The effects of spatting and ankle taping on inversion before and after exercise.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of spatting, taping and spatting, taping, and not taping on the amount and rate of inversion of the ankle before and after exercise. DESIGN AND SETTING: We filmed subjects at 60 Hz while they stood on a platform that suddenly inverted the right ankle. Five trials were measured before and after a 30-minute period of drills. SUBJECTS: We tested 15 male rugby players with no history of lower-leg injury within the previous 6 months limiting activity for more than 2 days. MEASUREMENTS: The amount and rate of inversion in the four conditions were digitized and analyzed. RESULTS: The combination of spatting and taping was the most effective in reducing inversion rate and range of motion before and after exercise. CONCLUSIONS: All three taping treatments were effective in reducing the amount and rate of inversion. Exercise loosened the tape, but there may be a functional restriction of the amount and rate of inversion after exercise.

Development of a submaximal treadmill jogging test for fit college-aged individuals.

The purpose of this study was to develop a single-stage submaximal treadmill jogging test for the estimation of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). VO2max was measured in 129 relatively fit individuals (males = 84, females = 45), 18-29 yr, using a maximal treadmill protocol (mean +/- SD; VO2max = 48.3 +/- 6.2 ml.kg-1 x min-1, range = 35.6 to 62.3 ml.kg-1 x min-1). The treadmill test required subjects to sustain a comfortable, submaximal jogging pace (4.3-7.5 mph; level grade) until a steady-state heart rate was achieved (approximately 3 min). To help ensure that a submaximal level of exertion was realized for the treadmill jogging test, treadmill speed and exercise HR criteria were established that restricted treadmill speed to < or = 7.5 mph for males and < or = 6.5 mph for females and steady-state exercise HR < or = 180 bpm. Multiple regression analysis (N = 66) to estimate VO2max from the treadmill jogging test yielded the following validation (V) model (r(adj) = 0.84, SEE = 3.2 ml.kg-1 x min-1): VO2max = 54.07 + 7.062 * GENDER (0 = female; 1 = male) - 0.1938 * WEIGHT (kg) + 4.47* SPEED (miles.h-1) - 0.1453 * HEART RATE (bpm). Cross-validation (CV) of the treadmill jogging test comparing observed and estimated VO2max (N = 63) resulted in r(adj) = 0.88, SEE = 3.1 ml.kg-1 x min-1. The results indicate that this submaximal single-stage treadmill jogging test based on multiple linear regression provides a valid and convenient method for estimating VO2max.

VO2max estimation from a submaximal 1-mile track jog for fit college-age individuals.

The primary purpose of this study was to develop a submaximal field test for the estimation of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) using a 1-mile track jog. A second purpose was to determine the accuracy of the 1.5-mile run in estimating VO2max for both male and female subjects. VO2max was measured in 149 relatively fit college students (males = 88, females = 61) 18-29 yr using a treadmill protocol (mean +/- SD; VO2max = 47.7 +/- 6.3 ml.kg-1 x min-1). Multiple regression analysis (N = 54) to estimate VO2max from the submaximal, steady-state 1-mile track jog yielded the following validation (V) model (r(adi) = 0.87, SEE = 3.0 ml.kg-1 x min-1): VO2max = 100.5 + 8.344* GENDER (0 = female; 1 = male) - 0.1636* BODY MASS (kg) - 1.438* JOG TIME (min.mile-1) - 0.1928* HEART RATE (bpm). To help ensure that a submaximal level of exertion was realized for the 1-mile track jog, elapsed jog time was restricted to > or = 8.0 min for males and > or = 9.0 min for females and exercise HR to < or = 180 bpm. Cross-validation (CV) of the 1-mile track jog comparing observed and estimated VO2max (N = 52) resulted in radj = 0.84, SEE = 3.1 ml.kg-1 x min-1. Multiple regression analysis (N = 50) to estimate VO2max from the 1.5-mile run (V:N = 49, radj = 0.90, SEE = 2.8 ml.kg-1 x min-1; CV: N = 47, radj = 0.82, SEE = 3.9 ml.kg-1 x min-1), used elapsed run time, body mass, and gender as independent variables.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of prior strength exercise on the heart rate oxygen uptake relationship during submaximal exercise.

Fourteen young males (mean age 26.7 yrs) were tested to determine if there was an alteration, in the heart rate-oxygen uptake relationship during submaximal cycle ergometer exercise following isokinetic strength training activity as has been documented following high intensity endurance activity. Results indicated that there was a significant increase rate without a concomitant increase in heart oxygen uptake during the first five minutes of submaximal cycle riding at 73% VO2max after heavy strength leg exercise, angular velocity of 30 degrees/second, when compared to no prior exercise. This alteration in the heart rate-oxygen uptake relation is not apparent by 20 minutes of the same submaximal exercise despite higher lactate values and greater ratings of perceived exertion. For individuals using heart rate as a guide to exercise intensity, the elevated heart rate at five minutes of submaximal exercise following heavy strength leg exercise does not exceed the 20 minute value which is an accurate reflection of energy cost and intensity.

The effect of eccentric strength training at various speeds on concentric strength of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles.

This study investigated the effect of eccentric training on concentric strength of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. The dominant legs of 43 college-age males were pretested concentrically using the KIN-COM(R) at speeds of 60 and 180 degrees /sec. Twenty-eight treatment subjects trained eccentrically at one of the testing speeds for a period of eight weeks; the remainder served as the control group. Prior to each training session, the subjects gave a subjective evaluation of muscle soreness. Delayed muscle soreness did not affect the subjects' ability to train eccentrically. A concentric posttest was taken to determine any treatment effects. The quadriceps muscle did not show any significant change after eccentric training. Eccentric training at 60 and 180 degrees /sec significantly increased the concentric strength of the hamstrings. Eccentric training does appear to be effective in developing concentric strength in the hamstrings. The speed of eccentric training was not a factor in concentric conditioning. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1991;13(5):226-230.

Heart Rates of Basketball Coaches.

Head and assistant basketball coaches have similar increases in their heart rates during games, but the head coaches-the decision makers-consistently have significantly higher heart rates.

Effect of anabolic steroid treatment on endurance.

The effect of anabolic steriod treatment on maximum oxygen intake, mile run time, skin fold thickness, body weight, and elbow flexion and knee extension strength was studied. Twenty-one male college students, ages 19-33, engaged in an interval running program six days a week over a three week period. Each subject supplemented their diets with one half gram/kilogram of body weight of 90% protein powder. A double blind design was used for the administration of the steriod treatment with each of the subjects in the treatment group receiving six mg of stanozolol per day. Pre and post treatment tests were administered for each of the dependent variables. There was improvement at the .05 level in the oxygen uptake of both treatment and control groups. For the other dependent variables, the differences between pre-treatment and post-treatment values were not statistically significant. Differences between the steroid and the control groups were not statistically significant for any of the dependent variables. When young male adults are engaged in an endurance training program, steroid treatment does not appear to have any effect on the development of endurance or strength, or on the percent of body fat,