Bioassay-guided isolation of insect repellent compounds from Ligusticum porteri root extract.

In our program of screening natural products against the pests of medical and veterinary importance, ethanolic extract of the roots of Ligusticum porteri J.M.Coult. & Rose showed significant repellency against mosquitoes. The extract was then fractionated to test different fractions to identify the active repellent compounds. This testing resulted in the isolation of different compounds including (Z)-3-butylidenephthalide, (E)-3-butylidenephthalide, and a mixture of (E/Z)-3-butylidenephthalide. Biting deterrence of all these compounds was similar to N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) against Aedes aegypti (L.) in Klun and Debboun (K & D) bioassay. (E/Z)-3-butylidenephthalide which is a mixture of the two compounds was further tested in Ali & Khan (A & K) bioassay. Based on these data repellency of this compound was similar whereas the MED values of the mixtures of (E/Z)-3-butylidenephthalide with carotol were lower (6.25 + 6.25 = 12.5 µg/cm2) than individual treatments (25 µg/cm2). In in vivo (direct skin application bioassay), (E/Z)-3-butylidenephthalide showed excellent repellency. The residual repellency of (E/Z)-3-butylidenephthalide at 8 and 16 % application rates was 4.5 and 10-h respectively which was equal to or better than DEET with the residual time of 5 and 9-h, respectively. The mixture of (E/Z)-3-butylidenephthalide with carotol (8 + 8 %) increased the residual repellency by 2-h (44 %) as compared to (E/Z)-3-butylidenephthalide alone at a dose of 8 %. These data indicated that (E/Z)-3-butylidenephthalide is an effective mosquito repellent that is stable and has a long shelf life. The activity of this compound is extraordinary and residual time is comparable to DEET. In vivo data demonstrated an enormous potential of (E/Z)-3-butylidenephthalide as a repellent that can be developed for commercial use. However, (E/Z)-3-butylidenephthalate was found in lower amounts of the L. porteri essential oil.

Examining the interplay of dust and defects: A comprehensive experimental analysis on the performance of photovoltaic modules.

The performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules is greatly impacted by dust accumulation and defects appearing in photovoltaic (PV) modules. Existing studies primarily focus on the effect of dust on general photovoltaic performance, neglecting the interactions with pre-existing defects such as snail trails. These defects are known to degrade the efficiency of PV modules. However, their interaction with environmental factors like dust accumulation has not been extensively analyzed. This research comprehensively analyzes the impact of dust accumulation on the performance of PV modules affected by snail trails. Using an experimental setup under outdoor conditions, the study incorporates thermal imaging, current-voltage characteristic curve tracing (IV curve tracing), electroluminescence (EL) imaging, and chemical analysis of the accumulated dust, to evaluate the electrical and thermal parameters affecting PV module performance. The study focuses on three types of modules, clean serves as a reference module (PV-R), normal unclean (PV-N), and snail trail-affected unclean PV module (PV-S). Compared to the PV-R module, the study meticulously quantifies the effect of accumulated dust on key performance indicators such as output power, V, and I. The PV-N module exhibits reductions of 17.7 % in current, 3.91 % in voltage, and 18.15 % in power output. The PV-S module experienced a decrease of 7.4 % in current, 7.55 % in voltage, and 14.87 % in power output under the dust deposition density of 6.984 g/m^2 having a mean particle size of 2.2279 µm. The dust deposition reduced the transmittance of glass, which indicates a potentially adverse impact on the PV module's efficiency. The findings highlighted in the current work provide a significant understanding of the detrimental impacts of dust accumulation on defected photo voltaic modules, highlighting the need for regular maintenance and cleaning to ensure optimal performance.

Stereoselective Oxidation of α-Copaene, a Fire Ant Repellent Sesquiterpene from the Essential Oil of Dipterocarpus turbinatus.

Imported fire ants are significant agricultural pests. Repellents can be used to prevent foraging fire ants from entering sensitive areas, including electrical equipment, nursing homes, and hospitals. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the essential oil extracted from gurjun balsam (Dipterocarpus turbinatus) resulted in the identification of (-)-α-copaene (1) as the repellent constituent with a minimum repellent effective dose (MRED) of 15.6 µg/g against both red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) and hybrid imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta × Solenopsis richteri). Stereoselective oxidation of 1 via autoxidation and chemical methods produced (-)-5R-hydroperoxy-α-copaene (2), (+)-3S-hydroperoxycopa-4-ene (3), (-)-α-copaene oxide (4), (+)-ß-copaen-4α-ol (5), copaenediol (6), and copaene ketol (7). Reduction of 2 and 3 with triphenylphosphine afforded (-)-5R-hydroxy-α-copaene (2a) and (+)-3S-hydroxycopa-4-ene (3a), respectively, which led to the structural revision of copa-3-en-2α-ol and copa-2-en-4-ol as 2a and 3, respectively. The configurational assignment of compound 4 in the literature was also clarified by the detailed analysis of 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Compounds 2-7 showed repellency with MREDs ranging from 3.9 to 15.6 µg/g against hybrid and red imported fire ants, indicating that chemical modification can enhance the repellent effect of (-)-α-copaene.

Capturing Patients' and Clinicians' Experiences of Using Video Consultations in Mental Health Outpatient Services: Qualitative Thematic Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Over the last decade, there has been an increase in the evidence base supporting the efficacy of video consultations (VCs) in mental health services. Furthermore, the potential of VC treatment was also demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite these promising results and conducive conditions for VCs, several studies have highlighted that the uptake and implementation of VCs continues to be slow, even after the pandemic. To facilitate and strengthen the implementation of VCs and exploit their potential as a useful tool for mental health disorder treatment, there is a need for a deeper understanding of the issues and experiences of implementing and using VCs as a treatment modality in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate patients' and clinicians' experiences and attitudes toward using VCs in clinical practice. METHODS: Treatment was conducted through the VC modality. Semistructured interviews were conducted individually with patients (n=10) and focus group interview were conducted with clinicians (n=4). Patients had participated in weekly VC treatment over 2 months as part of mental health outpatient services in Denmark. Data from these interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Thematic analysis of the patient interviews yielded two main themes: (1) adjusting to the practicalities of the VC format and (2) the practice of therapy using VCs. Patients experienced that using VCs was easy and convenient, and it was possible to establish and maintain a therapeutic alliance. They also described the contact as different to in-person therapy. The thematic analysis conducted on clinicians' experiences of using VCs yielded three themes: (1) a shift in mindset from resistance to acceptance, (2) the contact is different when using the VC modality, and (3) adapting to a new way of working. Clinicians experienced that their initial concerns and resistance toward VC implementation gradually diminished over time as they gained clinical experience of using the modality. They expressed that contact with patients can be different when using the VC modality and that it took time to adjust to a new way of working therapeutically. CONCLUSIONS: Both patients and clinicians experienced that VCs could enhance access to treatment and be meaningfully integrated into clinical practice. In addition, both groups described the contact when using the VC modality as being different to in-person therapy. Future research could examine patients' and clinicians' perceived differences regarding contact when using the VC modality and the implications for therapeutic interventions.

Sclerotia degradation by Trichoderma-mycoparasitic; an effective and sustainable trend in the drop lettuce disease control caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Controlling the hazard of sclerotia produced by the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is very complex, and it is urgent to adopt an effective method that is harmonious environmentally to control the disease. Among the six isolates isolated from the rhizosphere of lettuce, the isolate HZA84 demonstrated a high activity in its antagonism towards Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in vitro, and produces siderophore. By amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α), and RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) genes, the isolate HZA84 was identified as Trichoderma asperellum, which was confirmed by analysis of phylogenetic tree. The Scanning electron microscope monitoring detected that the isolate HZA84 spread over the sclerotial surface, thus, damaging, decomposing, and distorting the globular cells of the outer cortex of the sclerotia. The Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis disclosed the overexpression of two genes (chit33 and chit37) encoding the endochitinase in addition to one gene (prb1) encoding the proteinase during 4 and 8 days of the parasitism behavior of isolate HZA84 on the sclerotia surface. These enzymes aligned together in the sclerotia destruction by hyperparasitism. On the other hand, the pots trial revealed that spraying of isolate HZA84 reduced the drop disease symptoms of lettuce. The disease severity was decreased by 19.33 and the biocontrol efficiency was increased by 80.67% within the fourth week of inoculation. These findings magnify the unique role of Trichoderma in disrupting the development of plant diseases in sustainable ways.

Formation of magnetic double emulsions under steady and variable magnetic fields from a 3D-printed coaxial capillary device.

BACKGROUND: Double emulsions (DEs) have attracted researchers' attention to be utilized as a promising platform in biomedical and chemical applications. Several actuation mechanisms have been proposed for the generation of DEs. The conventional DE formation approaches (e.g. two-stage emulsification) suffer from low monodispersity. The electric actuation (i.e. coaxial electrospray technology) has been demonstrated as a controllable method for the DE formation, while the capability of magnetic actuation has not been studied yet. RESULT: In the present study, the generation of ferrofluid double emulsions (FDEs), made from water-based ferrofluid as a core and oil as a shell, under the magnetic actuation of a permanent magnet with a steady magnetic field and an electromagnet with DC and pulse width modulation (PWM) magnetic fields was investigated with a simple controllable setup fabricated using 3D printing. The effect of various parameters affecting the FDE formation, such as the fluid flow rates, the magnetic field type, the magnetic flux density, and the PWM frequency and duty cycle, on the FDE formation characteristics, including the inner and outer equivalent diameters, and the formation frequency was studied. Under the steady magnetic field, two regimes of the FDE formation were identified: inertia-dominated and magnet-dominated. SIGNIFICANCE: Wireless power-free magnetic actuation provides better control over the FDE formation, enhancing this process by increasing the FDE formation frequency with high monodispersity. The PWM magnetic field offers excellent controllability over the FDE formation with low-volume or no, in some cases, satellite droplets by tuning the PWM frequency and the duty cycle.

In-Hospital Triage.

The intensive care unit (ICU) is a finite and expensive resource with demand not infrequently exceeding capacity. Understanding ICU capacity strain is essential to gain situational awareness. Increased capacity strain can influence ICU triage decisions, which rely heavily on clinical judgment. Having an admission and triage protocol with which clinicians are very familiar can mitigate difficult, inappropriate admissions. This article reviews these concepts and methods of in-hospital triage.

Efficacy of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy with Adjunctive Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue O Mediated Photodynamic in Treatment of Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the efficacy of methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue O (TBO) photodynamic therapy (PDT) as adjuncts to root surface debridement (RSD). METHODS: This split-mouth, randomized, controlled clinical trial included eighteen patients, and a total of 332 sites (control = 102, MB = 124 and TBO = 106) were examined. Two sessions of PDT were completed at baseline and two weeks after RSD. Clinical parameters of bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured pre- and post-treatment. RESULTS: PPD and BOP reductions in sites treated by RSD with adjunctive photosensitizers (MB and TBO) were significantly higher than in control sites. RSD with MB showed higher efficacy in improving moderately deep pockets (OR 3.350), while adjunctive TBO showed better results in treating deeper pockets (OR 4.643). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggested that adjunctive use of MB and TBO to RSD could significantly improve periodontal pocket closure and reduce signs of inflammation. In addition, TBO seems to be more efficient in treating deep periodontal pockets than MB, which is more effective in resolving shallower pockets.

The morpho-syntax of question particles in Standard Arabic.

Unlike wh-question questions in Standard Arabic (SA), which received much attention in the past decades in different approaches within generative grammar, question particles (yes-no questions) in SA have not yet been studied thoroughly in minimalist syntax, and less attention has been paid to them. There is a need to analyze SA question articles and explore their syntactic behavior within minimalism. The reason why this topic has been selected for study is that SA question particles have not been investigated in detail yet in Chomsky's Phase Theory; it has not been analyzed how question particles are derived and represented morpho-syntactically in a clause structure. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the morpho-syntax of SA question particles and provide satisfactory answers to the following questions: (i) Do question particles in SA undergo any syntactic movement to [Spec-CP] in the derivation of yes-no questions? If not, why?, (ii) Are question particles based-generated in [Spec-CP]?, and (iii) How can question particles be accounted for neatly in Chomsky's Phase-based Theory? The paper adopts Chomsky's Phase Theory to examine the interaction between the assumptions of this theory and the SA data on question particles. The study findings reveal that, unlike English, question particles in SA do not undergo any syntactic movement while deriving yes-no questions and are assumed to be base-generated in [Spec-CP]. Such question particles are not part of the verb morphology and are merely morphological affixes used as devices to mark interrogativity in the syntax; they do not carry any agreement and tense features that trigger syntactic movement to the clause-initial position.

The Impact of COVID-19 in Reshaping Graduate Medical Education: Harnessing Hybrid Learning and Virtual Training.

Introduction  At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, many graduate medical education (GME) programs switched from in-person to virtual training to ensure a safe learning environment. However, the preferences of US residents in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic are largely unknown. Objective The authors surveyed PGY-2 psychiatry residents about their perception of the pandemic's impact on their clinical skills, didactics experience, training preferences, and future career perceptions. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted from October 31, 2021, to December 31, 2021. The authors emailed a survey to directors of US general psychiatry residency programs to disseminate to PGY-2 residents. The survey had Likert-scale and open-ended questions about the pandemic's perceived impact on PGY-1 training and future training preferences. The authors used descriptive statistics for Likert-scale questions and reflexive thematic analysis for open-ended questions. Results Out of an estimated 1800 residents, only 116 (6.4%) participated; post-pandemic preferences emerged. A strong preference was expressed for hybrid didactics, combining in-person and virtual learning. Virtual patient evaluations, especially in emergency and inpatient settings, were highly valued. Conversely, entirely virtual didactics and clinical rounds were deemed least preferred, emphasizing the importance of interactive, hands-on learning experiences. Conclusions Respondents emphasized the significance of incorporating hybrid models for both in-patient care and didactic sessions in GME. These preferences signify the need for adaptable and flexible approaches to education in psychiatry residency programs as we emerge from the pandemic.

In major dysmood disorder, physiosomatic, chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia symptoms are driven by immune activation and increased immune-associated neurotoxicity.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is accompanied by activated neuro-immune pathways, increased physiosomatic and chronic fatigue-fibromyalgia (FF) symptoms. The most severe MDD phenotype, namely major dysmood disorder (MDMD), is associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and negative life events (NLEs) which induce cytokines/chemokines/growth factors. To delineate the impact of ACE + NLEs on physiosomatic and FF symptoms in first episode (FE)-MDMD, and examine whether these effects are mediated by immune profiles. ACEs, NLEs, physiosomatic and FF symptoms, and 48 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors were measured in 64 FE-MDMD patients and 32 normal controls. Physiosomatic, FF and gastro-intestinal symptoms belong to the same factor as depression, anxiety, melancholia, and insomnia. The first factor extracted from these seven domains is labeled the physio-affective phenome of depression. A part (59.0%) of the variance in physiosomatic symptoms is explained by the independent effects of interleukin (IL)-16 and IL-8 (positively), CCL3 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (inversely correlated). A part (46.5%) of the variance in physiosomatic (59.0%) symptoms is explained by the independent effects of interleukin (IL)-16, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) (positively) and combined activities of negative immunoregulatory cytokines (inversely associated). Partial least squares analysis shows that ACE + NLEs exert a substantial influence on the physio-affective phenome which are partly mediated by an immune network composed of interleukin-16, CCL27, TRAIL, macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and stem cell growth factor. The physiosomatic and FF symptoms of FE-MDMD are partly caused by immune-associated neurotoxicity due to T helper (Th)-1 polarization and M1 macrophage activation and relative lowered compensatory immunoregulatory protection.

Adverse childhood experiences and recent negative events are associated with activated immune and growth factor pathways, the phenome of first episode major depression and suicidal behaviors.

This research assessed the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and negative life events (NLEs) on forty-eight cytokines/chemokines/growth factors, in 71 FE-MDMD patients and forty heathy controls. ACEs are highly significantly associated with the classical M1 macrophage, T helper (Th)-1, Th-1 polarization, IRS, and neurotoxicity immune profiles, and not with the alternative M2, and Th-2 immune profiles. There are highly significant correlations between ACEs and NLEs and different cytokines/chemokines/growth factors, especially with interleukin (IL)-16, CCL27, stem cell growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor. Partial Least Squares analysis showed that 62.3 % of the variance in the depression phenome (based on severity of depression, anxiety and suicidal behaviors) was explained by the regression on IL-4 (p = 0.001, inversely), the sum of ACEs + NLEs (p < 0.0001), and a vector extracted from 10 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors (p < 0.0001; both positively associated). The latter partially mediated (p < 0.0001) the effects of ACE + NLEs on the depression phenome. In conclusion, part of the effects of ACEs and NLEs on the depression phenome is mediated via activation of immune and growth factor networks. These pathways have a stronger impact in subjects with lowered activities of the compensatory immune-regulatory system.

Assessing the health risks of heavy metals and seasonal minerals fluctuations in Camellia sinensis cultivars during their growth seasons.

The risk assessment of heavy metals in tea is extremely imperative for the health of tea consumers. However, the effects of varietal variations and seasonal fluctuations on heavy metals and minerals in tea plants remain unclear. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to evaluate the contents of aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and antimony (Sb) in the two categories of young leaves (YL) and mature leaves (ML) of tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivars throughout the growing seasons. The results showed significant variations in the contents of the investigated nutrients both among the different cultivars and growing seasons as well. Furthermore, the average concentrations of Al, Mn, Mg, B, Ca, Cu, Co, Fe, Na, Zn, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Sb in YL ranged, from 671.58-2209.12, 1260.58-1902.21, 2290.56-2995.36, 91.18-164.68, 821.95-5708.20, 2.55-3.80, 3.96-25.22, 37.95-202.84, 81.79-205.05, 27.10-69.67, 0.028-0.053, 0.065-0.127, 2.40-3.73, 10.57-12.64, 0.11-0.14 mg kg-1, respectively. In ML, the concentrations were 2626.41-7834.60, 3980.82-6473.64, 3335.38-4537.48, 327.33-501.70, 9619.89-13153.68, 4.23-8.18, 17.23-34.20, 329.39-567.19, 145.36-248.69, 40.50-81.42, 0.089-0.169, 0.23-0.27, 5.24-7.89, 18.51-23.97, 0.15-0.19 mg kg-1, respectively. The contents of all analyzed nutrients were found to be higher in ML than in YL. Target hazard quotients (THQ) of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Sb, as well as the hazard index (HI), were all less than one, suggesting no risk to human health via tea consumption. This research might provide the groundwork for essential minerals recommendations, as well as a better understanding and management of heavy metal risks in tea.

Molecular and haematological investigations on Anaplasma ovis infection in goats in Ahvaz, Iran: Insights into infection rate, haemolytic effect and breed influences.

BACKGROUND: Anaplasma ovis (A. ovis) is the predominant causative agent of anaplasmosis in goats and sheep in most tropical and subtropical regions of the world. However, there is considerable variation in reported infection rates, breed susceptibility, and controversial findings regarding the haemolytic effects of A. ovis infection in goats. OBJECTIVES: Thus, we investigated the molecular and haematological aspects of A. ovis infection in goats from Ahvaz city. METHODS: One hundred and fifty apparently healthy goats (74 blacks and 76 Najdi goats) were randomly sampled from six flocks in the Ahvaz suburb during ticks' activity season. Haematological evaluation, smear microscopic (SM) examination and PCR assay were performed to assess A. ovis infection. Additionally, the percentage of parasitemia was determined from blood smears. RESULTS: SM examination revealed that 25.7% of the goats displayed erythrocyte Anaplasma-like inclusion bodies. PCR analysis indicated that 54% of the goats were positive for A. ovis infection (44.6% of blacks and 63.2% of Najdi goats). No significant difference in haematological values was observed between healthy and infected goats based on PCR testing. However, a significant difference in haematological indices was observed between the group with parasitemia level of 0.01-0.02% (SM and PCR positive) compared to the healthy goats (SM and PCR negative), particularly concerning Hb, PCV and RBC count (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: When the parasitemia exceeds 0.01%, A. ovis infection may disrupt haematological parameters in infected goats. The high prevalence of A. ovis infection (54%) among the studied goats underscores the importance of giving special attention to implementing necessary measures for disease control in the Ahvaz suburb.

Magnetically Selective Versatile Transport of Microrobotic Carriers.

Field-driven transport systems offer great promise for use as biofunctionalized carriers in microrobotics, biomedicine, and cell delivery applications. Despite the construction of artificial microtubules using several micromagnets, which provide a promising transport pathway for the synchronous delivery of microrobotic carriers to the targeted location inside microvascular networks, the selective transport of different microrobotic carriers remains an unexplored challenge. This study demonstrated the selective manipulation and transport of microrobotics along a patterned micromagnet using applied magnetic fields. Owing to varied field strengths, the magnetic beads used as the microrobotic carriers with different sizes revealed varied locomotion, including all of them moving along the same direction, selective rotation, bidirectional locomotion, and all of them moving in a reversed direction. Furthermore, cells immobilized with magnetic beads and nanoparticles also revealed varied locomotion. It is expected that such steering strategies of microrobotic carriers can be used in microvascular channels for the targeted delivery of drugs or cells in an organized manner.

Students' intrinsic motivation in EFL academic writing: Topic-based interest in focus.

Writing as a productive skill is extremely challenging for EFL students. To promote their writing effectiveness, students' intrinsic motivation must be enhanced by allowing them to self-assign writing topics or write about topics of interest. Therefore, this study describes how EFL students become motivated by self-assigning their writing topics and identifies students' attitudes and writing skills in topic-based interest in the EFL writing context. A descriptive-diagnostic method was applied to achieve the study objectives. A sample of 200 EFL students responded to a closed-item questionnaire on intrinsic motivation based on topic-based interest in writing. In addition, 20 students participated in semi-structured interviews on their attitudes toward topic-based interest. The study sample showed a high level of intrinsic motivation based on their self-assignment of writing topics. Furthermore, female students showed higher intrinsic motivation if they could self-assign their writing topics than male students. In addition, students with higher GPAs exhibited higher intrinsic motivation. Moreover, the interviews revealed that intrinsically motivated students most enhanced their writing skills in ideas, vocabulary, and choice of words. The researchers suggest that students' self-assignment of writing topics be considered in teaching writing as it contributes to improving intrinsic motivation.

Magnetic Lateral Ladder for Unidirectional Transport of Microrobots: Design Principles and Potential Applications of Cells-on-Chip.

Functionalized microrobots, which are directionally manipulated in a controlled and precise manner for specific tasks, face challenges. However, magnetic field-based controls constrain all microrobots to move in a coordinated manner, limiting their functions and independent behaviors. This article presents a design principle for achieving unidirectional microrobot transport using an asymmetric magnetic texture in the shape of a lateral ladder, which the authors call the "railway track." An asymmetric magnetic energy distribution along the axis allows for the continuous movement of microrobots in a fixed direction regardless of the direction of the magnetic field rotation. The authors demonstrated precise control and simple utilization of this method. Specifically, by placing magnetic textures with different directionalities, an integrated cell/particle collector can collect microrobots distributed in a large area and move them along a complex trajectory to a predetermined location.  The authors can leverage the versatile capabilities offered by this texture concept, including hierarchical isolation, switchable collection, programmable pairing, selective drug-response test, and local fluid mixing for target objects. The results demonstrate the importance of microrobot directionality in achieving complex individual control. This novel concept represents significant advancement over conventional magnetic field-based control technology and paves the way for further research in biofunctionalized microrobotics.