COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity Reduces Hospitalization and Critical Care Needs Related to COVID-19: a USIDNET Report.

BACKGROUND: The CDC and ACIP recommend COVID-19 vaccination for patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI). Not much is known about vaccine safety in IEI, and whether vaccination attenuates infection severity in IEI. OBJECTIVE: To estimate COVID-19 vaccination safety and examine effect on outcomes in patients with IEI. METHODS: We built a secure registry database in conjunction with the US Immunodeficiency Network to examine vaccination frequency and indicators of safety and effectiveness in IEI patients. The registry opened on January 1, 2022, and closed on August 19, 2022. RESULTS: Physicians entered data on 1245 patients from 24 countries. The most common diagnoses were antibody deficiencies (63.7%). At least one COVID-19 vaccine was administered to 806 patients (64.7%), and 216 patients received vaccination prior to the development of COVID-19. The most common vaccines administered were mRNA-based (84.0%). Seventeen patients were reported to seek outpatient clinic or emergency room care for a vaccine-related complication, and one patient was hospitalized for symptomatic anemia. Eight hundred twenty-three patients (66.1%) experienced COVID-19 infection. Of these, 156 patients required hospitalization (19.0%), 47 required ICU care (5.7%), and 28 died (3.4%). Rates of hospitalization (9.3% versus 24.4%, p < 0.001), ICU admission (2.8% versus 7.6%, p = 0.013), and death (2.3% versus 4.3%, p = 0.202) in patients who had COVID-19 were lower in patients who received vaccination prior to infection. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, not having at least one COVID-19 vaccine significantly increased the odds of hospitalization and ICU admission. CONCLUSION: Vaccination for COVID-19 in the IEI population appears safe and attenuates COVID-19 severity.

Partial loss-of-function mutations in GINS4 lead to NK cell deficiency with neutropenia.

Human NK cell deficiency (NKD) is a primary immunodeficiency in which the main clinically relevant immunological defect involves missing or dysfunctional NK cells. Here, we describe a familial NKD case in which 2 siblings had a substantive NKD and neutropenia in the absence of other immune system abnormalities. Exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous variants in Go-Ichi-Ni-San (GINS) complex subunit 4 (GINS4, also known as SLD5), an essential component of the human replicative helicase, which we demonstrate to have a damaging impact upon the expression and assembly of the GINS complex. Cells derived from affected individuals and a GINS4-knockdown cell line demonstrate delayed cell cycle progression, without signs of improper DNA synthesis or increased replication stress. By modeling partial GINS4 depletion in differentiating NK cells in vitro, we demonstrate the causal relationship between the genotype and the NK cell phenotype, as well as a cell-intrinsic defect in NK cell development. Thus, biallelic partial loss-of-function mutations in GINS4 define a potentially novel disease-causing gene underlying NKD with neutropenia. Together with the previously described mutations in other helicase genes causing NKD, and with the mild defects observed in other human cells, these variants underscore the importance of this pathway in NK cell biology.

Genetic errors of immunity distinguish pediatric nonmalignant lymphoproliferative disorders.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric nonmalignant lymphoproliferative disorders (PLPDs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Long-standing immune dysregulation and lymphoproliferation in children may be life-threatening, and a paucity of data exists to guide evaluation and treatment of children with PLPD. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to ascertain the spectrum of genomic immunologic defects in PLPD. Secondary objectives included characterization of clinical outcomes and associations between genetic diagnoses and those outcomes. METHODS: PLPD was defined by persistent lymphadenopathy, lymph organ involvement, or lymphocytic infiltration for more than 3 months, with or without chronic or significant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Fifty-one subjects from 47 different families with PLPD were analyzed using whole exome sequencing. RESULTS: Whole exome sequencing identified likely genetic errors of immunity in 51% to 62% of families (53% to 65% of affected children). Presence of a genetic etiology was associated with younger age and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Ten-year survival for the cohort was 72.4%, and patients with viable genetic diagnoses had a higher survival rate (82%) compared to children without a genetic explanation (48%, P = .03). Survival outcomes for individuals with EBV-associated disease and no genetic explanation were particularly worse than outcomes for subjects with EBV-associated disease and a genetic explanation (17% vs 90%; P = .002). Ascertainment of a molecular diagnosis provided targetable treatment options for up to 18 individuals and led to active management changes for 12 patients. CONCLUSIONS: PLPD defines children at high risk for mortality, and whole exome sequencing informs clinical risks and therapeutic opportunities for this diagnosis.

Cow's milk allergy non-responsive to amino acid-based formula? A successful transplanted patient with immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome.

The wide variety of IPEX symptoms leads to diagnosis and treatment delay with fatal outcomes if left untreated before two first years of life. Cow's milk allergy non-responsive to amino acid-based formula must raise suspicion of this syndrome.

Genetic Analysis of a Cohort of 275 Patients with Hyper-IgE Syndromes and/or Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis.

Hyper-IgE syndromes and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis constitute rare primary immunodeficiency syndromes with an overlapping clinical phenotype. In recent years, a growing number of underlying genetic defects have been identified. To characterize the underlying genetic defects in a large international cohort of 275 patients, of whom 211 had been clinically diagnosed with hyper-IgE syndrome and 64 with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, targeted panel sequencing was performed, relying on Agilent HaloPlex and Illumina MiSeq technologies. The targeted panel sequencing approach allowed us to identify 87 (32 novel and 55 previously described) mutations in 78 patients, which generated a diagnostic success rate of 28.4%. Specifically, mutations in DOCK8 (26 patients), STAT3 (21), STAT1 (15), CARD9 (6), AIRE (3), IL17RA (2), SPINK5 (3), ZNF341 (2), CARMIL2/RLTPR (1), IL12RB1 (1), and WAS (1) have been detected. The most common clinical findings in this cohort were elevated IgE (81.5%), eczema (71.7%), and eosinophilia (62.9%). Regarding infections, 54.7% of patients had a history of radiologically proven pneumonia, and 28.3% have had other serious infections. History of fungal infection was noted in 53% of cases and skin abscesses in 52.9%. Skeletal or dental abnormalities were observed in 46.2% of patients with a characteristic face being the most commonly reported feature (23.1%), followed by retained primary teeth in 18.9% of patients. Targeted panel sequencing provides a cost-effective first-line genetic screening method which allows for the identification of mutations also in patients with atypical clinical presentations and should be routinely implemented in referral centers.

Diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies in Peru.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are human inborn errors of immunity, leading to an increased susceptibility to infections, inflammatory manifestations, and malignancy. We estimate around 16 000 individuals with PIDs living in Peru who are still undiagnosed. The purpose of this review is to make a situational analysis of the diagnosis of PIDs in Peru. RECENT FINDINGS: There is an evident underdiagnosis of PIDs in Peru. Insufficient awareness and lack of diagnostic tools can be solved partially by expanding the number and expertise of Clinical Immunologists and specialized medical centers. The availability of molecular testing at reasonable costs is mandatory to improve the diagnostic approach to patients with suspected PID. The development of didactic and innovative educational tools has been a critical strategy to improve PID awareness and diagnosis in Peru. SUMMARY: Developing countries like Peru still have critical limitations to diagnose patients with PIDs such as insufficient awareness in physicians, lack of specialized reference centers, and unavailability of confirmatory genetic testing. Joint work between government, health professionals, patient organizations, and society is essential to overcome these limitations and provide a better future for patients with inborn errors of immunity.

All together to Fight COVID-19.

Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), named a pandemic by the WHO, is the current global health crisis. National and international collaboration are indispensable for combating COVID-19 and other similar potential outbreaks. International efforts to tackle this complex problem have led to remarkable scientific advances. Yet, as a global society, we can and must take additional measures to fight this pandemic. Undoubtedly, our approach toward COVID-19 was not perfect, and testing has not been deployed fast enough to arrest the epidemic early on. It is critical that we revise our approaches to be more prepared for pandemics as a united body by promoting global cooperation and commitment.

COVID-19 y oftalmología: rol del sistema inmunitario / COVID-19 and ophthalmology: role of the immune system

RESUMEN El COVID-19 ocasiona manifestaciones clínicas diversas, las manifestaciones oftalmológicas se presentan como conjuntivitis virales. Luego del ingreso del virus, se producen complejas rutas de respuesta inmunológica. Se hallan receptores para el virus en células de la superficie ocular, con predisposición a infección local. Es probable que luego del ingreso del virus se presente una respuesta limitada de la inflamación ocular, el cual podría estar mediado por el enfoque de privilegio inmune.

ABSTRACT COVID-19 causes various clinical manifestations, ophthalmological manifestations present as viral conjunctivitis. After the entry of the virus, it will produce complex immune response routes, receptors for the virus are found in cells of the ocular surface, therefore it could give a local infection, it is likely that after the entry of the virus, a limited response of ocular inflammation, which could be mediated by the immune privilege approach.

Diagnóstico genético de pacientes con agammaglobulinemia primaria atendidos en centros peruanos de tercer nivel / Genetic diagnosis of patients with primary agammaglobulinemia treated at third level peruvian centers

Las agammaglobulinemias primarias (AP) resultan de alteraciones específicas en las células B, lo cual, conduce a baja producción de anticuerpos. La sospecha diagnóstica se establece con el antecedente de infecciones a repetición, inmunoglobulinas bajas y la ausencia linfocitos B CD19+. El diagnóstico se confirma mediante el análisis genético y la detección de una mutación ligada en el cromosoma X o autosómico recesiva o dominante. En Perú, no hay literatura sobre AP ni reportes sobre el genotipo de los pacientes con sospecha de AP. Bajo este escenario, se realizó un estudio que describió el genotipo de pacientes con sospecha de AP. Se encontraron 20 pacientes con mutaciones en el gen BTK y una mutación autosómica recesiva IGHM. Se hallaron 13 mutaciones hereditarias y siete mutaciones de novo. Se concluye que las AP son, en su mayoría, mutaciones en el gen BTK que corresponden con AP ligadas al cromosoma X.

Primary agammaglobulinemia result from specific alterations in B cells, which lead to low antibody production. Diagnostic suspicion is established with a history of repeated infections, low immunoglobulins, and absence of CD19+ B lymphocytes. The diagnosis is confirmed by genetic analysis and the detection of a mutation linked to the X or autosomal recessive or dominant chromosome. In Peru, there is no literature on primary agammaglobulinemia and no reports on the genotype of patients with suspected primary agammaglobulinemia. Under this scenario, a study was performed to describe the genotype of patients with suspected primary agammaglobulinemia. Twenty (20) patients were found with mutations in the BTK gene and an autosomal recessive IGHM mutation. Thirteen (13) hereditary mutations and seven de novo mutations were found. It is concluded that the group of primary agammaglobulinemia are mostly mutations in the BTK gene, corresponding to X-linked agammaglobulinemia.

Latin American consensus on the supportive management of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency.

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) represents the most lethal form of primary immunodeficiency, with mortality rates of greater than 90% within the first year of life without treatment. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy are the only curative treatments available, and the best-known prognostic factors for success are age at diagnosis, age at hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and the comorbidities that develop in between. There are no evidence-based guidelines for standardized clinical care for patients with SCID during the time between diagnosis and definitive treatment, and we aim to generate a consensus management strategy on the supportive care of patients with SCID. First, we gathered available information about SCID diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines, then we developed a document including diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, and finally we submitted the interventions for expert consensus through a modified Delphi technique. Interventions are grouped in 10 topic domains, including 123 "agreed" and 38 "nonagreed" statements. This document intends to standardize supportive clinical care of patients with SCID from diagnosis to definitive treatment, reduce disease burden, and ultimately improve prognosis, particularly in countries where newborn screening for SCID is not universally available and delayed diagnosis is the rule. Our work intends to provide a tool not only for immunologists but also for primary care physicians and other specialists involved in the care of patients with SCID.

Lentiviral Gene Therapy Combined with Low-Dose Busulfan in Infants with SCID-X1.

BACKGROUND: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) often fails to reconstitute immunity associated with T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells when matched sibling donors are unavailable unless high-dose chemotherapy is given. In previous studies, autologous gene therapy with γ-retroviral vectors failed to reconstitute B-cell and NK-cell immunity and was complicated by vector-related leukemia. METHODS: We performed a dual-center, phase 1-2 safety and efficacy study of a lentiviral vector to transfer IL2RG complementary DNA to bone marrow stem cells after low-exposure, targeted busulfan conditioning in eight infants with newly diagnosed SCID-X1. RESULTS: Eight infants with SCID-X1 were followed for a median of 16.4 months. Bone marrow harvest, busulfan conditioning, and cell infusion had no unexpected side effects. In seven infants, the numbers of CD3+, CD4+, and naive CD4+ T cells and NK cells normalized by 3 to 4 months after infusion and were accompanied by vector marking in T cells, B cells, NK cells, myeloid cells, and bone marrow progenitors. The eighth infant had an insufficient T-cell count initially, but T cells developed in this infant after a boost of gene-corrected cells without busulfan conditioning. Previous infections cleared in all infants, and all continued to grow normally. IgM levels normalized in seven of the eight infants, of whom four discontinued intravenous immune globulin supplementation; three of these four infants had a response to vaccines. Vector insertion-site analysis was performed in seven infants and showed polyclonal patterns without clonal dominance in all seven. CONCLUSIONS: Lentiviral vector gene therapy combined with low-exposure, targeted busulfan conditioning in infants with newly diagnosed SCID-X1 had low-grade acute toxic effects and resulted in multilineage engraftment of transduced cells, reconstitution of functional T cells and B cells, and normalization of NK-cell counts during a median follow-up of 16 months. (Funded by the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities and others; LVXSCID-ND ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01512888.).

[Genetic diagnosis of patients with primary agammaglobulinemia treated at third level peruvian centers]. / Diagnóstico genético de pacientes con agammaglobulinemia primaria atendidos en centros peruanos de tercer nivel.

Primary agammaglobulinemia result from specific alterations in B cells, which lead to low antibody production. Diagnostic suspicion is established with a history of repeated infections, low immunoglobulins, and absence of CD19+ B lymphocytes. The diagnosis is confirmed by genetic analysis and the detection of a mutation linked to the X or autosomal recessive or dominant chromosome. In Peru, there is no literature on primary agammaglobulinemia and no reports on the genotype of patients with suspected primary agammaglobulinemia. Under this scenario, a study was performed to describe the genotype of patients with suspected primary agammaglobulinemia. Twenty (20) patients were found with mutations in the BTK gene and an autosomal recessive IGHM mutation. Thirteen (13) hereditary mutations and seven de novo mutations were found. It is concluded that the group of primary agammaglobulinemia are mostly mutations in the BTK gene, corresponding to X-linked agammaglobulinemia.

Las agammaglobulinemias primarias (AP) resultan de alteraciones específicas en las células B, lo cual, conduce a baja producción de anticuerpos. La sospecha diagnóstica se establece con el antecedente de infecciones a repetición, inmunoglobulinas bajas y la ausencia linfocitos B CD19+. El diagnóstico se confirma mediante el análisis genético y la detección de una mutación ligada en el cromosoma X o autosómico recesiva o dominante. En Perú, no hay literatura sobre AP ni reportes sobre el genotipo de los pacientes con sospecha de AP. Bajo este escenario, se realizó un estudio que describió el genotipo de pacientes con sospecha de AP. Se encontraron 20 pacientes con mutaciones en el gen BTK y una mutación autosómica recesiva IGHM. Se hallaron 13 mutaciones hereditarias y siete mutaciones de novo. Se concluye que las AP son, en su mayoría, mutaciones en el gen BTK que corresponden con AP ligadas al cromosoma X.

Genetic and mechanistic diversity in pediatric hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

The HLH-2004 criteria are used to diagnose hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), yet concern exists for their misapplication, resulting in suboptimal treatment of some patients. We sought to define the genomic spectrum and associated outcomes of a diverse cohort of children who met the HLH-2004 criteria. Genetic testing was performed clinically or through research-based whole-exome sequencing. Clinical metrics were analyzed with respect to genomic results. Of 122 subjects enrolled over the course of 17 years, 101 subjects received genetic testing. Biallelic familial HLH (fHLH) gene defects were identified in only 19 (19%) and correlated with presentation at younger than 1 year of age (P < .0001). Digenic fHLH variants were observed but lacked statistical support for disease association. In 28 (58%) of 48 subjects, research whole-exome sequencing analyses successfully identified likely molecular explanations, including underlying primary immunodeficiency diseases, dysregulated immune activation and proliferation disorders, and potentially novel genetic conditions. Two-thirds of patients identified by the HLH-2004 criteria had underlying etiologies for HLH, including genetic defects, autoimmunity, and malignancy. Overall survival was 45%, and increased mortality correlated with HLH triggered by infection or malignancy (P < .05). Differences in survival did not correlate with genetic profile or extent of therapy. HLH should be conceptualized as a phenotype of critical illness characterized by toxic activation of immune cells from different underlying mechanisms. In most patients with HLH, targeted sequencing of fHLH genes remains insufficient for identifying pathogenic mechanisms. Whole-exome sequencing, however, may identify specific therapeutic opportunities and affect hematopoietic stem cell transplantation options for these patients.

A 3-Year-Old Girl with Recurrent Infections and Autoimmunity due to a STAT1 Gain-of-Function Mutation: The Expanding Clinical Presentation of Primary Immunodeficiencies.

We report a 3-year-old Peruvian girl, born to non-consanguineous parents. At the age of 8 months, she had a severe pneumonia complicated with empyema that required thoracic drainage and mechanical ventilation. Although no microorganisms were isolated, the patient recovered with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Since that date, she has presented multiple episodes of pneumonia and recurrent episodes of bronchospasm. At 1 year 5 months of age, the patient began with recurrent episodes of oropharyngeal, vaginal, and skin candidiasis, which improved transiently after using oral azole drugs. At 2.5 years of age, she was admitted with lupus-like syndrome, including serositis, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and positive antinuclear (1:80) and dsDNA (1:10) autoantibodies. Available immunologic testing was not contributory. Imaging studies revealed bilateral ethmoidal sinusitis and mild hepatomegaly. Bone marrow analysis did not showed evidence of leukemia or myelodysplasia, while renal biopsy concluded mild mesangial proliferation. Genetic studies revealed a pathogenic heterozygous signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 gain-of-function mutation (WT/P293L). The clinical status and lung function of the patient has worsened progressively. She has not achieved an optimal response to therapy, including high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, GM-CSF, prophylactic antibiotics and antifungal drugs, so we plan to perform hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Heterozygous STAT1 gain-of-function mutations underlie an unexpectedly broad clinical phenotype.

Since their discovery in patients with autosomal dominant (AD) chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) in 2011, heterozygous STAT1 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations have increasingly been identified worldwide. The clinical spectrum associated with them needed to be delineated. We enrolled 274 patients from 167 kindreds originating from 40 countries from 5 continents. Demographic data, clinical features, immunological parameters, treatment, and outcome were recorded. The median age of the 274 patients was 22 years (range, 1-71 years); 98% of them had CMC, with a median age at onset of 1 year (range, 0-24 years). Patients often displayed bacterial (74%) infections, mostly because of Staphylococcus aureus (36%), including the respiratory tract and the skin in 47% and 28% of patients, respectively, and viral (38%) infections, mostly because of Herpesviridae (83%) and affecting the skin in 32% of patients. Invasive fungal infections (10%), mostly caused by Candida spp. (29%), and mycobacterial disease (6%) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, environmental mycobacteria, or Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccines were less common. Many patients had autoimmune manifestations (37%), including hypothyroidism (22%), type 1 diabetes (4%), blood cytopenia (4%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (2%). Invasive infections (25%), cerebral aneurysms (6%), and cancers (6%) were the strongest predictors of poor outcome. CMC persisted in 39% of the 202 patients receiving prolonged antifungal treatment. Circulating interleukin-17A-producing T-cell count was low for most (82%) but not all of the patients tested. STAT1 GOF mutations underlie AD CMC, as well as an unexpectedly wide range of other clinical features, including not only a variety of infectious and autoimmune diseases, but also cerebral aneurysms and carcinomas that confer a poor prognosis.

Sensibilidad de la inmunoglobulina E total y del recuento de eosinófilos en sangre para el diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica en pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (Lima - Perú) durante los meses de Enero a Diciembre de 2010 / Sensibility of the immunoglobuline E total and the count of eosinophils in blood for the diagnosis of rhinitis allergic in patients attended in the National Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (Lima - Peru) during the months of January December of 2010

Introducción: La prevalencia de la rinitis alérgica ha aumentado en América Latina, y es una enfermedad que afecta notablemente la calidad de vida de quienes la padecen.Es importante evaluar en nuestro medio la sensibilidad de las pruebas de diagnóstico para rinitis alérgica. Objetivo: Determinar la sensibilidad de la IgE total y del recuento de eosinófilos en sangre para el diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica en pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins durante el período comprendido entre el 01 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2010. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo. Se evaluó una muestra de 200 pacientes, con edades entre 14 y 40 años, diagnosticados de rinitis alérgica, de quienes se obtuvieron los siguientes datos: sensibilización a aeroalérgenos, valor sérico de IgE total y recuento sanguíneo de eosinófilos. Resultados: La muestra estuvo constituida por 109 pacientes mujeres y 91 pacientes varones. El rango de edades de los pacientes fue entre 14 y 40 años, con una media de 24.20 y una desviación estándar de 9.88. La sensibilidad de la IgE total para el diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica fue de 95.5 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento=92.38-98.62); lasensibilidad del recuento de eosinófilos en sangre fue de 41.5 por ciento (lC 95 por ciento=34.42-48.58).Los ácaros del polvo de casa (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae y Dermatophagoides microceras) fueron los principales aeroalérgenos causantes de sensibilización en los pacientes con diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica. Conclusiones: La determinación de la IgE total parece ser una prueba diagnóstica de utilidad para el diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica, lo que no ocurre con el recuento de eosinófilos en sangre