Towards an informed research agenda for the field of personality disorders by experts with lived and living experience and researchers.

BACKGROUND: We describe a collection of themes for a research agenda for personality disorders that was originally formulated for the ESSPD Borderline Congress in 2022. METHODS: Experts with lived and living experience (EE), researchers and clinicians met virtually, exchanged ideas and discussed research topics for the field of personality disorders. The experts - patients, relatives, significant others - named the topics they thought most relevant for further research in the field. These topics were presented at the ESPPD conference in October 2022. RESULTS: The five top themes were: 1. Prevention, early detection and intervention, 2. Recovery beyond symptom improvement, 3. Involvement of relatives in treatment, 4. Gender dysphoria, and 5. Stigma. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the topics reflect current issues and changes in societal values. Overarching aims of research on these topics are the improvement of social participation and integration in society, better dissemination of research, and better information of the general public and political stakeholders.

[Digital health in Latin America: current legislation and ethical aspectsSaúde digital na América Latina: legislação atual e aspectos éticos]. / Salud digital en América Latina: legislación actual y aspectos éticos.

Objectives: Describe the current legislation on electronic medical records (EMR) and telehealth in Latin American countries and analyze the treatment of confidentiality and professional secrecy. Methods: Between March and September 2022, a survey of the regulations in force in 21 Latin American countries was conducted at two levels: the existence of legislation on EMR and telehealth, and the treatment of confidentiality and professional secrecy in EMR and telehealth. A data extraction form was prepared for each country. Data were collected from official on-line sources. The information was analyzed qualitatively and synthesized in tables when possible. Results: The use of EMR is legally regulated in 16 countries. Nineteen countries have legislation on telehealth. All the countries analyzed safeguard confidentiality and professional secrecy through regulations. However, confidentiality and professional secrecy are mentioned in 11 countries in the context of telehealth, and in only nine countries in the context of EMR. Conclusions: Since the start of this century, Latin America has made progress in the legislation of digital tools for health care, such as EMR and telehealth. There is also interest in ethical issues related to the use of EMR and telehealth, particularly confidentiality and professional secrecy, aspects that should be strengthened in digital health.

Objetivo: Descrever a legislação vigente sobre prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde nos países da América Latina e analisar o tratamento da confidencialidade e do sigilo profissional. Métodos: Entre março e setembro de 2022, realizou-se um levantamento sobre a regulamentação vigente nos 21 países latino-americanos incluídos no estudo, em dois níveis: i) existência de legislação sobre prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde; e ii) tratamento da confidencialidade e do sigilo profissional em prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde. Uma planilha para extração de dados foi elaborada para cada país. Os dados foram coletados de fontes oficiais disponíveis on-line. Foi realizada uma análise qualitativa das informações, que foram resumidas em tabelas, quando possível. Resultados: O uso dos prontuários eletrônicos é legalmente regulamentado em 16 países. Quanto à telessaúde, 19 países têm legislação sobre essa ferramenta. Todos os países analisados protegem a confidencialidade e o sigilo profissional por meio de regulamentação. No entanto, no contexto da telessaúde, eles são mencionados em 11 países; já no contexto dos prontuários eletrônicos, em apenas 9 países. Conclusões: Desde o início dos anos 2000, a América Latina vem avançando em relação à legislação sobre ferramentas digitais na atenção à saúde, como prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde. Há também interesse nas questões éticas relacionadas ao uso de prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde, especialmente em relação à confidencialidade e ao sigilo profissional, embora esses aspectos precisem ser reforçados na saúde digital.

Fear of Death in Colombian Nursing Students.

Introduction: Death is a natural phenomenon inherent to the human condition and an inevitable consequence of life. As future professionals, nursing students should face the process of death and recognize their limitations, because emotional aspects can influence the quality of health care, especially in Spanish-speaking countries. This study aimed to quantify the level of fear of death among nursing students in a higher education institution in a region of Colombia. Methods: A quantitative correlational study including 258 university students selected by stratified sampling were administered the Collet-Lester Fear of Death Scale; the results were analyzed for the age, religion, marital status, number of children, and academic level of the respondents. Results: On average, the students were 22.9 years old; 83.3% of them were female, 75.6% were Catholic, 14.1% had at least one child, and 66.7% had experienced bereavement in the family. An association was found between the female gender and the fear of one's own death (p = .025). Conclusion: These findings differ from those reported in other Latin American countries where higher academic level and clinical experience are related to lower fear of death.

The Phenotypic Spectrum of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 19 in a Series of Latin American Patients.

Spinocerebellar ataxia 19 (SCA19) represents a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder resulting in progressive ataxia and cerebellar atrophy. SCA19 is caused by variants in the KCND3 gene, which encodes a voltage-gated potassium channel subunit essential for cerebellar Purkinje cell function. We describe six cases from Chile and Mexico, representing the largest report on SCA19 in Latin America. These cases encompass a range of clinical presentations, highlighting the phenotypic variability within SCA19 from an early-onset, severe disease to a late-onset, slowly progressive condition with normal lifespan. While some patients present with pure ataxia, others also show cognitive impairment, dystonia, and other neurological symptoms. The correlations between specific KCND3 variants and phenotypic outcomes are complex and warrant further investigation. As the genomic landscape of spinocerebellar ataxias evolves, comprehensive genetic testing is becoming pivotal in improving diagnostic accuracy. This study contributes to a better understanding of the clinical spectrum of SCA19, laying the groundwork for further genotype-phenotype correlations and functional studies to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology.

The Use of Platelet Concentrates in the Reconstruction of the Alveolar Cleft Defect: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate quantitative and qualitative outputs when comparing the incidence of platelet concentrates (PCs) combined with autogenous bone grafts to an autograft control group for the reconstruction of alveolar cleft defects. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Randomized and nonrandomized controlled clinical trials where PCs were used in the reconstruction of alveolar cleft defects. INTERVENTIONS: Use of PCs in combination with autogenous bone graft in the experimental group and autogenous bone graft alone in the control group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Average bone formation and bone density were evaluated, mean differences were calculated and pooled by a meta-analysis technique. Additionally, clinical outcomes such as wound dehiscence, closure of the oronasal fistula, pain, swelling, discharges, infections, and bleeding were considered in the qualitative synthesis. RESULTS: After an evaluation of forty-nine articles, nineteen were considered for the review. The qualitative assessment of bone density, bone formation, and clinical outcomes showed no differences between groups in most of the included studies. The meta-analysis showed no statistical differences between PCs groups when compared to the control group in bone density at three months (mean difference 45.67 HU, P = .23) and six months (mean difference 48.57 HU, P = .64). Neither were statistical differences in the percentage of regenerated bone volume at six months (mean difference 6.39%, P = .15) and the volume of newly formed bone at 12 months (mean difference 0.37 mm3, P = .99). CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in terms of bone formation, bone density, and clinical outputs between groups.

Salud digital en América Latina: legislación actual y aspectos éticos / Digital health in Latin America: current legislation and ethical aspects / Saúde digital na América Latina: legislação atual e aspectos éticos

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Describir la legislación vigente respecto a historia clínica electrónica (HCE) y telesalud de los países latinoamericanos y analizar el tratamiento de la confidencialidad y el secreto profesional. Métodos. Entre marzo y septiembre de 2022, se realizó un relevamiento de la reglamentación vigente en los 21 países latinoamericanos en estudio, en dos niveles: i) la existencia de legislación respecto a la HCE y la telesalud, y ii) el tratamiento de la confidencialidad y el secreto profesional en la HCE y la telesalud. Se con- feccionó una ficha de extracción de datos por país. Se recolectaron datos a partir de fuentes on-line oficiales. Se analizó cualitativamente la información y se sintetizó en forma de tablas cuando fue posible. Resultados. El uso de la HCE está reglamentado legalmente en 16 países. Para el caso de telesalud, son 19 países los que cuentan con legislación en referencia a esta herramienta. Todos los países analizados resguardan la confidencialidad y el secreto profesional a través de reglamentaciones. Sin embargo, en el contexto de telesalud se mencionan en 11 países, en tanto en el contexto de la HCE, solo en 9 países. Conclusiones. Desde el inicio del segundo milenio América Latina ha avanzado respecto a la legislación de herramientas digitales en la atención en salud como la HCE y la telesalud. Se observa a su vez un interés por las cuestiones éticas relacionadas con el uso de la HCE y la telesalud, en particular de la confidencialidad y secreto profesional, aunque dichos aspectos deben ser fortalecidos en la salud digital.

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. Describe the current legislation on electronic medical records (EMR) and telehealth in Latin Ame- rican countries and analyze the treatment of confidentiality and professional secrecy. Methods. Between March and September 2022, a survey of the regulations in force in 21 Latin American countries was conducted at two levels: the existence of legislation on EMR and telehealth, and the treatment of confidentiality and professional secrecy in EMR and telehealth. A data extraction form was prepared for each country. Data were collected from official on-line sources. The information was analyzed qualitatively and synthesized in tables when possible. Results. The use of EMR is legally regulated in 16 countries. Nineteen countries have legislation on telehealth. All the countries analyzed safeguard confidentiality and professional secrecy through regulations. However, confidentiality and professional secrecy are mentioned in 11 countries in the context of telehealth, and in only nine countries in the context of EMR. Conclusions. Since the start of this century, Latin America has made progress in the legislation of digital tools for health care, such as EMR and telehealth. There is also interest in ethical issues related to the use of EMR and telehealth, particularly confidentiality and professional secrecy, aspects that should be strengthened in digital health.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever a legislação vigente sobre prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde nos países da América Latina e analisar o tratamento da confidencialidade e do sigilo profissional. Métodos. Entre março e setembro de 2022, realizou-se um levantamento sobre a regulamentação vigente nos 21 países latino-americanos incluídos no estudo, em dois níveis: i) existência de legislação sobre prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde; e ii) tratamento da confidencialidade e do sigilo profissional em prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde. Uma planilha para extração de dados foi elaborada para cada país. Os dados foram coletados de fontes oficiais disponíveis on-line. Foi realizada uma análise qualitativa das informações, que foram resumidas em tabelas, quando possível. Resultados. O uso dos prontuários eletrônicos é legalmente regulamentado em 16 países. Quanto à telessaúde, 19 países têm legislação sobre essa ferramenta. Todos os países analisados protegem a confidencialidade e o sigilo profissional por meio de regulamentação. No entanto, no contexto da telessaúde, eles são mencionados em 11 países; já no contexto dos prontuários eletrônicos, em apenas 9 países. Conclusões. Desde o início dos anos 2000, a América Latina vem avançando em relação à legislação sobre ferramentas digitais na atenção à saúde, como prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde. Há também interesse nas questões éticas relacionadas ao uso de prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde, especialmente em relação à confidencialidade e ao sigilo profissional, embora esses aspectos precisem ser reforçados na saúde digital.

Salud digital en América Latina: legislación actual y aspectos éticos / Digital health in Latin America: current legislation and ethical aspects / Saúde digital na América Latina: legislação atual e aspectos éticos

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir la legislación vigente respecto a historia clínica electrónica (HCE) y telesalud de los países latinoamericanos y analizar el tratamiento de la confidencialidad y el secreto profesional. Métodos. Entre marzo y septiembre de 2022, se realizó un relevamiento de la reglamentación vigente en los 21 países latinoamericanos en estudio, en dos niveles: i) la existencia de legislación respecto a la HCE y la telesalud, y ii) el tratamiento de la confidencialidad y el secreto profesional en la HCE y la telesalud. Se confeccionó una ficha de extracción de datos por país. Se recolectaron datos a partir de fuentes on-line oficiales. Se analizó cualitativamente la información y se sintetizó en forma de tablas cuando fue posible. Resultados. El uso de la HCE está reglamentado legalmente en 16 países. Para el caso de telesalud, son 19 países los que cuentan con legislación en referencia a esta herramienta. Todos los países analizados resguardan la confidencialidad y el secreto profesional a través de reglamentaciones. Sin embargo, en el contexto de telesalud se mencionan en 11 países, en tanto en el contexto de la HCE, solo en 9 países. Conclusiones. Desde el inicio del segundo milenio América Latina ha avanzado respecto a la legislación de herramientas digitales en la atención en salud como la HCE y la telesalud. Se observa a su vez un interés por las cuestiones éticas relacionadas con el uso de la HCE y la telesalud, en particular de la confidencialidad y secreto profesional, aunque dichos aspectos deben ser fortalecidos en la salud digital.

ABSTRACT Objectives. Describe the current legislation on electronic medical records (EMR) and telehealth in Latin American countries and analyze the treatment of confidentiality and professional secrecy. Methods. Between March and September 2022, a survey of the regulations in force in 21 Latin American countries was conducted at two levels: the existence of legislation on EMR and telehealth, and the treatment of confidentiality and professional secrecy in EMR and telehealth. A data extraction form was prepared for each country. Data were collected from official on-line sources. The information was analyzed qualitatively and synthesized in tables when possible. Results. The use of EMR is legally regulated in 16 countries. Nineteen countries have legislation on telehealth. All the countries analyzed safeguard confidentiality and professional secrecy through regulations. However, confidentiality and professional secrecy are mentioned in 11 countries in the context of telehealth, and in only nine countries in the context of EMR. Conclusions. Since the start of this century, Latin America has made progress in the legislation of digital tools for health care, such as EMR and telehealth. There is also interest in ethical issues related to the use of EMR and telehealth, particularly confidentiality and professional secrecy, aspects that should be strengthened in digital health.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever a legislação vigente sobre prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde nos países da América Latina e analisar o tratamento da confidencialidade e do sigilo profissional. Métodos. Entre março e setembro de 2022, realizou-se um levantamento sobre a regulamentação vigente nos 21 países latino-americanos incluídos no estudo, em dois níveis: i) existência de legislação sobre prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde; e ii) tratamento da confidencialidade e do sigilo profissional em prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde. Uma planilha para extração de dados foi elaborada para cada país. Os dados foram coletados de fontes oficiais disponíveis on-line. Foi realizada uma análise qualitativa das informações, que foram resumidas em tabelas, quando possível. Resultados. O uso dos prontuários eletrônicos é legalmente regulamentado em 16 países. Quanto à telessaúde, 19 países têm legislação sobre essa ferramenta. Todos os países analisados protegem a confidencialidade e o sigilo profissional por meio de regulamentação. No entanto, no contexto da telessaúde, eles são mencionados em 11 países; já no contexto dos prontuários eletrônicos, em apenas 9 países. Conclusões. Desde o início dos anos 2000, a América Latina vem avançando em relação à legislação sobre ferramentas digitais na atenção à saúde, como prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde. Há também interesse nas questões éticas relacionadas ao uso de prontuários eletrônicos e telessaúde, especialmente em relação à confidencialidade e ao sigilo profissional, embora esses aspectos precisem ser reforçados na saúde digital.

Real-world effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines among Colombian adults: A retrospective, population-based study of the ESPERANZA cohort.

COVID-19 vaccines have been essential for reducing the impact of the pandemic; nevertheless, population-based data under real-life conditions are needed to compare their effectiveness in various contexts. The objective of this study was to estimate the effectiveness of vaccines in preventing hospitalization and death from COVID-19 in Colombia under real-life conditions among people aged 18 years and older, according to sex, age, confirmed history of COVID-19 and vaccination series, including the effects of boosters. This investigation was an observational, retrospective, population-based study based on the Colombian cohort "Esperanza". A total of 14,213,409 individuals aged 18 years and older were analyzed, who were matched in a 1:1 ratio of vaccinated to unvaccinated. The study groups consisted of unvaccinated individuals, those with a complete series (CS) and individuals with a CS plus booster. The vaccinated individuals received either homologous or heterologous vaccinations with Ad26.COV2-S, BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, CoronaVac and mRNA-1273 vaccines. Follow-up was conducted between February 2021 and June 2022. Cox proportional hazards models were used, adjusted for potential confounders, to estimate the effectiveness of different vaccination series. For adults aged 18 years and older, the overall effectiveness of the vaccines in preventing hospitalization was 82.7% (95% CI 82.1-83.2) for CS and 80.2% (95%CI 78.7-81.6) for CS + booster. The effectiveness in preventing death was 86.0% (95%CI 85.5-86.5) for CS and 83.1% (95%CI 81.5-84.5) for CS + booster. Effectiveness decreased with age. While all efficacies were high, CoronaVac offered significantly lower protection, although this improved with a booster. Continued mass vaccination is pivotal, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The study highlights both the real-world effectiveness of these vaccines and the challenges in understanding waning immunity and the influence of different VoC(Variants of Concern) on results.

Neumotórax espontáneo persistente como manifestación primaria de sarcoma sinovial pleuropulmonar primario: a propósito de un caso / Persistent spontaneous pneumothorax as a primary manifestation of primary synovial sarcoma of the lung: a case report

El sarcoma sinovial pleuropulmonar (SSPP) es un tumor primario de pulmón, maligno, infrecuente en pediatría (prevalencia 0,1-0,5 %) que afecta predominantemente a adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Se ha descrito una sobrevida global cercana al 30 % a los 5 años. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de 12 años de edad, previamente sano, que presentó tos, dolor torácico y disnea de comienzo súbito, como manifestación inicial de neumotórax izquierdo, el que persistió a los 4 días y requirió resección quirúrgica de lesión bullosa pulmonar. Se realizó diagnóstico histológico de sarcoma sinovial pleuropulmonar confirmado por estudio molecular, que evidenció la translocación cromosómica entre el cromosoma X y el 18: t(X;18) (p11.2;q11.2) de la pieza quirúrgica extirpada. Ante pacientes con neumotórax persistente o recidivante, es importante descartar causas secundarias, entre ellas, sarcoma sinovial pleuropulmonar. Su ominoso pronóstico determina la necesidad de arribar a un diagnóstico temprano e implementar un tratamiento agresivo

Pleuropulmonary synovial sarcoma (PPSS) is a primary malignancy of the lung, uncommon in pediatrics (prevalence: 0.1­0.5%) that predominantly affects adolescents and young adults. Overall survival has been reported to be close to 30% at 5 years. Here we report the case of a previously healthy 12-year-old male patient who presented with cough, chest pain, and dyspnea of sudden onset as initial manifestation of left pneumothorax, which persisted after 4 days and required surgical resection of pulmonary bullous lesion. A histological diagnosis of pleuropulmonary synovial sarcoma was made and confirmed by molecular study, which showed chromosomal translocation between chromosomes X and 18: t(X;18) (p11.2;q11.2) in the surgical specimen removed. In patients with persistent or recurrent pneumothorax, it is important to rule out secondary causes, including pleuropulmonary synovial sarcoma. Such poor prognosis determines the need for early diagnosis and aggressive treatment.

Rajids ovipositing on marine litter: A potential threat to their survival.

Marine litter is a complex environmental issue threatening the well-being of multiple organisms. In the present study, we present an overlooked pathway by which marine litter interaction with certain ovigerous skates (Family: Rajidae) communities could compromise their survival. We propose that skates from the genus Sympterygia deposit their egg capsules on marine litter substrates by accident, which are then washed ashore still unhatched. We conducted 10 monitoring surveys on three beaches of La Libertad Region, on the north coast of Peru, looking for marine litter conglomerates to determine the presence of egg capsules. We registered a total of 75 marine litter conglomerates, containing 1595 egg capsules, out of which only 15.9 % were presumably hatched, and 15.8 % were still fresh. Fishing materials were identified as the main item in marine litter conglomerates. We conclude that this behavior could contribute to the decline of Sympterygia communities, although further research is needed.

Masking of Korotkoff sounds used in blood pressure measurement through auscultation.

Measurement of blood pressure (BP) through manual auscultation and the observation of Korotkoff sounds (KSs) remains the gold standard in BP methodology. Critical to determining BP levels via auscultation is the determination of KS audibility. While absolute sound level audibility is well researched, the problem has not been approached from the point of view of psychoacoustic masking of the sounds. Here, during manual auscultation of BP, a direct comparison is made between what an observer perceives as audible and the electronic analysis of audibility level determined from masking of sound signal levels. KSs are collected during auscultation with an electronic stethoscope, which allows simultaneously observing sound audibility and recording the sound electronically. By time-segmenting the recorded sound around Korotkoff peaks into a test segment and a masking segment, performing Fourier transforms on the segments, and comparing frequency-band sound energy levels, signal-to-noise ratios of a sound to its masking counterpart can be defined. Comparing these ratios to difference limen in the psychoacoustic masking literature, an approximate threshold for sound audibility is obtained. It is anticipated that this approach could have profound effects on future development of automated auscultation BP measurements.

Persistent spontaneous pneumothorax as a primary manifestation of primary synovial sarcoma of the lung: a case report. / Neumotórax espontáneo persistente como manifestación primaria de sarcoma sinovial pleuropulmonar primario: a propósito de un caso.

Pleuropulmonary synovial sarcoma (PPSS) is a primary malignancy of the lung, uncommon in pediatrics (prevalence: 0.1-0.5%) that predominantly affects adolescents and young adults. Overall survival has been reported to be close to 30% at 5 years. Here we report the case of a previously healthy 12-year-old male patient who presented with cough, chest pain, and dyspnea of sudden onset as initial manifestation of left pneumothorax, which persisted after 4 days and required surgical resection of pulmonary bullous lesion. A histological diagnosis of pleuropulmonary synovial sarcoma was made and confirmed by molecular study, which showed chromosomal translocation between chromosomes X and 18: t(X;18) (p11.2;q11.2) in the surgical specimen removed. In patients with persistent or recurrent pneumothorax, it is important to rule out secondary causes, including pleuropulmonary synovial sarcoma. Such poor prognosis determines the need for early diagnosis and aggressive treatment.

El sarcoma sinovial pleuropulmonar (SSPP) es un tumor primario de pulmón, maligno, infrecuente en pediatría (prevalencia 0,1-0,5 %) que afecta predominantemente a adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Se ha descrito una sobrevida global cercana al 30 % a los 5 años. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de 12 años de edad, previamente sano, que presentó tos, dolor torácico y disnea de comienzo súbito, como manifestación inicial de neumotórax izquierdo, el que persistió a los 4 días y requirió resección quirúrgica de lesión bullosa pulmonar. Se realizó diagnóstico histológico de sarcoma sinovial pleuropulmonar confirmado por estudio molecular, que evidenció la translocación cromosómica entre el cromosoma X y el 18: t(X;18) (p11.2;q11.2) de la pieza quirúrgica extirpada. Ante pacientes con neumotórax persistente o recidivante, es importante descartar causas secundarias, entre ellas, sarcoma sinovial pleuropulmonar. Su ominoso pronóstico determina la necesidad de arribar a un diagnóstico temprano e implementar un tratamiento agresivo.

Real-world Evidence of COVID-19 Vaccines Effectiveness in Solid-organ Transplant Recipient Population in Colombia: A Study Nested in the Esperanza Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) have a higher risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) complications and death and a less powerful and lasting response to vaccines and to natural infection. In Colombia, this population was prioritized in the National Vaccination Plan against COVID-19 and received vaccines from different platforms. The aim of this study was to estimate the effectiveness of the complete vaccination schedule and of the vaccine booster for COVID-19 administered to SOTRs in Colombia. METHODS: A nested-cohort was assembled within the population-based ESPERANZA cohort and included the subset of 16 y and older SOTRs (n = 6963); the follow-up period spanned March 11, 2021, to May 11, 2022. The vaccine effectiveness was estimated with Cox proportional-hazards models so that the overall effectiveness of the complete vaccination schedule, the vaccine booster, each used vaccine, and the homologous and heterologous schedules were estimated, adjusting by the main confounders. RESULTS: The overall effectiveness of being fully vaccinated was 73.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 68.9%-77.0%) to prevent COVID-19 infection, 83.7% (95% CI, 78.7%-87.5%) to prevent hospitalization, and 92.1% (95% CI, 88.8%-94.4%) to prevent death due to COVID-19. Similarly, the effectiveness of the vaccine booster was 76.7% (95% CI, 70.6%-81.5%), 86.9% (95% CI, 79.4%-91.6%), and 94.5% (95% CI, 89.8%-97.1%) to prevent confirmed COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death due to COVID-19, respectively. In both cases, there were no statistically significant differences across age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this work show a high protection of vaccination against infection, hospitalization, and death due to COVID-19 in SOTRs, which increases with the vaccine booster.

[Pulmonary tuberculosis presenting as a lung mass in children: case report]. / Masa pulmonar como manifestación primaria de tuberculosis en pediatría: reporte de un caso.

Tuberculosis is one of the main causes of death due to infection around the world. Although tuberculosis frequently involves lung parenchyma, tuberculoma is a rare complication. We describe an atypical pulmonary presentation of tuberculosis. A 15-month-old girl, previously healthy, was referred to the pulmonology department due to fever, poor weight gain, and a 2-months persistent lung image on chest x-ray despite antibiotic therapy. She had been in frequent contact with a respiratory symptomatic subject. She was admitted to the hospital with a TST of 13 mm and a heterogeneous bulky mass in the left upper lobe at chest computed tomography. Three gastric lavages were Masa pulmonar como manifestación primaria de tuberculosis en pediatría: reporte de un caso Pulmonary tuberculosis presenting as a lung mass in children: case report done and the patient underwent exploratory thoracoscopy and lung biopsy, with positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculoma was confirmed, and the patient received standard anti- tuberculosis therapy with a favorable evolution.

La tuberculosis es una de las principales causas infecciosas de muerte en el mundo y es endémica en Argentina. La mayoría de los casos de tuberculosis son de localización pulmonar; el tuberculoma una complicación infrecuente. Se describe un caso clínico de presentación pulmonar atípica de tuberculosis. Se trata de una niña de 15 meses, previamente sana, derivada a neumología por fiebre, mal progreso de peso e imagen persistente por 2 meses en la radiografía de tórax a pesar de haber recibido antibioticoterapia. Antecedente de contacto estrecho con persona sintomática respiratoria. Se internó para estudio, mostró una PPD de 13 mm y una masa voluminosa heterogénea en el lóbulo superior izquierdo en la tomografía computada de tórax. Se realizaron tres lavados gástricos y toracoscopia exploratoria con biopsia pulmonar con rescate de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en cultivos. Se diagnosticó tuberculoma pulmonar y realizó tratamiento estándar con fármacos antituberculosos con evolución favorable.

Masa pulmonar como manifestación primaria de tuberculosis en pediatría: reporte de un caso / Pulmonary tuberculosis presenting as a lung mass in children: case report

La tuberculosis es una de las principales causas infecciosas de muerte en el mundo y es endémica en Argentina. La mayoría de los casos de tuberculosis son de localización pulmonar; el tuberculoma una complicación infrecuente. Se describe un caso clínico de presentación pulmonar atípica de tuberculosis. Se trata de una niña de 15 meses, previamente sana, derivada a neumología por fiebre, mal progreso de peso e imagen persistente por 2 meses en la radiografía de tórax a pesar de haber recibido antibioticoterapia. Antecedente de contacto estrecho con persona sintomática respiratoria. Se internó para estudio, mostró una PPD de 13 mm y una masa voluminosa heterogénea en el lóbulo superior izquierdo en la tomografía computada de tórax. Se realizaron tres lavados gástricos y toracoscopia exploratoria con biopsia pulmonar con rescate de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en cultivos. Se diagnosticó tuberculoma pulmonar y realizó tratamiento estándar con fármacos antituberculosos con evolución favorable.

Tuberculosis is one of the main causes of death due to infection around the world. Although tuberculosis frequently involves lung parenchyma, tuberculoma is a rare complication. We describe an atypical pulmonary presentation of tuberculosis. A 15-month-old girl, previously healthy, was referred to the pulmonology department due to fever, poor weight gain, and a 2-months persistent lung image on chest x-ray despite antibiotic therapy. She had been in frequent contact with a respiratory symptomatic subject. She was admitted to the hospital with a TST of 13 mm and a heterogeneous bulky mass in the left upper lobe at chest computed tomography. Three gastric lavages were done and the patient underwent exploratory thoracoscopy and lung biopsy, with positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculoma was confirmed, and the patient received standard anti- tuberculosis therapy with a favorable evolution.

Development of an Intervertebral Disc for Cervical Spondylosis Composed of Seeded Biomaterials.

Most of the current artificial disc prosthesis presented a restricted range of motion. Here we propose the design of a novel intervertebral disc composed of carbon fiber, hyaluronic methylcellulose hydrogel loaded with mesenchymal stem cells and polycaprolactone. The prosthesis was biomechanically evaluated under two static physiological conditions to study the mechanical influence of the material on the device. The results obtained in the simulations showed a not only a congruent behavior with preclinical condition, but also that the proposed materials met the desired biomechanical properties Clinical Relevance- Cervical spondylosis is a degenerative disease of the human spine that causes wear and tear of the cervical intervertebral discs. Nowadays, the proposed surgical solutions do not allow fully recovery of normal movement because the surgical intervention do not emulate the natural range of motion, may lack shock absorption mechanisms, show signs of fatigue over time affecting its durability, and do not have good bone adhesion. Therefore, hypermobility and problems of heterotopic ossification may restrict the range of motion.

Dermatofitosis por Microsporum gypseum en un niño con inmunodeficiencia primaria / Microsporum gypseum dermatophytosis in a child with primary immunodeficiency

El Microsporum gypseum es un hongo geofílico que puede producir lesiones cutáneas inflamatorias en personas sanas. Se han descripto lesiones más extensas en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con dermatofitosis, con exámenes micológicos positivos para Candida sp, Epidermophytom floccosum y Trichophyton tonsurans, al que, ante la mala respuesta al tratamiento con griseofulvina e itraconazol a dosis habituales, se le realizó biopsia cutánea para cultivo que evidenció la presencia de M. gypseum. Debido a la extensión y a la mala respuesta al tratamiento, se realizó evaluación inmunológica y se diagnosticó un defecto en STAT1 con ganancia de función (STAT1-GOF). Los pacientes que tienen esta inmunodeficiencia primaria son susceptibles a las infecciones micóticas, especialmente por Candida, pero también, aunque en menor medida, a virus y bacterias. El paciente aquí presentado recibió tratamiento prolongado con antimicóticos imidazólicos sistémicos, con resolución de las lesiones.

Microsporum gypseum is a geophilic fungus that can cause inflammatory skin lesions in heathy people. More extensive lesions have been described in immunocompromised patients. We present a patient with extensive dermatophytosis, which mycological examination led the identification of Candida sp, Epidermophyton Floccosum and Trichophyton tonsurans and showed poor response to treatment with griseofulvina and itraconazol at usual doses. When skin biopsy was performed, it had positive culture for M. gypseum. Due to the extension and poor response to treatment, immunological assessment was performed and it showed a defect of STAT1 with gain of function (STAT 1-GOF). Patients with primary immunodeficiency are susceptible to fungal infections, especially Candida but also virus and bacteria, although to a lesser extent. The patient received long-term treatment with systemic imidazole antifungal recovering for the lesions.

[Microsporum gypseum dermatophytosis in a child with primary immunodeficiency]. / Dermatofitosis por Microsporum gypseum en un niño con inmunodeficiencia primaria.

Microsporum gypseum is a geophilic fungus that can cause inflammatory skin lesions in heathy people. More extensive lesions have been described in immunocompromised patients. We present a patient with extensive dermatophytosis, which mycological examination led the identification of Candida sp, Epidermophyton Floccosum and Trichophyton tonsurans and showed poor response to treatment with griseofulvina and itraconazol at usual doses. When skin biopsy was performed, it had positive culture for M. gypseum. Due to the extension and poor response to treatment, immunological assessment was performed and it showed a defect of STAT1 with gain of function (STAT 1-GOF). Patients with primary immunodeficiency are susceptible to fungal infections, especially Candida but also virus and bacteria, although to a lesser extent. The patient received long-term treatment with systemic imidazole antifungal recovering for the lesions.

El Microsporum gypseum es un hongo geofílico que puede producir lesiones cutáneas inflamatorias en personas sanas. Se han descripto lesiones más extensas en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con dermatofitosis, con exámenes micológicos positivos para Candida sp, Epidermophytom floccosum y Trichophyton tonsurans, al que, ante la mala respuesta al tratamiento con griseofulvina e itraconazol a dosis habituales, se le realizó biopsia cutánea para cultivo que evidenció la presencia de M. gypseum. Debido a la extensión y a la mala respuesta al tratamiento, se realizó evaluación inmunológica y se diagnosticó un defecto en STAT1 con ganancia de función (STAT1-GOF). Los pacientes que tienen esta inmunodeficiencia primaria son susceptibles a las infecciones micóticas, especialmente por Candida, pero también, aunque en menor medida, a virus y bacterias. El paciente aquí presentado recibió tratamiento prolongado con antimicóticos imidazólicos sistémicos, con resolución de las lesiones.

Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in older adults in Colombia: a retrospective, population-based study of the ESPERANZA cohort.

Background: Although clinical trials showed that vaccines have high efficacy and safety, differences in study designs and populations do not allow for comparison between vaccines and age groups. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 in real-world conditions in adults aged 60 years and older in Colombia. Methods: In this retrospective, population-based, matched cohort study, we evaluated the effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19-related hospitalisation and death in people aged 60 years and older. The full cohort consisted of every person who was eligible to receive a COVID-19 vaccine in Colombia (the ESPERANZA cohort). The exposed cohort consisted of older adults who were fully vaccinated with Ad26.COV2-S, BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or CoronaVac, and who did not have a history of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The unexposed cohort were people aged 60 years and older who had not received any dose of a COVID-19 vaccine during the study period. Participant follow-up was done between March 11, 2021, and Oct 26, 2021. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated as 1- hazard ratio from cause-specific proportional hazards models in the presence of competing risks. We estimated the overall effectiveness of being fully vaccinated, as well as effectiveness for each vaccine, adjusting by main potential confounders. The effectiveness of each vaccine was also assessed by age groups (ages 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and ≥80 years). Findings: 2 828 294 participants were assessed between March 11 and Oct 26, 2021. For all ages, the overall effectiveness across all assessed COVID-19 vaccines at preventing hospitalisation without subsequent death was 61·6% (95% CI 58·0-65·0, p<0·0001), 79·8% (78·5-81·1, p<0·0001) for preventing death after hospitalisation with COVID-19, and 72·8% (70·1-75·3, p<0·0001) for preventing death without previous COVID-19 hospitalisation. The effectiveness of all vaccines analysed at preventing death after hospitalisation for COVID-19 was 22·6% lower in adults who were aged 80 and older (68·4% [65·7-70·9], p<0·0001) compared with adults aged between 60 and 69 years (91·0% [89·0-92·6], p<0·0001). Interpretation: All vaccines analysed in this study were effective at preventing hospitalisation and death from COVID-19 in fully vaccinated older adults, which is a promising result for the national vaccination programme against COVID-19 in Colombia and in countries where these biologics have been applied. Efforts should be improved to increase coverage among older adults. In addition, given that we observed that the effectiveness of vaccines declined with increasing age, a booster dose is also justified, which should be prioritised for older adults. Funding: Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection.

Multimorbilidad y resultados clínicos de una población pediátrica con sospecha de COVID-19 atendida en un hospital mexicano / Multimorbidity and clinical results of a pediatric population with suspected COVID-19 treated in a Mexican hospital

Resumen Introducción: Datos de varios países del mundo sugieren que los niños con COVID-19 podrían presentar síntomas diferentes y menos graves que los adultos. Sin embargo, los patrones epidemiológicos y clínicos en este grupo poblacional son poco claros. Métodos: El presente es un estudio observacional, con una caracterización inicial transversal-analítica, y con un componente longitudinal o de seguimiento a un grupo de menores con sospecha y/o diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19, que presentaron desenlaces como mejoría, traslado a un nivel superior de atención o defunción por sintomatología respiratoria. Los niños recibieron atención médica en el Hospital General Regional con Medicina Familiar N.° 1 (HGR C/MF N.° 1), y se les realizó prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RT-PCR). Resultados: Se estudiaron 98 niños como casos sospechosos para COVID-19, a quienes se les realizó RT-PCR. Del total, 24 resultaron positivos y 74 fueron negativos. La mediana de edad de los participantes fue 64,4 meses (0 a 203 meses), 55 menores eran de sexo masculino, 59 niños tuvieron manejo ambulatorio, y de estos, 14 presentaron resultado positivo. Entre los que requirieron manejo hospitalario (39), 10 niños dieron positivo para SARS-CoV-2, 84,7% alcanzaron mejoría y fueron dados de alta, 4 fueron trasladados a hospitales de nivel superior de atención. De los 98 niños en estudio, 11 fallecieron, 7 con resultado negativo y 4 con resultado positivo para SARS-CoV-2. Conclusiones: Los principales síntomas de la población pediátrica en este estudio fueron fiebre, tos y malestar general. De los niños que fallecieron, 4 presentaron resultado positivo para SARS-CoV-2, no obstante, estos presentaban otras comorbilidades.

Abstract Introduction: Data from several countries around the world suggest that children with COVID-19 may present different and less severe symptoms than adults. However, the epidemiological and clinical patterns in this population group have been unclear. Methods: This is an observational study, with an initial cross-analytical characterization, and with a longitudinal or follow-up component in a group of minors with suspected and or confirmed case of COVID-19, which have outcomes such as improvement, transfer to a higher level of care or death due to respiratory symptoms. The children received medical attention at the Regional General Hospital with Family Medicine No 1 (HGR C / MF No 1), and underwent a Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction test (RT-PCR). Results: 98 children were studied as suspected cases for COVID-19, who underwent RT-PCR. Of the total 24 were positive and 74 were negatives. The median age was 64.4 months (0 to 203 months), 55 minors were male, 59 children had outpatient management, and of these, 14 had a positive result. Among those who required hospital management (39), 10 children were positive for SARS-CoV-2, 84.7% achieved improvement and were discharged, and four were transferred to a higher level of care hospital. Of the 98 children in the study, 11 died, seven had a negative result and four a positive result for SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: The main symptoms of the pediatric population in this study were fever, cough and general discomfort. Four of those who died had a positive result for SARS-CoV-2, however, they had other comorbidities.