS combined with robotic therapy (RT) improves limb function after stroke when compared to RT alone. METHODS: A search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published prior to July 15, 2021 was performed. The main outcome was function assessed with the Fugl-Meyer motor assessment for upper extremities (FM/ue) and 10-m walking test (10MWT) for the lower limbs. As secondary outcomes, strength was assessed with the Motricity Index (MI) or Medical Research Council scale (MRC), spasticity with the modified Ashworth scale (MAS), functional independence with the Barthel Index (BI), and kinematic parameters. RESULTS: Ten studies were included for analysis (n = 368 enrolled participants). The results showed a non-significant effect for tDCS combined with RT to improve upper limb function [standardized mean difference (SMD) = - 0.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): - 0.35-0.11)]. However, a positive effect of the combined therapy was observed in the lower limb function (SMD = 0.48; 95% CI: - 0.15-1.12). Significant results favouring tDCS combined with RT were not found in strength (SMD = - 0.15; 95% CI: - 0.4-0.1), spasticity [mean difference (MD) = - 0.15; 95% CI: - 0.8-0.5)], functional independence (MD = 2.5; 95% CI: - 1.9-6.9) or velocity of movement (SMD = 0.06; 95% CI: - 0.3-0.5) with a "moderate" or "low" recommendation level according to the GRADE guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Current findings suggest that tDCS combined with RT does not improve upper limb function, strength, spasticity, functional independence or velocity of movement after stroke. However, tDCS may enhance the effects of RT alone for lower limb function. tDCS parameters and the stage or type of stroke injury could be crucial factors that determine the effectiveness of this therapy.

Phase II/III placebo-controlled randomized trial of safety and efficacy of growth hormone treatment in incomplete chronic traumatic spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: This is a double blind phase II/III placebo-controlled randomized trial of the safety and efficacy of GH treatment in incomplete chronic traumatic spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility to use exogenous GH administration for motor recovery in chronic traumatic incomplete human SCI. The objectives were to establish safety and efficacy of a combined treatment of subcutaneous GH (or placebo) and rehabilitation in this population. SETTING: Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos METHODS: The pharmacological treatment was a subcutaneous daily dose of growth hormone (GH, Genotonorm 0.4 mg, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals) or placebo for one year. The pharmacological treatment was performed, during the first six months under hospitalization and supervised rehabilitation. RESULTS: The main findings were that the combined treatment of GH plus rehabilitation treatment is feasible and safe, and that GH but not placebo increases the ISNCSCI motor score. On the other hand, the motor-score increment was marginal (after one-year combined treatment, the mean increment of the motor-score was around 2.5 points). Moreover, we found that intensive and long-lasting rehabilitation program per se increases the functional outcome of SCI individuals (measured using SCIM III and WISCI II). CONCLUSIONS: It is important to highlight that our aim was to propose GH as a possible treatment to improve motor functions in incomplete SCI individuals. At least with the doses we used, we think that the therapeutic effects of this approach are not clinically relevant in most subjects with SCI.

Treatment of spasticity in spinal cord injury with botulinum toxin.

CONTEXT: Spasticity is one of the most frequent complications in spinal cord injury (SCI), and is routinely managed with oral pharmacologic therapy. Botulinum toxin (BT) is not accepted as a treatment for spasticity in SCI in Spain but may be used in certain cases of focal distribution. OBJECTIVE: To report the results with BT for treatment of spasticity in SCI. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive retrospective study conducted at a specialist SCI rehabilitation center in Spain, covering patients first treated from 2012 through 2014, and successfully followed up for a minimum of 1 year. Data were collected on the following variables: demographic and SCI characteristics (level and grade); nature of spasticity, e.g. tone, distribution, spasms, articular involvement and pain; function; application of BT; tolerance and adverse reactions. RESULTS: The study covered 90 patients, predominantly male with incomplete injuries. Improvement in tone as measured by the modified Ashworth scale was a mean of 1.17 points. Goniometric improvement was achieved in 65.6% and improvement in pain in 38.9% of cases. There were no adverse side-effects. Patients with focal spasticity showed a significantly greater improvement in tone (P < 0.0001). The earlier the BT injection, the greater the improvement in goniometric performance (P < 0.006) and pain (P < 0.033), with the best results being obtained within the first 6 months of clinical course. ASIA D injuries showed a greater improvement in tone (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: BT can be both an effective treatment for focal spasticity in SCI and a good coadjuvant for oral treatments in generalized spasticity.

New Insights from Clinical Assessment of Upper Extremities in Cervical Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

Upper extremity function has a strong impact on the quality of life in cervical spinal cord-injured patients. Upper extremity function depends on many factors, such as muscle strength, level of lesion, and extension of the cord damage in its axial axis produced by the injury. These variables can be obtained by the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, which is the standard for the functional evaluation of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between upper limb muscle strength, level of injury, and axial damage with the functionality of upper limb measured using the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT) and the 9 Hole Peg Test (9HPT) in cervical SCI. Twenty-nine patients were included in this study. Our results suggest that both the JTHFT and 9HPT can be similarly used to quantify functional impairment after cervical SCI. Moreover, our data suggest that the upper extremity motor score, JTHFT, and 9HPT strongly correlate with the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale (graded from A to E), but not with the lesion level. Our findings can be of great importance for the clinician or researchers whose therapeutic interventions have as a main objective to improve upper limb functionality in patients with cervical SCI. We suggest that ASIA impairment scale, ASIA motor score, and functional tests (including JTHFT and/or 9HPT) could be used as outcome measures in cervical SCI clinical trials.

Lesión medular en pacientes mayores de 65 años / Spinal cord injury in patients over 65 years of age

Introducción. La población de mayores de 65 años activos físicamente continúa en aumento, lo que condiciona un mayor riesgo de caídas y de lesión medular en un rango de edad con importante presencia de patología crónica. Objetivo. Revisar la incidencia, el tipo de lesión, las complicaciones asociadas y los resultados funcionales de las lesiones medulares ocurridas en pacientes mayores de 65 años. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en lesionados medulares agudos mayores de 65 años ingresados en el Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos desde enero de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2011. Las variables del estudio fueron datos demográficos y de lesión, antecedentes personales, complicaciones ocurridas durante el ingreso y capacidad funcional al alta medida con las escalas Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM III) y Walking Index Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI). Resultados. Se incluyeron 111 individuos con una media de edad de 72,5 años. La incidencia anual fue de 17,3 pacientes/100 ingresos. El 33,3% eran lesiones cervicales y fueron incompletas el 66,7%. La etiología médica fue más frecuente que la traumática. El 5% no presentaba otras enfermedades intercurrentes. El 97% sufrió algún tipo de complicación. La media alcanzada para la SCIM III fue de 42 puntos y el 35% consiguió capacidad de marcha. Conclusiones. En los últimos años se ha producido un aumento de lesión medular en mayores de 65 años, en los que la etiología traumática no es superior a la médica; más frecuentemente son lesiones incompletas que asocian mayor comorbilidad que la población general, y se consiguen resultados funcionales más pobres a pesar de las mejoras neurológicas (AU)

Introduction. Physically active population over 65 years old is increasing, they are at risk of falls and spinal cord injury in a range of age with significant presence of chronic pathology. Aim. To review the incidence, type of injury, associated complications and functional recovey of spinal cord injury in patients over 65 years. Patients and methods. Retrospective descriptive study about patients over 65 years admitted in Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos with spinal cord injury from January 2010 to December 2011. Demographic and lesion data, complications during admission and fuctional recovery measured with SCIM III (Spinal Cord Independence Measure) and WISCI II scales (Walking Index Spinal Cord Injury) were reviewed. Results. 111 patients were included, mean age was 72.5 years, 33.3% were cervical injury and 66.7% were incomplete injuries, medical disease was more frequent than traumatic disease. Only 5% did not present other associated diseases. Up to 97% suffered some complications. SCIM III average was 42 points and only 35% got walking function. Conclusions. There has been an increase in aging spinal cord injury patients in recent years. Unlike general population traumatic etiology is not more frequent than medical. Incomplete injuries are common and usually associated with more comorbility, getting poorer functional recovery despite neurological improvement (AU)

[Spinal cord injury in patients over 65 years of age]. / Lesión medular en pacientes mayores de 65 años.

INTRODUCTION: Physically active population over 65 years old is increasing, they are at risk of falls and spinal cord injury in a range of age with significant presence of chronic pathology. AIM: To review the incidence, type of injury, associated complications and functional recovey of spinal cord injury in patients over 65 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study about patients over 65 years admitted in Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos with spinal cord injury from January 2010 to December 2011. Demographic and lesion data, complications during admission and fuctional recovery measured with SCIM III (Spinal Cord Independence Measure) and WISCI II scales (Walking Index Spinal Cord Injury) were reviewed. RESULTS: 111 patients were included, mean age was 72.5 years, 33.3% were cervical injury and 66.7% were incomplete injuries, medical disease was more frequent than traumatic disease. Only 5% did not present other associated diseases. Up to 97% suffered some complications. SCIM III average was 42 points and only 35% got walking function. CONCLUSIONS: There has been an increase in aging spinal cord injury patients in recent years. Unlike general population traumatic etiology is not more frequent than medical. Incomplete injuries are common and usually associated with more comorbility, getting poorer functional recovery despite neurological improvement.

TITLE: Lesion medular en pacientes mayores de 65 años.Introduccion. La poblacion de mayores de 65 años activos fisicamente continua en aumento, lo que condiciona un mayor riesgo de caidas y de lesion medular en un rango de edad con importante presencia de patologia cronica. Objetivo. Revisar la incidencia, el tipo de lesion, las complicaciones asociadas y los resultados funcionales de las lesiones medulares ocurridas en pacientes mayores de 65 años. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en lesionados medulares agudos mayores de 65 años ingresados en el Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos desde enero de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2011. Las variables del estudio fueron datos demograficos y de lesion, antecedentes personales, complicaciones ocurridas durante el ingreso y capacidad funcional al alta medida con las escalas Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM III) y Walking Index Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI). Resultados. Se incluyeron 111 individuos con una media de edad de 72,5 años. La incidencia anual fue de 17,3 pacientes/100 ingresos. El 33,3% eran lesiones cervicales y fueron incompletas el 66,7%. La etiologia medica fue mas frecuente que la traumatica. El 5% no presentaba otras enfermedades intercurrentes. El 97% sufrio algun tipo de complicacion. La media alcanzada para la SCIM III fue de 42 puntos y el 35% consiguio capacidad de marcha. Conclusiones. En los ultimos años se ha producido un aumento de lesion medular en mayores de 65 años, en los que la etiologia traumatica no es superior a la medica; mas frecuentemente son lesiones incompletas que asocian mayor comorbilidad que la poblacion general, y se consiguen resultados funcionales mas pobres a pesar de las mejoras neurologicas.

A comparison of robotic walking therapy and conventional walking therapy in individuals with upper versus lower motor neuron lesions: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare a walking reeducation program with robotic locomotor training plus overground therapy (LKOGT) to conventional overground training (OGT) in individuals with incomplete upper motor neuron (UMN) or lower motor neuron (LMN) injuries having either traumatic or nontraumatic nonprogressive etiology. DESIGN: Randomized open controlled trial with blind evaluation by an independent observer. SETTING: An inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 88 adults within 6 months of spinal cord injury onset (group A, 44 with UMN injury, and group B, 44 with LMN injury) were graded on the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale as C or D. Each of these groups was then randomly allocated to conditions 1 or 2. INTERVENTIONS: Condition 1: Subgroups A1 and B1 were treated with LKOGT for 60 minutes. Condition 2: Subgroups A2 and B2 received 60 minutes of conventional OGT 5 days per week for 8 weeks. Subjects with UMN and LMN were randomized into 2 training groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ten-meter walk test and 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II, lower extremity motor score (LEMS), and the FIM-Locomotor were secondary outcome measures. RESULTS: By using the LKOGT program compared with OGT, we found significant differences in the 6MWT for groups A1 and B1. LKOGT also provided higher scores than did OGT in secondary outcomes such as the LEMS and the FIM-Locomotor. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic-assisted step training yielded better results in the 6MWT and the LEMS in patients with UMN and LMN.

Lokomat robotic-assisted versus overground training within 3 to 6 months of incomplete spinal cord lesion: randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: About 75% of persons with ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) Impairment Scale C and D incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) achieve walking ability. OBJECTIVE: To compare a walking reeducation program using Lokomat with conventional overground training among individuals with incomplete SCI of both traumatic and nontraumatic etiology. METHODS: A total of 80 participants from 3 to 6 months after onset admitted to 1 site for rehabilitation were included in a single-blind randomized clinical trial of 2 parallel groups, with blind evaluation by independent observers. Patients received 40 walking reeducation sessions of equal time using a Lokomat program with overground practice or overground mobility therapy alone. Primary measurements of outcome were walking speed and the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI II). Secondary outcomes were the 6-minute walk test, locomotor section of the Functional Independence Measure, Lower Extremity Motor Score (LEMS), Ashworth Scale, and Visual Analog Scale for pain. RESULTS: No significant differences were found at entry between treatment groups. Walking speed for Lokomat (0.4m/s [0.6-0.2]) and overground therapy (0.3m/s [0.5-0.2]) groups did not differ. The WISCI II for the Lokomat group (16 [8.5-19]) was better than for overground therapy (9 [8-16]). The 6-minute walk test and LEMS displayed significant differences in favor of Lokomat therapy but were not corrected for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic-assisted training was equivalent to conventional walk training in patients with a variety of nonprogressive spinal cord pathologies for walking speed, but the need for orthotics and assistive devices was reduced, perhaps because of greater leg strength in the robotic group.