Association between hyperkalemia, RAASi non-adherence and outcomes in chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Hyperkalemia is relatively frequent in CKD patients treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system inhibitors (RAASi). AIM: The aim of the present study was to estimate the increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality due to sub-optimal adherence to RAASi in CKD patients with hyperkalemia. METHODS: An observational retrospective cohort study was conducted, based on administrative and laboratory databases of five Local Health Units. Adult patients discharged from the hospital with a diagnosis of CKD, who were prescribed RAASi between January 2010 and December 2017, were included. We evaluated the appearance of documented episodes of hyperkalemia, RAASi therapy adherence and the effects of these two variables on cardiovascular events, death and dialysis inception for study patients. RESULTS: Of the 9241 selected patients, 4451 met all the criteria for study inclusion. Among them, 1071 had at least one documented episode of hyperkalemia, while 3380 did not. After propensity score matching based on several variables we obtained 2 groups of patients. The appearance of hyperkalemia caused treatment discontinuation in 21.8% of patients previously on RAASi therapy, and sub-optimal adherence (proportion of days covered < 80%) in 33.6% of them. Non-adherence to RAASi therapy among hyperkalemia patients was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events (hazard ratio [HR] 1.45, confidence interval [CI] 1.02-2.08; p < 0.05). Moreover, in non-adherent hyperkalemia patients, the risk of death increased by 126% (HR 2.26, CI 1.62-3.15; p < 0.001) compared with adherent patients. CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of CKD patients treated with RAASi, we observed that following hyperkalemia onset, non-adherence to RAASi medication can result in an increased risk of cardiovascular events and death.

Evidence of Antibiotic Resistance from Population-Based Studies: A Narrative Review.

The 20th century witnessed the dawn of the antibiotic revolution and is now facing the rising phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. In this narrative review, we aim to describe antibiotic resistance in clinical practice settings through population-based studies from different countries reporting the role of misuse of antibiotics in the development of resistance and the clinical and economic burden associated. The misuse of antibiotics was documented in the wide population as well as in hospitals and care facilities. It was mainly reported as over-use and inappropriate prescribing. Improper dosage regimens and longer treatment duration were regarded as pivotal factors related to antibiotic resistance; the emerging strategy of "antibiotic-de-escalation" could be the key to overcome these issues. The investigation of the self-medication attitude revealed widespread antibiotic use without following medical instructions or medical consultation. Moreover, several studies established the association of antibiotic resistance with increased risk of longer hospitalizations and mortality, highlighting the heavy clinical and economic burden of this phenomenon. In this narrative review, the widespread inappropriate use of antibiotics emerged as one of the main causes of antibiotic resistance, which negative outcomes call for the development of antibiotic stewardship programs and global surveillance networks.

[Effect of hyperkalemia and RAASi nonadherence on patients affected by heart failure or chronic kidney disease].

The presence of hyperkalemia (HK) in patients with heart failure (HF)or chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk of death. The aims of the present study have been: i) to evaluate if the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events and mortality increases in two cohorts of patients with heart failure (HF) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) affected by hyperkalemia (HK) and treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi). We have also evaluated the risk of dialysis among CKD patients; ii) to provide an estimate of the increased risk of CV events and mortality caused among HK patients by a non-optimal adherence to RAASi therapy in both HF and CKD cohorts. This is a retrospective study, based on the administrative databases of five Italian Local Health Units. All patients ≥18-year-old discharged from hospital with a diagnosis of HF (ICD-9-CM 428) or CKD (ICD-9-CM585) between January 2010 and December 2017 were enrolled. We defined as index date (ID) the date of first diagnosis during the enrolment period. Only patients that were prescribed RAASi therapy during the first three months after the ID were considered. Serum potassium level was tested in the three months before and after ID. The patients were considered as having HK if they presented a serum potassium level ≥5.5 mmol/l. Results show that patients with HK treated with RAASi were respectively 46% (HF) and 31% (CKD) more at risk of CV events and 88% (HF) and 72% (CKD) more at risk of dying. Moreover, the risk of dialysis in CKD patients increased by 458%. After the onset of HK, non-optimal adherence to RAASi in patients with HK was found to increase notably the risk of CV events (65% HF, 34% CKD) and mortality (127% HF, 122% CKD) in both cohorts.

Patient characteristics and bleeding events in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients treated with apixaban or vitamin K antagonists: real-world evidence from Italian administrative databases.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the risk of major bleeding among two cohorts of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients newly initiating a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) or apixaban in a real-world setting in Italy. PATIENTS & METHODS: A retrospective study using a large administrative database of Italian local health units was performed, using data from ten local health units and patients were included from the date of new initiation of apixaban or VKAs from January 2012 to June 2015. RESULTS: Risk of major bleeding was calculated using an adjusted Cox regression model. Compared with VKA, apixaban had a significantly lower risk of major bleeding (hazard ratio = 0.44 [95% CI: 0.12-0.97]). CONCLUSION: In this analysis, apixaban was associated with a lower risk of major bleeding compared with VKA.