Developmental referrals of pre-school children in a diverse community in England: The importance of parental migration for referral rates.

BACKGROUND: Children born to migrant parents have higher rates of language difficulties, intellectual disability and autism. This study explores the relationship between migration, ethnicity and reasons for early years referrals to community paediatrics in a diverse multi-cultural population in a city in south west England. METHODS: Observational retrospective study from a community paediatric service serving a multi-cultural urban population from June 2012 to February 2016. We tested associations of ethnicity and parental birth origin with reason for referral (developmental or non-developmental) for children under 5 years old and estimated crude rate ratios for referrals using population census data. RESULTS: Data were available for 514 children (52% white or mixed race, 16% Asian, 21% African diaspora, and 11.5% Somali); 53% had two UK-born parents while 22% had two migrant (non-UK-born) parents. Referrals were for developmental reasons in 307 (60%) including 86 for possible autism. Parental birth origin and ethnicity were associated with reason for referral (p < 0.001). Children from African diaspora, Asian or Somali backgrounds had more than twice the rate (rate ratio [RR] 2.37, 95% CI 1.88-2.99, p < 0.001) of developmental referrals compared with white or mixed-race children. Children of Somali or African diaspora ethnicity were, respectively, six-times (RR 5.99, 95% CI 3.24-10.8, p < 0.001) and four times (RR 4.23, 95% CI 2.44-7.29, p < 0.001) more likely to be referred for possible autism spectrum than their white or mixed-race peers. Developmental referral as a proportion of all referrals was twice as high among children with one migrant parent (20.4%) and three times as high among children with two migrant parents (29.5%), compared with children whose parents were both UK-born (10.7%). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the importance of ethnicity and parental migration as factors in young children experiencing developmental difficulties, especially concerns about social communication or autism.

'Like a life in a cage': Understanding child play and social interaction in Somali refugee families in the UK.

Migration to a different culture may affect opportunities for play and social interaction, essential for children's developing cognitive and social skills. We asked Somali migrant women about experiences of childhood (both while growing up themselves, and subsequent observations) in Somalia and the UK. In Somalia, they described a supportive, connected community and safe environment enabling children to play and learn together. In the UK, by contrast, multiple local stressors constrained children's opportunities to play and interact. Understanding and improving neighbourhood geography, as experienced and shaped by parents and children, would seem important for promoting early child development in refugee families.

Critical illness and amputation in meningococcal septicemia: is life worth saving?

Amputation is an infrequent but devastating outcome of meningococcal septicemia. We assessed daily living functions and quality of life in a cohort of children and young people, 3 to 5 years after limb amputations following severe meningococcal disease. All participants lived with their families in the community, with minimal assistance. Participants used effective strategies to compensate for motor impairment and generally had good quality of life, despite ongoing health problems (predominantly musculoskeletal). The degree of amputation did not predict the functional outcome. The surprisingly good outcomes we report should discourage clinicians from withdrawing intensive care support because of presumed poor outcomes after multiple amputations in severe meningococcal disease.