Determination of chemical components of the endemic species Allium turcicum L. plant extract by LC-MS/MS and evaluation of medicinal potentials.

The Allium turcicum L. (Zuzubak) plant as a cultivated vegetable have various health benefits and consumed as a food. Due to the shortcoming evidence in literature and the importance of this plant in folk medicine, in the present study, for the first time, we evaluated the bioactive profile of components (using LC-MS/MS), cytotoxicity, anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial prospectives of Zuzubak methanol extract. Reported results show that the extract is rich in bioactive compounds and has anticancer activity with breast cancer cells (MCF-7), human prostate cancer cells (DU-145), and Human osteosarcoma cancer Cell lines of (IC50) in dose dependent manner in the concentration range of 31.25 µg/mL and 2000 µg/mL for 24 and 48 h. Western blotting results determined that the extract significantly suppressed the growth of U2OS, MCF-7, and DU-145 cancer cells by down expression of Ang-1 (angiogenic protein) and Beclin-1 (autophagy protein) and overexpression of Bax (a proapoptotic protein). The oxidative stress indices showed a reduction in RPE-1 and MCF-7 cells and an upsurge in U2OS and DU-145 cells. Additionally, the antimicrobial assay showed suppression of the growth of various pathogenic microorganisms in 4.00-8.00 µg/concentrations of Zuzubak extract using the microdilution method. The phytochemicals identified showed promising anticancer, antioxidant effects, and antimicrobial properties, representing a valuable herbal source for drug development studies.

Antioxidant, AChE inhibitory, and anticancer effects of Verbascum thapsus extract.

Verbascum thapsus (VT) is a medicinal plant that is used in folk medicine to treat a variety of ailments. For this study, the biological functions of VT methanol extract were determined in vitro. The plant's methanol extract was created through the maceration process. The phytochemical composition of plant extracts was investigated using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The antioxidant capacity of the extract was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) and ABTS (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) tests and its cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT ((3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole)) assay on the Caco-2 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells), LNCaP (Lymph Node Carcinoma of the Prostate), and HEK293 cell lines (Human embryonic kidney 293 cells) used to model colon, prostate, and non-cancerous cells. VT extract showed low DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities compared to standard antioxidants at 30 mg/ml concentration. In addition, it was determined that VT extract inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzyme.

The effects of Daucus carota extract against PC3, PNT1a prostate cells, acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase, and α-glycosidase; an in vitro-in silico study.

Daucus carota L. ssp. major (DCM) plant is widely used in traditional medicine to treat some types of cancer and various diseases. Therefore, we evaluated the biological activities of this plant to define its effects against prostate cancer (PCa), Alzheimer's disease (AD), oxidation, and diabetes mellitus (DM) as well as identified its phenolic composition. To determine the anti-cancer properties of the plant extract, we treated PCa cells with the extract at a concentration range of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/ml. Significant results were obtained against the PC3 cells compared to normal PNT1a prostate epithelial cells. As a result of precise measurements at the millimolar level, it was observed that the plant extract showed an effective inhibition (IC50 ) against glutathione S-transferase (GST; 12.84 mM), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE; 15.07 mM), and α-Gly (11.75 mM) enzymes when compared with standard inhibitors. Antioxidant activities of DCM methanol extract were determined via two well-known in vitro techniques. The extracts showed antioxidant activities against the DPPH and ABTS+ . The LC-ESI-MS/MS was used to determine the phenolic compounds of methanol extract from DCM. Chlorogenic acid (2,089.096 µg/g), shikimic acid (193.14 µg/g), and coumarin (113.604 µg/g) were characterized as major phenolic compounds. In addition, the interactions of chlorogenic acid, chrysin, coumarin, and shikimic acid with the used three enzymes have been calculated using molecular docking simulation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Plant natural phenolic compounds have protective effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogen, and enzyme inhibitory. Therefore, it has an important place in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The present study aims to reveal the enzyme inhibitory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic properties of the Daucus carota ssp. Major (DCM) plant extract. Significant results were obtained against the PC3 cells compared to normal PNT1a prostate epithelial cells. DCM extract demonstrated considerable antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential on used metabolic enzymes. These biological effects are thought to have a relationship with rich chemical composition.

Palladium supported on polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles for simultaneous biosensing application of ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid.

In this study, we report a facile and effective production process of palladium nanoparticles supported on polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide (rGO/Pd@PPy NPs). A novel electrochemical sensor was fabricated by incorporation of the prepared NPs onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA). The electrodes modified with rGO/Pd@PPy NPs were well decorated on the GCE and exhibited superior catalytic activity and conductivity for the detection of these molecules with higher current and oxidation peak intensities. Simultaneous detection of these molecules was achieved due to the high selectivity and sensitivity of rGO/Pd@PPy NPs. For each biomolecule, well-separated voltammetric peaks were obtained at the modified electrode in cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements. Additionally, the detection of these molecules was performed in blood serum samples with satisfying results. The detection limits and calibration curves for AA, DA, and UA were found to be 4.9 × 10-8, 5.6 × 10-8, 4.7 × 10-8 M (S/N = 3) and ranging from 1 × 10-3 to 1.5 × 10-2 M (in 0.1 M PBS, pH 3.0), respectively. Hereby, the fabricated rGO/Pd@PPy NPs can be used with high reproducibility, selectivity, and catalytic activity for the development of electrochemical applications for the simultaneous detection of these biomolecules.

Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Rheum ribes and evaluation of their anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial potential: A novel approach in phytonanotechnology.

This paper reports the anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) obtained by green synthesis using the extract of Rheum ribes (R. ribes), a medicinal plant. For the synthesis of Ag NPs, the ethanolic extracts of R. ribes were used as a reducing as well as the stabilizing agent. For the characterization of Ag NPs, advanced analytical methods such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-vis spectrophotometry were performed. The synthesized Ag NPs obtained from R. ribes were evaluated as a cytotoxic agent against MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell line. The IC50 values of the nanoparticles were ranged from 165 to 99 µg/mL against MDA-MB 231 cell line for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The results show that the use of Ag NPs at low concentrations show the toxic effect in the cancer cells. In addition, the results of experiments on gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli (E. coli)) bacteria showed that the Ag NPs had high antimicrobial activity. The results suggest that Ag NPs can be developed as potential anticancer and antibacterial agents.

Biogenic platinum nanoparticles using black cumin seed and their potential usage as antimicrobial and anticancer agent.

Herein, the biogenic platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) were synthesized by using black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) extract as a reducing agent. The biogenic platinum nanoparticles synthesized by black cumin seed extract was characterized in detail by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV-vis spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). According to TEM analysis, Pt nanoparticles have spherical shapes and sizes between 1-6 nm. Moreover, the biogenic Pt NPs was assessed for its cytotoxicity effect on MDA-MB-231 breast and HeLa cervical cancer lines and their antibacterial effect against selected strains of gram-positive and negative bacteria. The cytotoxicity and bacterial tests showed the effectiveness of biogenic Pt nanoparticles. Dose-dependent toxicity effects were shown in the MDA-MB-231 breast and HeLa cervical cancer lines (IC50: 36.86 µg/mL and 19.83 µg/mL, respectively). In addition, Pt NPs showed high zone diameters against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria at concentrations of 100 and 500 µg/ml. These results contribute to the development of the pharmaceutical industry as a potential antibacterial and anticancer agent.

Composites of Bimetallic Platinum-Cobalt Alloy Nanoparticles and Reduced Graphene Oxide for Electrochemical Determination of Ascorbic Acid, Dopamine, and Uric Acid.

The ultimate aim of this study is to produce a composite of bimetallic platinum-cobalt nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (Pt-Co@rGO) based biosensor for the detection of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA). Those are biologically important molecules with the key functions for the human body. Pt-Co@rGO was synthesized using a microwave-assisted technique and utilized for the production of a highly sensitive and stable electrochemical biosensor. Detailed spectral XPS and Raman analysis, XRD, and TEM/HR-TEM characterization were also studied. Due to the superior activity and excellent conductivity of rGO, well-separated oxidation peaks of these biomolecules is proven by DPV (differential pulse voltammetry) and CV (cyclic voltammetry) measurements. The prepared Pt-Co@rGO-based biosensor showed high electrochemical activity, a broad linear response, high sensitivity, and acceptable limit of detection values for individual and simultaneous determination of AA, DA, and UA, under optimized conditions. The linear range of Pt-Co@rGO was found to be 170-200; 35-1500 and 5-800 µM for AA, DA, and UA, respectively. Moreover, the detection limit of the prepared composite was calculated as 0.345; 0.051; 0.172 µM for AA, DA, and UA, respectively. In the field of electrochemical biosensors, Pt-Co@rGO based sensor is highly promising due to its superior sensitivity and good selectivity properties.

Multiwalled carbon nanotube-based nanosensor for ultrasensitive detection of uric acid, dopamine, and ascorbic acid.

A novel multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) based sensor was fabricated as a highly precise and stable electrochemical sensor. The synthesized sensor which consists of ZnNi bimetallic nanoalloy called the ZnNi NPs@f-MWCNT sensor, have been used for the simultaneous detection of uric acid (UA), dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA). The ZnNi NPs@f-MWCNT sensor obtained based on the microwave irradiation process, and its characterization was performed by using several physical techniques such as XRD, XPS, TEM, Raman, etc. The characterization showed that this sensor has excellent properties such as rich pore channels, excellent structural durability, and large surface area. These properties facilitated mass transfer and electron conductions. It was observed that the obtained sensor gave high electrochemical activity and wide linear responses (0.3-1.1 mM AA, 0.2-1.2 mM DA, 0.2-1.1 mM UA) in the detection of uric acid (UA), dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA). In addition to these properties, it has been found that the sensor has excellent anti-interferents properties towards AlCl3, KCl3, glucose, etc. and ZnNi NPs@f-MWCNT sensor was further applied to determine uric acid (UA), dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) in real samples.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from the gum of Turkish pistachio (Pistacia vera L.).

The essential oil from the gum of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L. (Anacardiaceae)) grown in Turkey was obtained by the hydro-distillation method, and its chemical composition was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Moreover, the antimicrobial activities of the oil against the growth of 13 bacteria and 3 pathogenic yeasts were evaluated using the agar-disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. The results showed that the essential oil contained about 89.67% monoterpenes, 8.1% oxygenated monoterpenes and 1.2% diterpenes. alpha-Pinene (75.6%), beta-pinene (9.5%), trans-verbenol (3.0%), camphene (1.4%), trans-pinocarveol (about 1.20%), and limonene (1.0%) were the major components. The antimicrobial results showed that the oil inhibited nine bacteria and all the yeasts studied, and the activities were considerably dependent upon concentration and its bioactive compounds such as carvacrol, camphene, and limonene. Moreover, the essential oil of the gum was found to be more effective yeastcide than Nystatin, synthetic yeastcide. Furthermore, the antibacterial activities of the oil were lower than those of standard antibiotics, ampicillin sodium, and streptomycine sulfate under the conditions studied.

Copper (II) adsorption from aqueous solution by herbaceous peat.

In this research, the herbaceous peat collected from Gavurgolu peatlands, one of the biggest Turkish peatlands, was utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of copper (II) ions from aqueous solution. Adsorption experiments were conducted under various conditions, i.e., initial concentration, temperature, and pH. While the amount of Cu (II) adsorbed on the peat increased with increasing concentration of Cu (II) ions, it was not markedly affected by temperature and pH. Percentage removal was higher at lower concentration. For example, the maximum percentage removal of Cu (II) ions for initial concentration of 3 x 10(-4) M was 97.04% at 21 degrees C and pH 5.5. The adsorption capacity (Q(0)) of the peat was 4.84 mgg(-1) from Langmuir adsorption isotherm for the concentration range of 3 x 10(-4)-6 x 10(-4) M at 21 degrees C and pH 5.5. The equilibrium time of adsorption of Cu (II) ions was 150 min and independent of concentration and temperature. The amount of Cu (II) adsorbed at equilibrium time did not considerably change with temperature and pH. It was also determined that adsorption isotherm followed both Freundlich and Langmuir. Uptake mechanism of Cu (II) ions by the peat occurs via cation exchange (especially by means of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) as well as copper/peat complexation. Adsorption kinetic was consistent with the pseudo-second-order model.

Screening chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from Origanum syriacum L. growing in Turkey.

In the present study, essential oil from the leaves of Syrian oreganum [Origanum syriacum L. (Lauraceae)] grown in Turkish state forests of the Dortyol district, Turkey, was obtained by steam distillation. The chemical composition of oil was analysed by GC and GC-MS, and was found to contain 49.02% monoterpenes, 36.60% oxygenated monoterpenes and 12.59% sesquiterpenes. The major components are as follows: gamma-terpinene, carvacrol, p-cymene and beta-caryophyllene. Subsequently, the reducing power, antioxidant and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activities of the essential oil were studied. The reducing power was compared with ascorbic acid, and the other activities were compared with 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol (BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene). The results showed that the activities were concentration dependent. The antioxidant activities of the oil were slightly lower than those of ascorbic acid or BHT, so the oil can be considered an effective natural antioxidant. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from the leaves of Origanum syriacum was also determined on 16 microorganisms tested using the agar-disc diffusion method, and showed antimicrobial activity against 13 of these.