Clinical reappraisal of the composite international diagnostic interview version 3.3 in Qatar's National Mental Health Study.

OBJECTIVES: Lifetime DSM-5 diagnoses generated by the lay-administered Composite International Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (CIDI) in the World Mental Health Qatar (WMHQ) study were compared to diagnoses based on blinded clinician-administered reappraisal interviews. METHODS: Telephone follow-up interviews used the non-patient edition of the Structured Clinician Interview for DSM-5 (SCID) oversampling respondents who screened positive for five diagnoses in the CIDI: major depressive episode, mania/hypomania, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Concordance was also examined for a diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder based on a short-form versus full version of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). RESULTS: Initial CIDI prevalence estimates differed significantly from the SCID for most diagnoses ( χ 1 2 ${\chi }_{1}^{2}$  = 6.6-31.4, p = 0.010 < 0.001), but recalibration reduced most of these differences and led to consistent increases in individual-level concordance (AU-ROC) from 0.53-0.76 to 0.67-0.81. Recalibration of the short-form PCL-5 removed an initially significant difference in PTSD prevalence with the full PCL-5 (from χ 1 2 ${\chi }_{1}^{2}$  = 610.5, p < 0.001 to χ 1 2 ${\chi }_{1}^{2}$  = 2.5, p = 0.110) while also increasing AU-ROC from 0.76 to 0.81. CONCLUSIONS: Recalibration resulted in valid diagnoses of common mental disorders in the Qatar National Mental Health Survey, but with inflated prevalence estimates for some disorders that need to be considered when interpreting results.

Production of highly cytotoxic and low immunogenic L-asparaginase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia EMCC2297.

L-asparaginase is an important therapeutic enzyme that is frequently utilized in the chemotherapy regimens of adults as well as pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, a high rate of hypersensitivity with prolonged use has limited its utilization. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) EMCC2297 isolate was reported as a novel and promising source for L- asparaginase. The present study aimed at the production, purification, and characterization of L- asparaginase from S. maltophilia EMCC2297 isolate. The microbial production of L-asparaginase by the test isolate could be increased by pre-exposure to chloramphenicol at 200 µg/ml concentration. S. maltophilia EMCC2297 L-asparaginase could be purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulphate precipitation and the purified form obtained by gel exclusion chromatography showed total activity of 96.4375 IU/ml and specific activity of 36.251 IU/mg protein. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the purified form of the enzyme is separated at an apparent molecular weight of 17 KDa. Michaelis-Menten constant analysis showed a Km value of 4.16 × 10- 2 M with L-asparagine as substrate and Vmax of 10.67 IU/ml. The antitumor activity of the purified enzyme was evaluated on different cell lines and revealed low IC50 of 2.2 IU/ml and 2.83 IU/ml for Hepatocellular cancer cell line (HepG-2), human leukemia cancer cell line (K-562), respectively whereas no cytotoxic effect could be detected on normal human lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5). However, mice treated with native L-asparaginase showed lower IgG titre compared to commercial L-asparaginase. This study highlights the promising characteristics of this enzyme making it a valuable candidate for further research and development to be an adduct in cancer chemotherapy.

Sunset Yellow dye effects on gut microbiota, intestinal integrity, and the induction of inflammasomopathy with pyroptotic signaling in male Wistar rats.

Although concern persists regarding possible adverse effects of consumption of synthetic azo food dyes, the mechanisms of any such effects remain unclear. We have tested the hypothesis that chronic consumption of the food dye Sunset Yellow (SY) perturbs the composition of the gut microbiota and alters gut integrity. Male rats were administered SY orally for 12 weeks. Analysis of fecal samples before and after dye administration demonstrated SY-induced microbiome dysbiosis. SY treatment reduced the abundance of beneficial taxa such as Treponema 2, Anaerobiospirillum, Helicobacter, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, and Prevotellaceae UCG-003, while increasing the abundance of the potentially pathogenic microorganisms Prevotella 2 and Oribacterium. Dysbiosis disrupted gut integrity, altering the jejunal adherens junction complex E-cadherin/ß-catenin and decreasing Trefoil Factor (TFF)-3. SY administration elevated LPS serum levels, activated the inflammatory inflammasome cascade TLR4/NLRP3/ASC/cleaved-activated caspase-1 to mature IL-1ß and IL-18, and activated caspase-11 and gasdermin-N, indicating pyroptosis and increased intestinal permeability. The possibility that consumption of SY by humans could have effects similar to those that we have observed in rats should be examined.

FNDC5 genetic polymorphism in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy.

Background: Late in pregnancy or soon after delivery, peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) which is an uncommon type of cardiomyopathy, can develop. To assess the association between the level of irisin expression and (FNDC5) (rs3480) gene polymorphism with peripartum cardiomyopathy. Methods: This is a case control study included a thirty female patients with new-onset PPCM and sixty healthy females at the at the peripartum period in same time window for PPCM as a control. For each patient, comprehensive medical history was taken, full clinical assessment was done, ECHO., FNDC5 (rs3480) & Irisin assay. Results: The left ventricle end diastolic dimensions &left atrium diameters were statistically significant higher in patients' group than controls' group (P=0.000 for all), Also left ventricular ejection fraction (%) was statistically significant lower in patients than controls and as regards irisin, its Mean ±SD was lower in patient group than control group (8.44±1.1 vs 10.65±2.31) with (p <0.001) which is considered a significant difference statistically. Conclusion: Irisin level was lower in peripartum cardiomyopathic patients when compared with normal individuals and regarding its genotype, the homotype A/A was higher than homotype G/G.

Evaluation of the Dentinal Shear Bond Strength and Resin Interface in Primary Molars after Pre-Treatment with Various Dentin Bio-Modifiers: An In Vitro Study.

Dentine adhesives have demonstrated great success with permanent teeth. Though the results in primary teeth are not well documented, some studies have demonstrated lower values of bond strength in primary teeth than those found in permanent teeth. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the effect of grape seed extract (6.5%) (Herbal Bio Solutions, Delhi, India), glutaraldehyde (5%) (Loba Chemie PVT. LTD., Mumbai), hesperidin (0.5%) (Herbal Bio Solutions, Delhi, India), and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (tooth mousse) (GC Corporation, Alsip, IL, USA) on the shear bond strength of dentine of primary teeth and to evaluate the resin tags at the resin tooth interface. Seventy-five caries-free human primary molars were collected, and their occlusal surfaces were ground flat. Dentin surfaces were etched using phosphoric acid. Then teeth were randomly assigned in sequential order to five groups according to the dentinal treatment method: Group I (Control group) (no treatment), Group II (5% glutaraldehyde), Group III (6.5% grape seed extract), Group IV (0.5% hesperidin), and Group V (CPP-ACP). Ten teeth from each group were assigned for Shear Bond Strength and five for SEM analysis. ANOVA and a post hoc least significant difference test (p < 0.05) were used for statistical analysis of the collected data. The grape seed extract group showed significantly increased shear bond strength than the control group (p < 0.05), and the mean length of resin tags in different dentine bio modifiers groups was also statistically significant (p < 0.05). The use of dentin bio modifiers such as 5% glutaraldehyde, 6.5% grape seed extract, 0.5% hesperidin, and CPP-ACP in the bonding process for primary teeth did not improve the dentinal bond strength.

Prevalence and risk indicators of primary dentition malocclusion in Riyadh-Saudi Arabia using a new case definition: A cross-sectional study.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of primary dentition malocclusion and its linked risk indicators among a group of Saudi preschool children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on preschool children aged 3 to 5 years residing in Riyadh City, the capital of Saudi Arabia. The study sample included 709 Saudi children of both genders with complete primary dentition. Oral examination was conducted for children to assess the anteroposterior, transverse, and vertical dimensions, arch spacings, and oral habits. Results: The prevalence of malocclusion was 59.1% among the study participants. A deep overbite and increased overjet were found in 26.23 % and 25.11%, respectively. Arch space problems were reported, including missing primate spaces in 24.12%, missing developmental spacing in 27.93%, and crowding in 14.1%. An association between mothers aged 25 years and younger at childbirth was linked with their child's malocclusion in the primary dentition (p-value of 0.03). Conclusion: The prevalence of primary dentition malocclusion among a specific group of Saudi preschool children was significantly high. Increased overbite and overjet were the most prevalent occlusal discrepancies, followed by arch spacing problems. The younger mother's age at childbirth is significantly associated with her child's malocclusion. The study results can serve as a baseline for future investigations.

Ileal prolapse through patent omphalomesenteric duct in a two year-old boy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Patent omphalomesenteric duct is one of the birth defects included in the spectrum of vitelline duct abnormalities. It is a rare anomaly with estimated prevalence of 0.13-0.2% in the general population. The most common presentation of patent vitelline duct is yellowish or mucoid type umbilical discharge which is usually noted in neonatal age or infancy. The main stay of diagnosis is clinical and outcome is favorable as long as timely surgical correction is offered. Here we present a 2 years old male child who presented with ileal prolapse through patent vitelline duct which is an exceptional mode of presentation of this pathology. CASE PRESENTATION: 2 years old Ethiopian male child who was noticed to have umbilical discharge since early infancy presented with protrusion of pinkish mass per the umbilicus of 4 h duration. He had no signs and symptoms of bowel obstruction. Abdominal examination revealed a prolapsed bowel which was viable via the umbilicus which was about 6 cm long. Otherwise, he had no abdominal tenderness or rigidity. He was explored with a smiley incision just above the umbilicus. The prolapsed bowel was reduced gently to the abdominal cavity. The tract of the Patent vitelline duct was identified and completely resected along with a wedge of ileum at its base. Primary repair of the ileal end where the tract was inserted was done in two layers and abdomen was closed in layers. The child had smooth post op course and was discharged on the 4th post-operative day. CONCLUSION: Prolapse of a bowel through the umbilicus is unusual presentation of a rare anomaly namely patent vitelline duct. This presentation warrants early surgical intervention before bowel ischemia issues. Hence, all clinicians dealing with children should be aware of this rare pathology so that urgent surgical management can be offered.

Association of Cytidine Deaminase Polymorphism with Capecitabine Effectiveness in Breast Cancer Patients.

OBJECTIVE: Cancer is caused by abnormal growth and disruption of homeostatic mechanisms. Breast cancer is a major health problem and the second leading cause of death in women. Capecitabine is a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil, which is a non-cytotoxic agent and is used to treat advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Cytidine deaminase (CDA) plays an important role in the activation of capecitabine by acetylating 5-deoxycytidine in the liver, which ultimately leads to the formation of 5-fluorouracil. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between cytidine deaminase polymorphism and capecitabine efficacy in breast cancer patients. METHODS: One hundred breast cancer patients aged 45 to 75 years were included in this study, all of whom received capecitabine as monotherapy. The serum levels of CA15.3, calcium, and estradiol E2 in breast cancer patients were investigated. In addition, the relationship of these markers with cytidine deaminase polymorphism was investigated in order to show the association of cytidine deaminase polymorphism with capecitabine efficacy in breast cancer patients. RESULT: The findings of this study showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between CDA enzyme polymorphisms (rs2072671 and rs532545) with estradiol and CA15.3 serum levels and a non-significant relationship with calcium level. Furthermore, patients who participated were highly polymorphic and heterozygotes genotypes had the highest frequency in both rs2072671 and rs532545 polymorphisms. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from the present study identified different genetic polymorphisms in the gene encoding the CDA enzyme. Overall, our results clearly showed direct evidence for the association of cytidine deaminase polymorphism with the efficacy of capecitabine in breast cancer patients, which could be useful in reducing side effects and improving drug response to capecitabine.

Intramolecular activity regulation of adhesion GPCRs in light of recent structural and evolutionary information.

The class B2 of GPCRs known as adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) has come under increasing academic and nonacademic research focus over the past decade due to their physiological importance as mechano-sensors in cell-cell and cell-matrix contexts. A major advance in understanding signal transduction of aGPCRs was achieved by the identification of the so-called Stachel sequence, which acts as an intramolecular agonist at the interface between the N terminus (Nt) and the seven-transmembrane helix domain (7TMD). Distinct extracellular signals received by the Nt are integrated at the Stachel into structural changes of the 7TMD towards an active state conformation. Until recently, little information was available on how the activation process of aGPCRs is realized at the molecular level. In the past three years several structures of the 7TMD plus the Stachel in complex with G proteins have been determined, which provide new insights into the architecture and molecular function of this receptor class. Herein, we review this structural information to extract common and distinct aGPCR features with particular focus on the Stachel binding site within the 7TMD. Our analysis extends the current view of aGPCR activation and exposes similarities and differences not only between diverse aGPCR members, but also compared to other GPCR classes.

Identification of human exTreg cells as CD16+CD56+ cytotoxic CD4+ T cells.

In atherosclerosis, some regulatory T (Treg) cells become exTreg cells. We crossed inducible Treg and exTreg cell lineage-tracker mice (FoxP3eGFP-Cre-ERT2ROSA26CAG-fl-stop-fl-tdTomato) to atherosclerosis-prone Apoe-/- mice, sorted Treg cells and exTreg cells and determined their transcriptomes by bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Genes that were differentially expressed between mouse Treg cells and exTreg cells and filtered for their presence in a human single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) panel identified exTreg cell signature genes as CST7, NKG7, GZMA, PRF1, TBX21 and CCL4. Projecting these genes onto the human scRNA-seq with CITE-seq data identified human exTreg cells as CD3+CD4+CD16+CD56+, which was validated by flow cytometry. Bulk RNA-seq of sorted human exTreg cells identified them as inflammatory and cytotoxic CD4+T cells that were significantly distinct from both natural killer and Treg cells. DNA sequencing for T cell receptor-ß showed clonal expansion of Treg cell CDR3 sequences in exTreg cells. Cytotoxicity was functionally demonstrated in cell killing and CD107a degranulation assays, which identifies human exTreg cells as cytotoxic CD4+T cells.

Chyluria: non-enhanced MR lymphography.

Chyluria is an uncommon medical condition resulting from an abnormal communication between the abdominal lymphatic system and the urinary tract, which results in the presence of chyle in the urine, making it appear milky white. Proper diagnosis is demonstrated by the concentration of urinary lipids. Worldwide, chyluria is most commonly associated with the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti. However, in Europe and North America, where the condition is rare, non-parasitic etiologies predominate. Identifying the cause and location of the uro-lymphatic communication is essential in guiding therapeutic management, but imaging the lymphatic channels remains a challenge. Magnetic resonance (MR) lymphography, a non-invasive free-breathing 3D high-resolution fast-recovery fast spin-echo sequence similar to that used for 3D MR cholangiopancreatography, may demonstrate the cause and location of an abnormal communication between the lymphatic system and urinary tract. In parasitic causes of chyluria, dilated lymphatics vessels communicating with the lymphatic system are demonstrated. In non-parasitic causes of chyluria channel type lymphatic malformations are the most common. Markedly dilated and dysplastic lymphatic vessels communicating with the urinary tract are demonstrated. In addition, other cystic or channel type lymphatic malformations such as thoracic, soft tissue or bone abnormalities may be observed. This review describes the abdominal lymphatic diseases leading to chyluria and presents the technique and images obtained with non-enhanced MR lymphography to enable radiologists in identifying and classifying uro-lymphatic fistulae.Critical relevance statement: Non-enhanced MR lymphography enables the identification and categorization of uro-lymphatic fistulae.

Negative ANA-IIF in SLE patients: what is beyond?

The antinuclear antibody (ANA) test has high sensitivity in diagnosing and classifying systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). OBJECTIVES: To describe the immunological pattern of SLE patients through investigating specific antinuclear autoantibodies by enzyme dot immunoassay and studying their frequency in both positive and negative ANA indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) cases. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, blood samples from 393 newly diagnosed SLE patients were analyzed using (IIF) on HEp-2 cells and ANA dot immunoassay by automated enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect 19 antibodies. RESULTS: Ninety-one percent of the patients are females; their mean age was 37 ± 12.28. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) was detected by IIF in 82.4% of cases, with 181 (46.1%) speckled and 167 (42.4%) homogeneous ANA patterns. The majority of patients (96%) demonstrated autoantibodies via EIA. Among the ANA-IIF-negative patients, 97.2% demonstrated autoantibodies. There was a significant difference in the frequency of certain autoantibodies between SLE patients with negative and positive ANA-IIF (1.44 0.73, 3.12 2.09, p = 0.00) respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of analyzing 19 autoantibodies with the ANA staining pattern increased the significance of analyzing the immune profile even if IIF is negative when clinical symptoms strongly suggest SLE diagnosis. Certain autoantibodies may evade staining by the IFA approach while they are present in the patient's serum, and they may not be detected by the ANA EIA profile if it does not contain that antigenic substrate. Key Points • Indirect immunofluorescence on Hep-2 is the conventional method for ANA detection and is regarded as the "gold standard" for testing in clinical practice for SLE. • In our study, ANA profile dot enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-based test was performed to evaluate 19 autoantibodies in SLE patients either positive or negative for ANA-IIF. • The presence of anti-dsDNA with ANA-IIF-negative serum in 32.4% of SLE patients provides evidence that not all anti-dsDNA antibodies are identified on standard HEp-2 substrates. • certain autoantibodies can evade staining by the ANA-IIF method despite being present in the SLE patient's blood; this supports the ANA profile enzyme dot immunoassay as a more sensitive test.

Sensitivity of Al-Doped Zinc-Oxide Extended Gate Field Effect Transistors to Low-Dose X-ray Radiation.

Herein, we investigated the applicability of thick film and bulk disk forms of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) for low-dose X-ray radiation dosimetry using the extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) configuration. The samples were fabricated using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. A thick film of AZO was deposited on a glass substrate, while the bulk disk form was prepared by pressing the collected powders. The prepared samples were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) to determine the crystallinity and surface morphology. The analyses show that the samples are crystalline and comprise nanosheets of varying sizes. The EGFET devices were exposed to different X-ray radiation doses, then characterized by measuring the I-V characteristics pre- and post-irradiation. The measurements revealed an increase in the values of drain-source currents with radiation doses. To study the detection efficiency of the device, various bias voltages were also tested for the linear and saturation regimes. Performance parameters of the devices, such as sensitivity to X-radiation exposure and different gate bias voltage, were found to depend highly on the device geometry. The bulk disk type appears to be more radiation-sensitive than the AZO thick film. Furthermore, boosting the bias voltage increased the sensitivity of both devices.

Partnering for Integrated Care: A Learning Collaborative for Primary Care and Oral Health Teams.

PURPOSE: The Teaming and Integrating for Smiles and Health (TISH) Learning Collaborative was developed to help health care organizations accelerate progress in integrating delivery of oral and primary care. By providing expert support and a structure for testing change, the project aimed to improve the early detection of hypertension in the dental setting and of gingivitis in the primary care setting, and to increase the rate of bidirectional referrals between oral and primary care partners. We report its outcomes. METHODS: A total of 17 primary and oral health care teams were recruited to participate in biweekly virtual calls over 3 months. Participants tested changes to their models of care through Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles between calls. Sites tracked the percentages of patients screened and referred, completed the TeamSTEPPS (Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety) and Interprofessional Assessment questionnaires, and provided qualitative feedback and updates in storyboard presentations. RESULTS: On average, with implementation of the TISH Learning Collaborative, sites displayed a nonrandom improvement in the percentages of patients screened for hypertension, referred for hypertension, referred to primary care, and referred for gingivitis. Gingivitis screening and referral to oral health care were not markedly improved. Qualitative responses indicated that teams made progress in screening and referral workflows, improved communication between medical and dental partners, and furthered understanding of the connection between primary care and oral care among staff and patients. CONCLUSIONS: The TISH project is evidence that a virtual Learning Collaborative is an accessible and productive avenue to improve interprofessional education, further primary care and oral partnerships, and achieve practical progress in integrated care.

Design and field procedures for the clinical reappraisal of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.3 in Qatar's national mental health study.

BACKGROUND: The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) has been clinically reappraised in several studies conducted mainly in the US and Europe. This report describes the methodology used to conduct one of the Middle East's largest clinical reappraisal studies. The study was carried out in conjunction with the World Mental Health Qatar-the first national psychiatric epidemiological study of common mental disorders in the country. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic consistency of core modules of the newly translated and adapted Arabic version of the CIDI 5.0 against the independent clinical diagnoses based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5). METHODS: Telephone follow-up interviews were administered by trained clinicians using the latest research edition of the SCID for DSM-5. Telephone administered interviews were key in the data collection, as the study took place during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Overall, within 12 months, 485 interviews were completed. The response rate was 52%. Quality control monitoring documented excellent adherence of clinical interviews to the rating protocol. CONCLUSIONS: The overall methods used in this study proved to be efficient and effective. For future research, instrument cultural adaptation within the cultural context is highly recommended.

Immunoglobulin G antibody immune response profile following infection with SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Egyptian patients.

This study aimed to report the dynamic profile of IgG-specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection for 6 months after infection. We conducted a prospective study, recruited 33 recently confirmed covid -19 patients and collected 6 samples from each patient. The first samples were collected one month from the start of symptoms and subsequent samples collected at 30 days interval. We measured the IgG by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). According to the disease severity, patients were categorized as asymptomatic 4 (12.1%), mild 14 (42,4%), moderate 9 (27.3%), and severe 6 (18.2%). Patients were 12 (35.3%) females and 21 (64.7%) males. The mean IgG levels maintained a high level till the second month (92.81 ± 110.15 AU/ml) from the onset of symptoms followed by a gradual decrease till the sixth month after infection (17.42 ± 22.61 AU/ml). The patients with severe symptoms significantly exhibited the highest IgG levels, reached the highest level (mean=237.44 ± 164.13 AU/ml) at the second month. While the lowest levels were detected among the asymptomatic patients (mean= 3.04 ± 2.94 AU/ml) at the second month. Older age correlated with higher IgG antibody level (r= 0.350 p=0.046); however, sex was not related to IgG level. In conclusion, Symptomatic COVID-19 disease is followed by protective immunity for more than 6 months. Immunity in asymptomatic patients is low and fades rapidly than symptomatic cases. Patients with severe disease had significantly higher IgG levels compared to mild, moderate, or asymptomatic patients.

'Somali parents feel like they're on the outer': Somali mothers' experiences of parent-teacher relationships for their autistic children.

LAY ABSTRACT: Good relationships between parents and schools can improve autistic children's school success. There are many reasons why families from different cultural backgrounds find it harder to develop good relationships with schools, such as language barriers, discrimination and unfamiliarity with education systems. We know little about what 'good relationships' look like for these families. Here, we worked with a team of autistic and non-autistic researchers as well as an Advisory Group of Somali parents to conduct interviews with 15 Somali mothers of kindergarten and school-age autistic children. We asked mothers about their experiences of their child's education, communication with teachers and what a good relationship with schools would look like. We also asked how they felt the Somali community understood autism. We looked for common things that mothers said. We found that mothers were very proud of their children. They had high expectations, particularly about what children could do by themselves. Mothers found it frustrating that teachers had low expectations, that schools were not good at communicating with them and that autism-specific skills and experience were uncommon in schools. They also reported racist attitudes towards their children. Mothers experienced stigma and lacked resources, but support was gained from their daughters and their religion. Mothers themselves were proactively increasing community awareness and knowledge about autism in the hope that they and their autistic children would be valued and better supported. Our work has implications for how teachers and schools can work together with Somali parents to forge better futures for autistic children.

Significant Interrelations among Serum Annexin A1, Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (sRAGE) and rs2070600 in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of death and morbidity; it may be accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation with or without underlying genetic etiology. Finding circulating biomarkers for COPD that can help early diagnosis and predict exacerbation and association with respiratory functions has been challenging. There were 40 healthy participants and 60 COPD patients in this research. The rs2070600 gene variant was examined by PCR-RFLP. Circulating sRAGE and annexin A1 levels were determined by ELISA. GSH and MDA were determined by spectrophotometry. In COPD patients, sRAGE serum levels were substantially lower, but conversely, annexin A1 levels were much greater than in controls. The rs2070600 gene polymorphism's strong association with COPD was demonstrated by genotyping and allelic frequency distribution. The GA genotype was most distributed in COPD, and it was strongly linked to lower serum sRAGE levels. The interrelation between annexin A1, sRAGE, and COPD could be explained through effects on inflammatory mediators' pathways. The rs2070600 gene polymorphism was found to significantly enhance the risk of COPD. Serum sRAGE and annexin A1 may be considered potential diagnostic tools for COPD. Through impacts on GSH and MDA levels that alter the release of inflammatory factors and, therefore, lung damage, it is possible to explain the relationship between annexin A1, sRAGE, and COPD.

A review on recent studies utilizing artificial intelligence methods for solving routing challenges in wireless sensor networks.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming increasingly important, providing pervasive real-time applications that have been used to enhance smart environments in various fields such as smart cities, manufacturing, and the Internet of Things (IoT). This survey reviews and analyzes the research trends related to the utilized Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods for WSN and the potential enhancement of WSNs using these methods. We highlight the routing challenge in WSN and present a comprehensive discussion on the recent studies that utilized various AI methods in addressing the routing challenge to meet specific objectives of WSN, during the span of 2010 to 2020. This would guide the reader towards an understanding of up-to-date applications of AI methods with respect to routing challenge in WSN. In addition, a general evaluation is provided along with a comparison of utilized AI methods in WSNs, which guides the reader in identifying the most appropriate AI methods that can be utilized for solving the routing challenge. Finally, we conclude the paper by stating the open research issues and new directions for future research.