Is the entropy-weighted water quality index a suitable index for evaluating the groundwater quality in Ha'il, Saudi Arabia?

This study examined the groundwater quality in Ha'il according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards using the entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) more accurately. The study investigated several parameters in groundwater quality and found that more than 75% of the changes in Ha'il can be attributed to four main factors (MF1, MF2, MF3, and MF4). The MF1 was found to have the biggest role in controlling more than 33% of the changes in the water quality. Due to the entropy calculations for each parameter, zinc was found to have the highest rate of influence on groundwater quality. The results of the EWQI showed that the highest number of samples (76%) had Rank 2 and good quality. Also, it was tried to couple EWQI with machine-learning techniques to improve the model performance and survey the related results in this study. The results showed that the efficiency criteria are improved noticeably. Root-mean-square error decreases by 25%, and the determination coefficient (R2) increases by 27.94%.

Onset about isothermal flow of Carreau liquid over converging channel with Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass fluxes.

In this paper, an innovative mathematical approach is adopted to construct new formulation for exploring thermal characteristics in Jeffery Hamel flow between non-parallel convergent-divergent channels using non-Fourier's law. Due to the occurrence of isothermal flow of non-Newtonian fluids through non-uniform surfaces in many industrial and technological processes, such as film condensation, plastic sheet deformation, crystallization, cooling of metallic sheets, design of nozzles devices, supersonic and various heat exchangers, and glass and polymer industries, the current research is focused on this topic. To modulate this flow, the flow stream is subjected in a non-uniform channel. By incorporating relaxations in Fourier's law, thermal and concentration flux intensities are examined. In the process of mathematically simulating the flow problem, we constructed a set of governing partial differential equations that were embedded with a variety of various parameters. These equations are simplified into order differential equations using the vogue variable conversion approach. By selecting the default tolerance, the MATLAB solver bvp4c completes the numerical simulation. The temperature and concentration profiles were determined to be affected in opposing ways by thermal and concentration relaxations, while thermophoresis improved both fluxes. Inertial forces in a convergent channel accelerate the fluid in a convergent channel, while in the divergent channel the stream is shrink. The temperature distribution of Fourier's law is stronger than that of the non-Fourier's heat flux model. The study has real-world significance in the food business and is pertinent to energy systems, biomedical technology, and contemporary aircraft systems.

Simulation of Prandtl Nanofluid in the Mixed Convective Flow of Activation Energy with Gyrotactic Microorganisms: Numerical Outlook Features of Micro-Machines.

The physiological systems and biological applications that have arisen during the past 15 years depend heavily on the microscale and nanoscale fluxes. Microchannels have been utilized to develop new diagnostic assays, examine cell adhesion and molecular transport, and replicate the fluid flow microenvironment of the circulatory system. The various uses of MHD boundary flow in engineering and technology are extensive, ranging from MHD power generators and the polymer industry to MHD flow meters and pumps and the spinning of filaments. In this investigation, the (Magnetohydrodynamic) MHD flow of Prandtl nanofluid is investigated along with mixed convection, energy activation, microorganism, and chemical reaction. The flow model is considered through partial differential equations in dimensionless form which is then integrated numerically via considering the Bvp4c technique. The outcome is numerous emerging physical parameters over velocity profile, temperature, mass concentration, and microorganism with the separate pertinent quantities such as the Prandtl fluid parameter, elastic fluid parameter, magnetic field, mixed convection parameter, activation energy, chemical reaction, Brownian motion, thermophoretic force, Prandtl number, and Schmidt number. The friction factor, rate of heat transfer and Sherwood number, and density of microbes are revealed numerically and graphically. The outcomes indicate that the Prandtl fluid parameter and elastic fluid parameter tend to enhance the velocity profile. It is also noted that the Prandtl fluid parameter depreciates the thermal rate with the addition of the concentration profile while the opposite trend is recorded for activation energy. Obtained numerical outcomes are correspondingly compared with the current statistics in limiting cases and a close match is obtained.

Effects of activation energy and chemical reaction on unsteady MHD dissipative Darcy-Forchheimer squeezed flow of Casson fluid over horizontal channel.

The impact of chemical reaction and activation energy plays a vital role in the analysis of fluid dynamics and its thermal properties. The application of the flow of fluid is significantly considered in nuclear reactors, automobiles, manufacturing setups, electronic appliances etc. This study explores the impacts of activation energy and chemical reaction on the magnetohydrodynamic Darcy-Forchheimer squeezed Casson fluid flow through a porous material across the horizontal channel where the two parallel plates are assumed to be in motion. By using similarity variables, partial differential equations are converted to ordinary differential equations. Numerical method is applied using MATLAB to solve the problems and acquire the data for velocity field, thermal distribution, and concentration distribution. The graphs indicate that fluid velocity and temperature increases as the plates are brought closer. In addition, there was a correlation between a rise in the Hartmann number and a decrease in the fluid's velocity because of the existence of strong Lorentz forces. The temperature and the concentration of the liquid will increase due to the Brownian motion. When the Darcy-Forchheimer and activation energy parameters are both increased, the velocity and concentration decreases.