Water is an indispensable material for human life. Unfortunately, the development of industrial activities has reduced the quality of water resources in the world. Meantime, heavy metals are an important factor in water pollution due to their toxicity. This study highlights the method for the capture of heavy metal ions from wastewater using the procedure of adsorption. The adsorption of toxic heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Hg2+, and Cd2+) on Ca2C as well as Cr2C carbide-nitride MXene monolayers is investigated using the density functional theory. We have carried out the optimization of the considered MXenes by nine DFT functionals: PBE, TPSS, BP86, B3LYP, TPSSh, PBE0, CAM-B3LYP, M11, and LC-WPBE. Our results have shown a good agreement with previously measured electronic properties of the Ca2C and Cr2C MXene layers and the PBE DFT method. The calculated cohesive energy for the Ca2C and Cr2C MXene monolayers are -4.12 eV and -4.20 eV, respectively, which are in agreement with the previous studies. The results reveal that the adsorbed heavy metal ions have a substantial effect on the electronic properties of the considered MXene monolayers. Besides, our calculations show that the metal/MXene structures with higher electron transport rates display higher binding energy as well as charge transfers between the metal and Ca2C and Cr2C layers. Time-dependent density functional analysis also displayed "ligand to metal charge transfer" excitations for the metal/MXene systems. The larger Ebin for the Pb@Ca2C as well as Pb@Cr2C are according to larger redshifts which are expected (Δλ = 45 nm and 71 nm, respectively). Our results might be helpful for future research toward the application of carbide-nitride MXene materials for removing wastewater pollutants.
Thirty-six microalgae belonging to five taxonomic groups (Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyceae, Diatomophyceae, Euglenophyceae, and Eustigmatophyceae) were identified from six freshwater ecosystems in Morocco, two treatment stations in Etueffont landfill in France and three hot spring waters in Tunisia. Investigations on species growth kinetics and growth rates showed that the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya gelatinosa exhibited both the highest biomass and growth rate with 4 g DW L-1 and 0.282 day-1, respectively. A significant protein production (more than 40% DW) was observed across the studied species. Cyanobacteria and chlorophytes stood out for their increased protein production with a maximum (66.63 ± 3.84% DW) attained by the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. Chlorophytes produced substantial amounts of carbohydrates (more than 20% DW). Euglenophytes including Phacus orbicularis and Euglena ehrenbergii along with the chlorophyte Graesiella sp. accumulated significant amounts of lipids (up to 31.12% DW).
The rising global pollution of natural waters by dyes has brought to light the need for adaptable and efficient removal techniques. To create water-insoluble ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) polymers like CA/-CD, TA/-CD, and MA/-CD, several organic acids including citric acid (CA), tartaric acid (TA), and malic acid (MA) were cross-linked with ß-cyclodextrin in this study. The obtained polymers were characterized by different advanced analytical techniques such as FTIR, SEM, and UV-vis spectrophotometry. Malachite green dye was removed from aqueous solutions using the synthesized polymers by adsorption. The adsorption investigation was conducted under several conditions, including pH, adsorbent mass, dye concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorption isotherm, and kinetics. The adsorbent CA/ß-CD shows the highest adsorption of MG dye in all of the conditions because it contains a high number of carboxyl groups. The negatively charged carboxyl ions of CA/ß-CD attract the positively charged MG dye electrostatically and remove MG from aqueous media with an efficiency of 91%. As a result, the findings indicated that water-insoluble polymers based on ß-cyclodextrin are well-suited as inexpensive adsorbents to remove colors from aqueous media.
Graphene's two-dimensional structural arrangement has sparked a revolutionary transformation in the domain of conductive transparent devices, presenting a unique opportunity in the renewable energy sector. This comprehensive Review critically evaluates the most recent advances in graphene production and its employment in solar cells, focusing on dye-sensitized, organic, and perovskite devices for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) designs. This comprehensive investigation discovered the following captivating results: graphene integration resulted in a notable 20.3% improvement in energy conversion rates in graphene-perovskite photovoltaic cells. In comparison, BHJ cells saw a laudable 10% boost. Notably, graphene's 2D internal architecture emerges as a protector for photovoltaic devices, guaranteeing long-term stability against various environmental challenges. It acts as a transportation facilitator and charge extractor to the electrodes in photovoltaic cells. Additionally, this Review investigates current research highlighting the role of graphene derivatives and their products in solar PV systems, illuminating the way forward. The study elaborates on the complexities, challenges, and promising prospects underlying the use of graphene, revealing its reflective implications for the future of solar photovoltaic applications.
Infectious diseases have long posed a significant threat to global health and require constant innovation in treatment approaches. However, recent groundbreaking research has shed light on a previously overlooked player in the pathogenesis of disease-the human microbiome. This review article addresses the intricate relationship between the microbiome and infectious diseases and unravels its role as a crucial mediator of host-pathogen interactions. We explore the remarkable potential of harnessing this dynamic ecosystem to develop innovative treatment strategies that could revolutionize the management of infectious diseases. By exploring the latest advances and emerging trends, this review aims to provide a new perspective on combating infectious diseases by targeting the microbiome.
AbstractPharmaceutical compounds are a significant source of environmental pollution, particularly in hospital wastewater, which contains high concentrations of such compounds. Constructed wetlands have emerged as a promising approach to removing pharmaceutical compounds from wastewater. This paper aims to review the current state of knowledge on the removal of pharmaceutical compounds from hospital wastewater using constructed wetlands, including the mechanism of removal, removal efficiency, and future prospects. Pharmaceutical contaminants have been considered to be one of the most emerging pollutants in recent years. In this review article, various studies on constructed wetlands are incorporated in order to remove the pharmaceutical contaminants. The nature of constructed wetland can be explained by understanding the types of constructed wetland, characteristics of hospital wastewater, removal mechanism, and removal efficiency. The results of the review indicate that constructed wetlands are effective in removing pharmaceutical compounds from hospital wastewater. The removal mechanism of these compounds involves a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes, including adsorption, degradation, and uptake by wetland plants. The removal efficiency of constructed wetlands varies depending on several factors, including the type and concentration of pharmaceutical compounds, the design of the wetland system, and the environmental conditions. Further research is necessary to optimize the performance of these systems, particularly in the removal of emerging contaminants, to ensure their effectiveness and long-term sustainability.
Wastewater , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Wetlands , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Hospitals , Pharmaceutical Preparations
Gabions involve low construction technology and are flexible, economically viable, and environmentally friendly. They are now widely accepted as a standard construction material on a global scale. Gabion water barrier structures can be used for a variety of objectives, including flood control, land development, regulation of sediment transport, and catchment restoration. While intense water runoff can cause a large hole or submerge regions in solid water barrier constructions, gabion structures can sink down into the earth and protect the land from environmental and economic damage. The present study reviews the design/construction procedure of gabion water barrier structures and field/laboratory and numerical investigations for their performance in water and land conservation. Various applications of gabion water barrier structures, especially for economic/social impact and environmental degradation control, which qualify the gabion water barrier structures as a sustainable technique for water and land conservation, are reviewed. Future aspects and challenges ahead are also discussed.
Conservation of Natural Resources , Water , Conservation of Natural Resources/methods , Construction Materials
In this study, we examined the toxicity potential of the epiplastic microalgal community that developed on low-density polyethylene (LD-PE) plastic debris found in two distinct regions of the Monastir Bay (Tunisia): the coast exposed to anthropogenic discharges and the open sea in front of the Kuriat Islands. Concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) accumulated in sediments and plastisphere were compared in order to determine their toxicity potential to biological life. The collected plastispheres were predominantly composed of cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, and diatoms. Diatoms display a relatively high diversity (25 species). At all stations, potentially harmful microalgae (PHM) were more abundant in the plastisphere than in seawater and the coastal zone seems to harbour increased number of potentially harmful cyanobacteria within the plastisphere. At the offshore station S1, the PHM community was dominated by the potentially harmful diatoms belonging to the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. Phormidium sp. was the main potentially harmful cyanobacterium identified in the plastisphere of S1. PTEs concentration in the plastisphere was higher than in sediment and ranking with very high contamination factors at all sites according to the sequence Pb > Cu > Cd > Ni > Zn. The highest accumulation of PTEs in the plastisphere was recorded near harbors and industrial zones with important human interference. This work shows that plastisphere can be a threat to vulnerable species not only because it can contain PHM but also because it can accumulate PTEs.
Cyanobacteria , Diatoms , Microalgae , Trace Elements , Humans , Plastics , Bays , Tunisia , Environmental Monitoring
Pharmaceutical compounds being able to alter, retard, and enhance metabolism has gained attention in recent time as emerging pollutant. However, hospitals which are part of every urban landscape have yet to gain attention in terms of its hospital wastewater treatment to inhibit pharmaceutical compounds from reaching environment. Hence this study evaluated performance of constructed wetland in combination with tubesettler and aeration based on removal efficiency and ecological risk assessment (HQ). The removal efficiency of constructed wetland with plantation was higher by 31% (paracetamol), 102% (ibuprofen), 46%, (carbamazepine), 57% (lorazepam), 54% (erythromycin), 31% (ciprofloxacin) and 20% (simvastatin) against constructed wetland without plantation. Constructed wetland with aeration efficiency increased for paracetamol, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, lorazepam, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and simvastatin removal efficiency were higher by 58%, 130%, 52%, 79%, 107%, 57%, and 29% respectively. In constructed wetland with plantation, removal efficiency was higher by 20% (paracetamol), 13% (ibuprofen), 4% (carbamazepine), 14% (lorazepam), 34% (erythromycin), 19% (ciprofloxacin) and 7% (simvastatin). High ecological risk was observed for algae, invertebrate and fish with hazard quotient values in range of 2.5-484, 10-631 and 1-78 respectively. This study concludes that if space is the limitation at hospitals aeration with constructed wetland can be adopted. If space is available, constructed wetland with tubesettler is suitable, economic and environmentally friendly option. Future research works can focus on evaluating other processes combination with constructed wetland.
Wastewater , Wetlands , Animals , Wastewater/analysis , Waste Disposal, Fluid , Ibuprofen , Acetaminophen , Lorazepam , Carbamazepine , Hospitals , Ciprofloxacin , Erythromycin , Simvastatin , Pharmaceutical Preparations
Bizerte Lagoon is a vital Mediterranean ecosystem subjected to intense anthropogenic pressure. The potential ecological risk caused by certain metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb and Mn) is assessed from the data carried out in the sediment and pore water at two sites along with identifying the effects of diagenetic processes on the vertical distribution of these metals and their resulting diffusive fluxes. Using various ecological indices our results reveal a high ecological risk to benthic organisms from metals chiefly Cd, Pb and Ni accumulated in the sediment at both sites. Metals derived from organic matter degradation (Cu and Cd) and/or reduction of Mn-Fe-oxyhydroxydes (Pb, Ni, Zn, Cr) due to early diagenetic processes in sediment. The resulting concentration gradients between pore water and overlying water induce diffusive fluxes of metals to the water column. The estimation of the potential ecological risk caused by dissolved metals in pore waters by application of the Interstitial Water Criteria Toxic Units index indicates a slight ecological risk by Cu that was not identified in sediment. The ecological risk posed by dissolved metals is evidenced from -6â¯cm depth, which reduces the possibility of contamination of benthic species living above the water-sediment interface by diffusive fluxes of these metals.
Metals, Heavy , Trace Elements , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Geologic Sediments , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water , Ecosystem , Tunisia , Cadmium , Lead , Trace Elements/analysis , Risk Assessment , China
Hospital wastewater treatment is gaining attention in recent studies due to its complex nature. The performance of the sequencing batch reactor coupled with tube-settler was investigated for hospital wastewater treatment. The performance was evaluated regarding removing organic matter and nutrients (nitrate and phosphate). The phosphate was removed in the sequencing batch reactor and its associated tube-settler with a 60% removal efficiency margin. Nitrification was observed in sequencing batch reactor and tube-settler, but denitrification could not be achieved. The nitrification-denitrification process was not completed during the process. The current work's main aim was to understand and optimise the operational parameters involved in the performance of the sequencing batch reactor. The operational parameters were optimised using Design expert software, and Response Surface Methodology involved a four-factor and five-level central composite design. The percentage removal of chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, and phosphate was selected to be observed during this study. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13399-022-03406-z.
Wastewater consisting of different pharmaceuticals and drug residues is quite challenging to treat and dispose of. This situation poses a significant impact on the health aspect of humans and other biotic organisms in the environment. The main concern of hospital wastewater (HWW) is the resistivity towards treatment using the different conventional methods. For the treatment of HWW, this study was performed using an electro bioreactor using hospital wastewater. The electro reduction overcomes the effect of toxic elements in hospital wastewater, and biodegradation removes organic matter and nutrients from wastewater. This study investigated electro bioreactor performance for treating hospital wastewater connected with tubesettler. The parameters of chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, and phosphate concentration were analyzed to evaluate an influent and effluent from electro bioreactor and tubesettler. Also, Kinetic modelling for chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, and phosphate removal was done. The chemical oxygen demand was reduced by 76% in electro bioreactor, and 31% in tubesettler, 84%. The nitrate and phosphate were reduced within permissible discharge limits with a final effluent concentration of 1.4 mg L-1 and 3 mg L-1. Further studies are required to assess the impact of pharmaceutical compounds in hospital wastewater on the system's performance.
Nitrates , Wastewater , Bioreactors , Hospitals , Humans , Nutrients , Organic Chemicals , Phosphates , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Wastewater/chemistry
Groundwater is the second largest water source for daily consumption, only next to surface water resources. Groundwater has been extensively investigated for its pollution level in urban areas. The groundwater quality assessments in industrial areas associated with every urban landscape are still lacking. This study was carried out in two industrial areas including Okhla and Mohan cooperative in New Delhi, India. The six groundwater samples were obtained for water quality assessment for 2015 and 2018. The heavy metals investigated in water samples were Cu, As, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn, Fe, Cr, and Mn. The water quality was assessed in the heavy metals index (MI) and heavy metal pollution index (HPI). From indexing approach, it was observed that pollution levels have increased in year 2018 as compared to the year 2015. MI < 1 for Cu in 2015 and 2018 in both industrial areas. In the case of remaining metals, MI ranged from 2.5 to 8.4. When the HPI indexing approach was adopted, water was unfit for drinking in both industrial areas in 2015 and 2018, with an HPI value > 100. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment (HI) ranged from 1.7 to 1.9 in 2015, increasing from 17.41 to 217 in 2018, indicating high risk in both years. Carcinogenic risk (CR) was within the acceptable range for 48% of each heavy metal analysed sample. When the Carcinogenic risk index was considered (CRI), all samples were beyond the acceptable range, and every person was prone to carcinogenic risk in 2015.
Groundwater , Metals, Heavy , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Carcinogens/analysis , Environmental Monitoring , Groundwater/analysis , Humans , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Risk Assessment , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Quality
In this applied research work, the risk of rock instability in the Aqabat Al-Sulbat road section located in the north-west area of Aseer Province in Saudi Arabia was evaluated, and the primary natural trigger factors of rock slope instability on further environmental components (rock slope stability, road network, and urban areas) were estimated using satellite images (Landsat8), digital terrain models, and geoprocessing in geographical information systems software (classification, overlapping algorithms and production thematic mapping in Arctoolbox). Additionally, field geotechnical investigations testing and over-coring drilling sampling allowed the characterization of the section of road in terms of geological structure and environmental components (geology, morphology, road network, lineaments, and hydrology). As a result, rock slope instability vulnerability mapping was simulated using satellite imagery and geographical information systems (GIS) and ranking natural trigger factors using the combined fuzzy Delphi analytical hierarchic process with the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) as multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. Additionally, many rock layer discontinuity stations were implemented to evaluate rock slope instabilities, and these were visualized using the Dips program and combined with modeling using 3DEC software to predict rock slope failure based on the distinct element method (DEM) at a small scale. Thereafter, safety factors were computed depending on these previous geospatial data. Finally, vulnerability index mapping was combined with rock instability risk mapping for the Aqabat Al-Sulbat road. Within the framework of sustainable development, these results can be used to inform the urban planning of the municipality of Aseer Province.
Geographic Information Systems , Satellite Imagery , Geology , Saudi Arabia
In this study, Hospital wastewater was treated using a submerged aerobic fixed film (SAFF) reactor coupled with tubesettler in series. SAFF consisted of a column with an up-flow biofilter. The biological oxygen demand (BOD)5, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate and phosphate were the chosen pollutants for evaluation. The pollutants removal efficiency was determined at varying organic loading rates and hydraulic retention time. The organic loading rate was varied between 0.25 and 1.25 kg COD m-3 d-1. The removal efficiency of SAFF and tubesettler combined was 75 % COD, 67 % BOD and 67 % phosphate, respectively. However, nitrate saw an increase in concentration by 25 %. SAFF contribution in the removal of COD, BOD5 and Phosphate was 48 %, 46 % and 29 %, respectively. While for accumulation of nitrate, it was responsible for 56%, respectively. Tubesettler performed better than SAFF with 52 %, 54 % and 69 % reduction of COD, BOD5 and phosphate, respectively. But in terms of nitrate, tubesettler was responsible for 44 % accumulation. The nutrient reduction decreased with an increase in the organic loading rate. Nitrification was observed in the SAFF and tubesettler, which indicated a well-aerated system. An anaerobic unit is required for completing the denitrification process and removing nitrogen from the effluent. The better performance of tubesettler over SAFF calls for necessitates extended retention time over design criteria. Further studies are beneficial to investigate the impact of pharmaceutical compounds on the efficiency of SAFF.
Bioreactors , Wastewater , Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis , Hospitals , Nitrification , Nitrogen , Waste Disposal, Fluid
In Saudi Arabia, identifying homogenous zones based on rainfall patterns is critical for ensuring a predictable and stable water resource and agriculture management strategy. As a result, the present research aims to identify Saudi Arabia's homogeneous rainfall zones and examine rainfall patterns in these areas. By proposing a novel trend analysis technique with a particular graphical representation, this study utilises and compares the traditional Mann-Kendall (MK) test, modified MK test, and basic Sen-innovative trend analysis (ITA) method. Another approach is to use the Pettit change point test to objectively identify subcategories as "low" or "high." The applications are based on 40-year rainfall records from 22 Saudi Arabian meteorological sites. K-means clustering and hierarchical clustering on principle component analysis (HCPC) were used to find homogeneous areas. The results of the homogeneous region identification revealed that the research area is divided into three clusters, each with three distinct climatic characteristics. Cluster 1 contains eight stations, whereas clusters 2 and 3 each have seven. The results of trend identification utilising the MK, MMK, and ITA tests revealed that cluster 1 had a falling rainfall trend, whereas cluster 2 had a very minor decreasing and increasing rainfall trend. Cluster 2 can be thought of as a transition zone. Cluster 3 observed an upward trend in rainfall. While the proposed new form of ITA produced similar results with more detailed analysis such as change point-based high and low value identification, and magnitude of decreasing and increasing trend, the proposed new form of ITA produced similar results with more detailed analysis such as change point-based high and low value identification. This study will serve as a foundation for future work by scientists and planners on the identification of climatic zones, the development of trend detection techniques, and the formulation of water resource management strategies.
Agriculture , Meteorology , Saudi Arabia
Groundwater is a primary natural water source in the absence of surface water bodies. Groundwater in urban environments experiences unprecedented stress from urban growth, population increase, and industrial activities. This study assessed groundwater quality in terms of arsenic and heavy metal contamination in three industrial areas (Shahdara, Jhilmil, and Patparganj), Delhi, India. The water quality was assessed over a 3-year time interval (i.e., 2015 and 2018). The groundwater constituents investigated were As, Fe, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Pb. Metal index and heavy metal pollution indexes were estimated to assess groundwater pollution. The health risk was evaluated in terms of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment. Patparganj industrial area saw increment in concentration for Cu 0.23 mg/L (2015)-0.85 mg/L (2018), Zn 0.51 mg/L (2015)-7.2 mg/L (2018), Fe 0.32 mg/L (2015)-0.9 mg/L (2018), Cr 0.21 mg/L (2015)-0.26 mg/L (2018), Mn 0.14 mg/L (2015)-0.25 mg/L (2018), Ni 0.04 mg/L (2015)-0.34 mg/L (2018), and As 0.01 mg/L (2015)-0.18 mg/L (2018). Cd and Pb concentrations were observed to decrease by 40-90 % and 85-99% for all the three industrial areas. Metal index and heavy metal index values were found to be >1 for all locations. The risk quotient value > 1 was observed for all locations in the year 2015 but was found to increase further to a range of RQ 10-62 in the year 2018, inferring increased non-carcinogenic risk to consumers. The carcinogenic risk was significant with respect to Fe (0.2-0.7), Zn (0.001-0.007), and As (0.002-0.003) for all locations in the year 2015. This study concludes that groundwater in the three industrial areas is highly polluted and is not fit for human consumption. Further studies are required to explore possible control measures and develop methods to mitigate groundwater pollution, sustainable management, and optimized use to conserve it for future generations.
Arsenic , Groundwater , Metals, Heavy , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Arsenic/analysis , Environmental Monitoring , Humans , India , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Risk Assessment , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
MERS-CoV first case was reported on 23rd November 2012 in Saudi Arabia, Since, then MERS has remained on World Health Organization (WHO) Blueprint list and declared pandemic. This study was conducted on MERS lab confirmed cases reported to Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia and WHO for year 2012-2019. The epidemiology was investigated based on infection rate, death rate, case fatality rate, Gender, Age group, and Medical conditions (Comorbid and Symptomatic). The overall median age of infected male was 58â¯years and of female was 45â¯years. While average mortality age in male was 60â¯years and of female was 65â¯years which is greater than the global average of 50â¯years. The results also report that specially after age of 40â¯years in both men and women, chances of infection are more while comorbidities increase the infection rate. The men are more susceptible to infection than women. In case of asymptomatic distribution trend was vice versa with 69.4% women and 30.6% in men. Second, most infected age group was reduced by 20â¯years in case of men with 47.37% infection for age group of 20-39â¯years. This was also observed in age-group of 20-39â¯years for no comorbid cases (men (50%) & women (79%)). This explains MERS-CoV prevalence in Saudi Arabia, as young and healthy population were infected, and acted as carrier and on coming in contact with vulnerable population (Elderly, chronic and comorbid) transferred the infection. Hence, MERS-CoV outbreak kept on happening from time to time over past years. This finding might very well explain the exponential spread of Novel CoV-19 globally, as initial control measures required older people to stay indoors while younger generation brought infection from outside. Further studies are required for epidemiology analysis based on clusters, travel history and specific disease related mortality.
Coronavirus Infections , Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Saudi Arabia/epidemiology , Travel , Young Adult
Hospital wastewater are a lurking threat to environment and human health security for any given moment of time owing to its complexity and high vulnerability to cause disease outbreak. Though there are a number of treatment process for wastewater., there is a high need for employing cost-efficient and sustainable method of treatment. Hence a pilot scale horizontal surface flow Constructed Wetland (HSFCW) coupled with Tubesettler was installed at New Delhi, India (February to may 2019). This study reports comparative pollutants removal from hospital wastewater using Constructed Wetlands and associated tubesettler dosed with Hospital wastewater. A pilot scale CW system was used for treating 10m3/day of hospital wastewater. The system was tested for 3 Months to evaluate its performance for removing pollutants from the wastewater. The HSFCW coupled with tubesettler achieved over all removal efficiency of 94% (COD), MLSS (97%), TSS (98%), BOD5 (96%), Phosphate (79%). However, process of nitrification was not observed and accumulation of Nitrate up to 197% was observed. The study concluded that it may be due to the presence of pharmaceuticals and other elements present in hospital wastewater. This conclusion was based on the fact that Alkalinity increased by 52% in effluent and pH value also exhibited an average increase of 12%. Further research studies are required to investigate effect of pharmaceutical originating from hospital on treatment efficiency, to incorporate anaerobic setup to complete denitrification-nitrification process and also to determine efficiency of thermophilic, mesophilic, and psychrophilic bacteria with respect to climate and temperature.
Wastewater , Wetlands , Humans , India , Nitrogen , Waste Disposal, Fluid
