The current work is an expansion of our previous numerical model in which we investigated the motion behavior of mold inclusions in the presence of interfacial tension effects. In this paper, we used computational fluid dynamic simulations to examine the influence of interfacial tension on inclusion motion behavior near to the solid-liquid interface (solidifying shell). We have used a multiphase model in which molten steel (SPFH590), sulfur, and alumina inclusions have been considered as different phases. In addition, we assume minimal to negligible velocity at the solid-liquid interface, and we restrict the numerical simulation to only include critical phenomena like heat transport and interfacial tension distribution in two-dimensional space. The two-phase simulation of molten steel mixed with sulfur and alumina was modeled on volume of fluid (VOF) method. Furthermore, the concentration of the surfactant (sulfur) in molten steel was defined using a species model. The surfactant concentration and temperature affect the Marangoni forces, and subsequently affects the interfacial tension applied on inclusion particles. It was found that the alteration in interfacial tension causes the inclusion particles to be pushed and swallowed near the solidifying boundaries. In addition, we have compared the computational results of interfacial tension, and it was found to be in good agreement with experimental correlations.
Inclusions entrapped by the solidifying front during continuous casting adversely affect the properties of the final steel products. In this study, we investigated the effect of the interfacial tension due to surfactant concentration, particularly sulfur, on alumina inclusion motion behavior during molten steel solidification in a continuous casting mold. A two-dimensional numerical model was developed in Ansys Fluent software to simulate the inclusion motion in a continuous casting mold. Further, the impacts of different values of the alumina inclusion diameter, sulfur concentration, and melt temperature were studied to understand the inclusion motion behavior. The inclusion diameter affected the inclusion distribution throughout the domain. The alumina inclusion entrapment percentage varied in the case of sulfur mixing (using an empirical relationship for modeling). It was found that the removal percentage varied according to the sulfur concentration. The addition of sulfur at concentrations from 10 ppm to 70 ppm resulted in a 4% increase in the removal of alumina inclusions (trapped in the solidifying shell), except for the 100-ppm case. Smaller-sized inclusion particles had a 25% higher chance of entrapment at the top level of the mold. Under the effect of a higher surface tension gradient between inclusions and the melt, the predicted findings show that inclusions were vulnerable to engulfment by the solidification front.
Epoxy is considered to be the most popular polymer and is widely used in various engineering applications. However, environmental considerations require natural materials-based epoxy. This necessity results in further utilization of natural materials as a natural reinforcement for different types of composites. Corn cob is an example of a natural material that can be considered as an agricultural waste. The objective of the present work is to improve the economic feasibility of corn cob by converting the original corn cob material into powder to be utilized in reinforcing epoxy-based composites. In the experiment, the corn cob was crushed and ground using a grain miller before it was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The corn cob powder was added to the epoxy with different weight fractions (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 wt%). In order to prevent corn cob powder agglomeration and ensure homogeneous distribution of the reinforcement inside the epoxy, the ultrasonic technique and a mechanical stirrer were used. Then, the composite's chemical compositions were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical experiments showed an improvement in the Young's modulus and compressive yield strength of the epoxy composites, increasing corn cob up to 8 wt% by 21.26% and 22.22%, respectively. Furthermore, tribological tests revealed that reinforcing epoxy with 8 wt% corn cob can decrease the coefficient of friction by 35% and increase wear resistance by 4.8%. A finite element model for the frictional process was constructed to identify different contact stresses and evaluate the load-carrying capacity of the epoxy composites. The finite element model showed agreement with the experimental results. An epoxy containing 8 wt% corn cob demonstrated the optimal mechanical and tribological properties. The rubbed surfaces were investigated by SEM to identify the wear mechanism of different composites.
