Present and future of new systemic therapies for early and intermediate stages of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a high mortality neoplasm which usually appears on a cirrhotic liver. The therapeutic arsenal and subsequent prognostic outlook are intrinsically linked to the HCC stage at diagnosis. Notwithstanding the current deployment of treatments with curative intent (liver resection/local ablation and liver transplantation) in early and intermediate stages, a high rate of HCC recurrence persists, underscoring a pivotal clinical challenge. Emergent systemic therapies (ST), particularly immunotherapy, have demonstrate promising outcomes in terms of increase overall survival, but they are currently bound to the advanced stage of HCC. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the literature, encompassing studies up to March 10, 2024, evaluating the impact of novel ST in the early and intermediate HCC stages, specially focusing on the findings of neoadjuvant and adjuvant regimens, aimed at increasing significantly overall survival and recurrence-free survival after a treatment with curative intent. We also investigate the potential role of ST in enhancing the downstaging rate for the intermediate-stage HCC initially deemed ineligible for treatment with curative intent. Finally, we critically discuss about the current relevance of the results of these studies and the encouraging future implications of ST in the treatment schedules of early and intermediate HCC stages.

Current characteristics of patients with hepatitis C virus: results from an automated alert system.

Alert systems are proving to be useful to increase hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnoses and facilitating access to antiviral treatment. Since 2020, our health department has had a fully automated alert system set up at the Microbiology Department. In this study, we present the results of the 2022-2023 period to assess the current characteristics of HCV diagnosed patients. In addition, we analyzed, through a comparison, whether a limitation that we noticed during the 2020-2021 period (whose results were published) is still present. This limitation consists of that 24.2% (34/134) of those candidates for antiviral treatment were not treated because they could not be located or refused treatment. During the 2022-2023 period, 188 new cases were diagnosed, and 75% (141/188) were treated. The comparison of both periods showed that in 2022-2023, the rate of treatment rejection by the patient was significantly lower (1.4% vs 14.5%, p < 0.05) and, therefore, the rate of antiviral treatment increased (75% vs 58.9%, p < 0.05). These results suggest that our alert system is useful and efficient for the diagnosis and treatment of HCV.

Extrahepatic ischemic complications following transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma consists of the selective release of chemotherapeutic agents in the tumor feeding arteries (and their subsequent occlusion) and presents a low risk of extrahepatic complications. However, the presence of anatomical variants of the celiac trunk is common and facilitates these complications by connecting the hepatic arterial vascularization with that of the surrounding organs. We present three clinical cases of extrahepatic ischemia in three different organs (esophagus, stomach and gallbladder) following transarterial chemoembolization in patients who presented one of these anatomical variants.

Hepatitis B virus reactivation after ibrutinib treatment.

New immunosuppressive and antineoplastic drugs are becoming both more numerous and more widely used, even during several years. Most of them present a low-moderate risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in HBsAg-negative and anti-HBc-positive patients. However, their reactivation capacity has not been clearly studied. We present the clinical case of a patient with these serological characteristics who, after 5 years of treatment with ibrutinib for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, developed VHB reactivation, which was controlled with tenofovir. The occurrence of this event with drugs such as ibrutinib may lead to changes in HBV reactivation prophylaxis.

Outcomes of an automated alert system from Microbiology to link diagnosis to treatment in patients with hepatitis C virus.

INTRODUCTION: simplification strategies for the care circuit of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are key to achieve eradication. An electronic identification system was set up for HCV serology to link diagnosis to specialist management, aimed to reduce patient loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS: a retrospective, single-center study was performed in patients with HCV identified from 15/3/2020 to 15/12/2021, using an alert system from Microbiology that notified specialists of positive cases. The patient was contacted and appointed a Fibroscan® and viral load measurement, with antiviral therapy prescribed on the same day. Origin, public health data, patient location rate and antiviral therapy prescription were recorded. RESULTS: of 174 patients identified, 171 had positive viremia, with a mean age of 59.6 ± 15.9 years, 61.5 % were males and 81.2 % were Spanish nationals. Origin in the outpatient setting predominated (57.9 %, 99/171), particularly Primary Care (51/171), penitentiaries (21/171) and addiction units (14/171). Overall, 43.3 % (74/171) were aware of their diagnosis; 19.4 % (20/103) of patients had F3 fibrosis and 25.2 % (26/103) had F4 fibrosis. Also, 78.4 % (134/171) were deemed candidates for treatment. Of these, 74.6 % (100/134) were located and treatment was initiated, and all those who completed their treatment achieved a sustained viral response (96/96). This system managed 58.5 % (100/171) of the patients identified. The only association found between antiviral therapy and patient variables was comorbidities with being untreated (OR, 7.14; p ˂ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: this alert system allows to minimize patient loss in the care circuit and provides high rates of treated patients.

Resultados de un sistema de alertas automático desde Microbiología para ligar diagnóstico y tratamiento en pacientes con virus de la hepatitis C / Outcomes of an automated alert system from Microbiology to link diagnosis to treatment in patients with hepatitis C virus

Introducción: las estrategias de simplificación del circuitoasistencial para pacientes con virus de la hepatitis C (VHC)son fundamentales para lograr su erradicación. Para ello,introdujimos un sistema electrónico de detección de serología VHC con el objetivo de ligar diagnóstico y asistenciaespecializada para disminuir la pérdida de pacientes.Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo unicéntrico depacientes VHC detectados del 15/3/2020 al 15/12/2021 mediante un sistema de alertas desde Microbiología que notificaba los casos positivos a facultativos especialistas. Se contactaba con el paciente concertando una cita donderealizaban Fibroscan® y determinación de carga viral y sepautaba tratamiento antiviral el mismo día. Registramosprocedencia, datos sociosanitarios, tasa de localización delpaciente y prescripción de tratamiento antiviral.Resultados: de 174 pacientes detectados, 171 presentaronviremia positiva, con edad media de 59,6 ± 15,9 años, un61,5 % varones y el 81,2 % españoles. Predominó la procedencia del ámbito extrahospitalario (57,9 %, 99/171), destacando Atención Primaria (51/171), centro penitenciario(21/171) y unidades de adicción (14/171). El 43,3 % (74/171)conocía el diagnóstico. Registramos un 19,4 % (20/103) depacientes con fibrosis F3 y un 25,2 % (26/103) con F4. Consideramos candidatos a tratamiento al 78,4 % (134/171). Deestos, fueron localizados e iniciaron tratamiento el 74,6 %(100/134) y lograron respuesta viral sostenida todos los quelo completaron (96/96). Con este sistema hemos tratado al58,5 % (100/171) de los pacientes detectados. La única asociación detectada entre tratamiento antiviral y variablesdel paciente fue que presentar comorbilidades se asociócon no ser tratado (OR 7,14, p < 0,001).Conclusiones: este sistema de alerta permite minimizar lapérdida de pacientes en el circuito asistencial y presentatasas elevadas de pacientes tratados. (AU)

Assessment of liver damage in patients with COVID-19 is sub-optimal: results of a survey of medical practitioners.

Liver damage, defined by an increase in liver chemistry parameters, is related to more unfavorable severity and prognosis in patients with COVID-19. These patients are also treated with immunomodulatory drugs capable of reactivating hepatitis B virus (HBV), with an indication for prophylaxis in specific situations. Due to its importance in this pathology, we wondered whether physicians should perform a systematic search for liver damage and HBV.

Abnormal liver chemistry constitutes an independent prognostic factor of less favorable clinical course in patients with COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: abnormal liver biochemistry (ALB) is correlated with increased clinical involvement or severity in COVID-19, but its prognostic implications have not been studied extensively. The aim of this study was to determine whether ALB is a risk factor for unfavorable clinical outcome and involvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: a retrospective, single-center study in confirmed COVID-19 cases. Patients with pharmacological hepatotoxicity or liver diseases were excluded. ALB was defined as any elevation of total bilirubin, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, and/or GGT above the upper limit of normal. First, an assessment was made of the correlation between ALB and need for hospitalization. This was followed by an assessment of the correlation of ALB in hospitalized patients with demographic variables, comorbidities, and treatment for COVID-19, and with clinical involvement and outcome. The statistical analysis was performed using an age-adjusted multiple logistic regression with a p-value < 0.05. RESULTS: of 1,277 confirmed cases, 346 required hospitalization and 302 were included. The prevalence of ALB was higher in hospitalized patients compared to non-hospitalized patients (60.9 % vs. 10.3 %, p ˂ 0.001). Among hospitalized patients, there was no correlation between ALB and demographic variables, comorbidities, or treatment for COVID-19, except for low molecular weight heparin. There was a significant correlation between ALB and moderate/severe COVID-19 involvement and between unfavorable clinical outcomes and elevated total bilirubin. The period of greatest clinical worsening and deterioration of liver biochemistry parameters occurred during the first seven days. There was a significant correlation of ALB with longer hospital stay and admission to the intensive care unit, but this did not imply increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: ALB correlates with greater clinical involvement and worse clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Hemangioendotelioma epitelioide como causa infrecuente de tumor hepático / No disponible

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Diagnostic yield of the capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy combination for early small bowel carcinoid tumors.

Small bowel carcinoid tumor is a difficult to diagnose entity that can present an aggressive clinical course even if they are small in size. The diagnosis based on tumor markers and imaging tests is limited, but the combination of capsule endoscopy followed by enteroscopy when the carcinoid tumor is suspected, has been shown to be useful for its early diagnosis, as well as for reaching a thorough study of the small bowel. We present a clinical case of two small synchronous carcinoid tumors of the ilium that were diagnosed by using this strategy.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: a rare cause of a liver tumor.

Hepatic hemangioendothelioma is a rare tumor which has malignant potential and a difficult radiological differential diagnosis that includes many others liver tumors as metastasic carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and, especially, angiosarcoma. Thus, it is an entity that is usually not diagnosed in an accurate way by radiology and further histolopathological study is needed. However, hemangioendothelioma can present certain specificied patterns in contrast-enhanced imaging. In this regard, we present the case of a patient with an epithelioid hemangioendothelioma that shows these radiological features.

¿Está asociada la malrotación intestinal sintomática en el paciente adulto con el sobrecrecimiento bacteriano de intestino delgado? / Is there an association between adult symptomatic intestinal malrotation and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth?

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Hemangioma cavernoso yeyunal: una causa infrecuente de anemia ferropénica / Cavernous haemangioma of the jejunum: An uncommon cause of iron deficiency anaemia

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