Monitoramento sanitário de colônias de cobaias e coelhos: principais agentes infecciosos

The quality of animals used in research is a fundamental aspect that directly influences the validity and reproducibility of results. Additionally, animal quality also plays an important role in research ethics, contributing to the reduction of the number of animals required in studies and minimizing unnecessary suffering. To ensure an adequate quality standard, it is vital to implement comprehensive programs of sanitary monitoring. These programs primarily aim to prevent biological contamination through animals, biological materials, insects, people, and equipment. Furthermore, it is crucial to have knowledge of the sanitary standard both of the environment and of the animals already present in the animal facility, in order to avoid collective outbreaks of diseases and ensure the safety of both animals and researchers. Considering that laboratory animals can be asymptomatic carriers of pathogens, sanitary control becomes even more challenging. Therefore, it is crucial to develop effective strategies to detect, prevent, and control the spread of infectious agents in the research environment. In this context, this study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the sanitary control of animals used in research. This literature review will cover detailed information, recommendations, and specific methodologies for parasitological, bacteriological, and virological monitoring in the breeding of guinea pigs and rabbits. This information is essential to ensure the integrity of scientific studies, the safety of animals, and the validity of research results.

A qualidade dos animais utilizados na pesquisa é um aspecto fundamental que influencia diretamente a validade e a reprodutibilidade dos resultados. Além disso, a qualidade dos animais também desempenha um papel importante na ética da pesquisa, contribuindo para a redução do número de animais necessários nos estudos e minimizando o sofrimento desnecessário. Para assegurar um padrão de qualidade adequado, é vital implementar programas abrangentes de monitoramento sanitário. Esses programas visam primordialmente prevenir a contaminação biológica de animais, materiais biológicos, pessoas e equipamentos. Além disso, é fundamental conhecer o padrão sanitário do ambiente e dos animais, a fim de evitar a disseminação de doenças, assegurar a eficiência das barreiras sanitárias e os aspectos de biossegurança. Considerando que os animais de laboratório podem ser portadores assintomáticos de patógenos, o controle sanitário torna-se ainda mais desafiador. Portanto, é fundamental desenvolver estratégias eficazes para detectar, prevenir e controlar a disseminação de agentes infecciosos no ambiente de pesquisa. Nesse contexto, este trabalho visa fornecer um guia de consulta sobre o controle sanitário de cobaias e coelhos utilizados em pesquisas científicas, que abordará informações detalhadas dos patógenos que acometem estas espécies, recomendações e metodologias específicas para o monitoramento parasitológico, bacteriológico e virológico. Este trabalho apresenta-se como um importante guia de consulta para técnicos em bioterismo, pesquisadores, e profissionais envolvidos com a ciência em animais de laboratório, por apresentar informações essenciais para garantir a integridade dos estudos científicos, a segurança dos animais e a validade dos resultados da pesquisa.

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil from the Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Ex Hayne (jatobá-do-cerrado) fruit peel.

This study investigated the chemical composition and the antifungal activity of the essential oil extracted from the Hymenaea stigonocarpa fruit peel (HSFPEO) against Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Aspergillus flavus and Colletotrichum truncatum. The HSFPEO obtained through hydrodistillation was analyzed with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The antifungal activity was determined by the mean mycelial growth inhibition of the fungus treated with essential oils and growth control. The major constituents of HSFPEO were spathulenol (25.19%) and caryophyllene oxide (13.33%). HSFPEO demonstrated antifungal activity against all fungi tested in all concentrations evaluated in a dose-dependent behavior. The best results were observed against B. cinerea and A. flavus, in which the lowest concentration tested inhibited more than 70% of mycelial growth. Based on the current knowledge, this study describes for the first time the chemical composition and the antifungal activity of HSFPEO against the phytopathogenic fungi B. cinerea and C. truncatum.

Nanoparticles Loaded with Essential Oil from Zanthoxylum riedelianum Engl. Leaves: Characterization and Effects on Bemisia tabaci Middle-East Asia Minor 1.

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Middle-East Asia Minor 1 is a major pest of agricultural production systems. It is controlled by synthetic insecticides. Essential oils are promising eco-friendly alternatives. This study developed and characterized nanoparticles loaded with essential oils of Zanthoxylum riedelianum Engl. (Rutaceae) leaves and evaluated their potential for B. tabaci management. The essential oil exhibited an average yield of 0.02% (w w-1) and showed as major components γ-elemene (24.81%), phytol (18.16%), bicyclogermacrene (16.18%), cis-nerolidol (8.26%), and D-germacrene (6.52%). Characterization of the nanoparticles showed a pH between 4.5 and 6.7, a zeta potential of approximately - 25 mV, particle-size distribution ranging from 450 to 550 nm, and encapsulation efficiency close to 98%. The nanoencapsulation was an efficient process that provided photostability against photodegradation. Bioassays with crude and nanoencapsulated essential oils significantly reduced the number of nymphs and eggs of B. tabaci, with the best results observed at concentrations of 5 and 2% (v v-1). Our results demonstrated that essential oils from Z. riedelianum can be nanoformulated resulting in a stable product while maintaining their biological activity against B. tabaci Middle-East Asia Minor 1.

A família multiespécie: um estudo sobre casais sem filhos e tutores de pets / Multi-species family: a study about couples without children and pet owners

Atualmente, dentre os diversos arranjos familiares, a família multiespécie, composta tanto por humanos, como por animais tem aumentado no contexto social. Nestas famílias, verifica-se que muitos casais optam por não ter filhos ou adiam a maternidade/paternidade, cuidando de seus pets como membros da família. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo compreender a motivação dos casais que optam por não ter filhos e que possuem animais de estimação. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo e exploratório, com entrevistas semiestruturadas com oito indivíduos em união estável. As entrevistas foram analisadas a partir da análise temática. Foi encontrado que os casais consideram seus pets como membros da família e alguns casais os tratam como filhos, porém compreendem a diferença entre ter um pet e um filho. Por fim, percebeu-se a escassez de pesquisas referentes a casais sem filhos e com pets no contexto brasileiro, desse modo, são necessárias novas pesquisas nesta área.

Currently, amongst the various family arrangements, the multi-species family, composed of both humans and animals are growing in the social environment. Many couples in these families appear not to want to have children or just postpone it, taking care of their pets as family members. Therefore, this research intents to help in comprehension of the motivation behind these scenarios, where couples choose not to have children and have pets instead. An exploratory and qualitative study was conducted with semi-structured interviews with eight individuals in a common-law marriage. The interviews were analyzed based on the thematic analysis. It was discovered that the couples consider pets as their family members and also some of the couples treat them as their children, but they understand the differences between having a pet and having a child. Lastly, there is a lack of research with couples with pets and without children in the Brazillian environment, so further research in this area is needed.

Turnover of SARS-CoV-2 Lineages Shaped the Pandemic and Enabled the Emergence of New Variants in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

In the present study, we provide a retrospective genomic epidemiology analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We gathered publicly available data from GISAID and sequenced 1927 new genomes sampled periodically from March 2021 to June 2021 from 91 out of the 92 cities of the state. Our results showed that the pandemic was characterized by three different phases driven by a successive replacement of lineages. Interestingly, we noticed that viral supercarriers accounted for the overwhelming majority of the circulating virus (>90%) among symptomatic individuals in the state. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance also revealed the emergence and spread of two new variants (P.5 and P.1.2), firstly reported in this study. Our findings provided important lessons learned from the different epidemiological aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 dynamic in Rio de Janeiro. Altogether, this might have a strong potential to shape future decisions aiming to improve public health management and understanding mechanisms underlying virus dispersion.

Aceitação familiar da criança com deficiência: revisão sistemática da literatura / Family acceptance of children with intellectual disabilities: a systematic literature review / Aceptación familiar del niño con discapacidad intelectual: revisión sistemática de la literatura

O nascimento de uma criança com deficiência é uma experiência inesperada que pode trazer à tona diversas questões, como o impacto frente ao diagnóstico e a necessidade de adaptação e aceitação para que seja possível o desenvolvimento da criança. Tendo em vista tais aspectos, este estudo visa compreender, a partir de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, como o diagnóstico de deficiência, especialmente o da deficiência intelectual, é transmitido às famílias. Foram selecionados 16 artigos, avaliados por dois juízes, nas bases de dados Scielo, Lilacs e Science Direct. A partir da análise dos resultados, foram construídas as seguintes categorias: a) comunicação do diagnóstico de deficiência; b) sentimentos e reações diante do diagnóstico de deficiência; e c) possibilidade de desenvolvimento da criança. Os resultados demonstram que os profissionais não estão preparados para a comunicação do diagnóstico de maneira adequada, assunto importante a ser trabalhado na formação acadêmica. Mostra-se imprescindível que seja proporcionado um espaço de escuta aos sentimentos vivenciados pelos pais por meio de um atendimento humanizado, que leve em consideração a complexidade de receber um diagnóstico de deficiência e o impacto que ele ocasiona. Salienta-se, nesse contexto, a importância de mostrar aos pais as possibilidades de desenvolvimento da criança.(AU)

The birth of a child with disabilities is an unexpected experience that may trigger several responses in parents, such as the diagnosis impact, feelings and reactions, as well as the need for adaptation and acceptance to ensure child development. Considering that, this systematic literature review aims to understand how families receive the diagnosis of disabilities, in particular of intellectual disability. Sixteen articles from the Scielo, Lilacs, and Science Direct databases were selected and analyzed according to the following categories: a) communication of disability diagnosis; b) feelings and reactions to the disability diagnosis; and c) possibility of child development. The results indicate that most health professionals are unprepared to communicate such diagnosis in an appropriate manner, thus comprising an important issue to be addressed during medical training. Considering the complexity of receiving a disability diagnosis and its impact on the parents, professionals communicating this condition must necessarily provide comfort to the feelings experienced by parents through humanized care. Besides clear information, the family must also obtain basic instructions regarding the necessary care and procedures, rehabilitation services, early stimulation resources, and reference centers for orientation. Moreover, professionals should also mention the possibility of child development.(AU)

El nacimiento de un niño con discapacidad es una vivencia inesperada que puede emerger cuestiones como el impacto frente al diagnóstico, necesidad de adaptación y aceptación para la posibilidad de desarrollo del niño. Así, este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender cómo el diagnóstico de discapacidad, en particular el de la discapacidad intelectual, se transmite a las familias a partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Se seleccionaron 16 artículos, evaluados por dos expertos, en las bases de datos SciELO, LILACS y Science Direct. Del análisis de los resultados, emergieron las categorías: a) comunicación del diagnóstico de discapacidad; b) sentimientos y reacciones respecto al diagnóstico de discapacidad; y c) posibilidad de desarrollo del niño. Los resultados demostraron que los profesionales no están preparados para la comunicación del diagnóstico adecuadamente, tema importante que trabajar en la formación académica. Es imprescindible proporcionar un espacio de escucha de los sentimientos vividos por los padres por medio de una atención humanizada, que considere lo complejo que es recibir un diagnóstico de discapacidad y su impacto que ejerce sobre los padres. Se subraya la importancia de mostrar las posibilidades de desarrollo del niño.(AU)

Construção e avaliação de uma intervenção de Planejamento de Carreira para Estudantes Universitários / Construction and evaluation of a career Planning Intervention for College Students / Construcción y evaluación de una intervención de Planificación de Carrera para Estudiantes Universitarios

Este estudo tem por objetivo apresentar o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de uma intervenção em grupo na área de planejamento de carreira voltada a estudantes universitários, com base no modelo teórico Hope-Action Theory. Participaram 35 estudantes (22 do grupo de intervenção e 13 do grupo de comparação) com idades entre 19 e 48 anos (M = 23,46; DP = 5,38), de ambos os sexos. O grupo experimental apresentou mudanças mais robustas em termos de tamanho de efeito nas variáveis que avaliavam uma orientação positiva para o futuro (esperança e otimismo) e aspectos relativos à adaptabilidade de carreira. Discute-se acerca de intervenções voltadas para o público universitário e seus desafios, considerando a interface com a saúde mental, além da importância de intervenções pautadas em modelos teóricos consistentes e com instrumentos que possam avaliá-las. (AU)

This study aims to present the development and evaluation of a group intervention in the area of career planning aimed at university students, based on the Hope-Action Theory model. A total of 35 students (22 in the intervention group and 13 in the comparison group) participated, aged between 19 and 48 years (M = 23.46; SD = 5.38), both sexes. The experimental group presented more robust changes in terms of effect size in the variables that evaluated a positive orientation to the future (hope and optimism) and aspects related to career adaptability. We discussed the importance of interventions aimed at undergraduate students and their challenges, considering the interface with mental health, besides the importance of interventions based on consistent theoretical models and with instruments that are able to evaluate them. (AU)

Este estudio tiene por objetivo presentar la construcción y evaluación de una intervención en equipos en el área de planeamiento de carrera con estudiantes universitarios, basada en el modelo teórico Hope-Action Theory. Participaron 35 estudiantes (22 del grupo intervención y 13 del grupo de comparación) con edades de 19 a 48 años (M = 23,46; DP = 5,38), de ambos sexos. El grupo experimental presentó cambios más robustos en términos del tamaño del efecto de las variables que evaluaban una orientación positiva para el futuro (esperanza y optimismo) y aspectos relativos en la adaptabilidad de carrera. Se discute acerca de la importancia de intervenciones dirigidas al público universitario y sus desafíos, considerando la interfaz con la salud mental, así como la importancia de las intervenciones basadas en modelos teóricos consistentes e instrumentos que puedan evaluarlas. (AU)

Chemical composition of essential oils from different parts of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand and their in vitro antibacterial activity.

In Brazilian folk medicine, Protium heptaphyllum is used to treat inflammatory conditions and to hasten wound repair. This paper aims to investigate the chemical composition and the in vitro antibacterial effects of the essential oils (EOs) obtained from P. heptaphyllum leaves and ripe and unripe fruits against a representative panel of oral pathogens. The GC-FID and GC-MS analysis revealed that the major components determined in P. heptaphyllum essential oils were myrcene (59.0%), ß-elemene (17.2%), limonene (12.9%), spathulenol (12.6%), α-cubebene (11.6%), germacrene D (10.6%), trans-nerolidol (9.8%), and α-cadinol (8.8%). The essential oils of the ripe and unripe fruits showed the strongest antibacterial activity against the anaerobic bacteria Prevotella nigrescens (MIC = 50 µg/mL). The leaf essential oil displayed very promising activity against Streptococcus mutans (MIC = 50 µg/mL) and Streptococcus mitis (MIC = 62.5 µg/mL). The antibacterial activity of EOs against oral pathogens is also described for the first time. [Formula: see text].

Biological properties and chemical composition of essential oil from Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez. leaves (Lauraceae).

Nectandra megapotamica is a tree species that naturally occurs in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. This paper aims to investigate the chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial, antileishmanial and antiproliferative activities of essential oil from N. megapotamica leaves (NM-EO). It displayed high antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, Prevotella nigrescens and Bacteroides fragilis. NM-EO also exhibited high antileishmanial activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Its antiproliferative activity was evaluated against the following cells: GM07429A (normal cell), MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), HeLa (human cervical adenocarcinoma) and M059J (human glioblastoma). Its major components, which were determined by GC-FID and GC-MS, were α-bisabolol (13.7%), bicyclogermacrene (10.9%), (E,E)-farnesene (10.6%), Z-caryophyllene (9.5%) and (E)-ß-farnesene (7.0%). These results suggest that N. megapotamica, a Brazilian plant, shows initial evidence of a new and alternative source of substances of medicinal interest.

The performance of a new point-of-care HIV virus load technology to identify patients failing antiretroviral treatment.

BACKGROUND: A new point-of-care (POC) HIV virus load technology has been recently developed and designed to be utilized in decentralized settings. Alere Technologies GmbH*, Germany, developed the mPIMA HIV-1/2 VL plasma test which uses real time PCR technology with 50 µl and a turnaround time of one hour. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the performance of mPIMA to detect and quantify HIV-1 and HIV-2 and compare with Abbott M2000 assay fooling patients HIV-1 failing ARV therapy. STUDY DESIGN: In this study we evaluate the mPIMA HIV-1/2 VL plasma test using 413 specimens from 270 patients failing ARV therapy, and compared its performance with Abbott RealTime HIV-1 Viral Load assay on the m2000 system. In addition, were determined VL in plasma specimens obtained from HIV-2 infected patients. RESULTS: The results strongly indicate that mPIMA HIV-1/2 VL plasma test can determine HIV-1 with concordance of 88.9 % (95 % CI 85.4-91.7) the reference test when 1000 HIV-1 VL threshold was used as WHO cutoff to identify therapy failure. The overall correlation between HIV-1 VL was 0928 (Pearson correlation coefficient of Linear regression) and the Bland-Altman showed a mean difference of -0.20 Log cp/mL between the two technology. mPIMA HIV-1/2 VL plasma test was also able to measure HIV-2 viral load in 16 specimens from Guinea-Bissau HIV-1/HIV-2 positive samples. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the use of mPIMA HIV-1/2 VL plasma test to follow up patients and select patients failing ART, guiding immediate clinical decisions such as adherence counseling or ART regimen switch during the patient consultation.

Biological properties of volatile oil from Brazilian brown propolis

ABSTRACT Propolis, is a bee product collected from exudates and flower buds of several plants, has strong aroma and several biological applications. This study aimed at evaluating the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of volatile oil from Brazilian brown propolis. It was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Volatile oil from brown propolis exhibited strong antibacterial activity against H. pylori (MIC 3.25 µg/ml), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC 50 µg/ml) and M. avium (MIC 62.5 µg/ml). It was evaluated in vitro for antioxidant activity by DPPH (IC50 25.0 µg/ml) and ABTS (IC50 30.1 µg/ml) methods. Its cytotoxic property was evaluated in normal (human fibroblasts, GM07429A) and tumor (MCF-7-human breast adenocarcinoma; HeLa-human cervical adenocarcinoma and M059J-human glioblastoma) cell lines. IC50 values were 81.32 µg/ml for GM07429A and 85.00, 129.40 and 84.12 µg/ml for MCF-7, HeLa and M059J cells, respectively. Three major dereplicated components of volatile oil from brown propolis were acetophenone (15.2%), nerolidol (13.3%), and spathulenol (11.6%). Our results contribute to a better understanding of the chemical and biological properties of Brazilian brown propolis and provide evidence for its potential medicinal use.

Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial and antiproliferative activities of the essential oil from the leaves of Psidium myrtoides O. Berg (Myrtaceae).

In this study, the chemical composition and antibacterial and antiproliferative potential of the essential oil obtained from fresh leaves of Psidium myrtoides (PM-EO) against oral pathogens and human tumour cell lines were investigated for the first time. GC-FID and GC-MS analyses showed that trans-ß-caryophyllene (30.9%), α-humulene (15.9%), α-copaene (7.8%), caryophyllene oxide (7.3%) and α-bisabolol (5.3%) are the major constituents of PM-EO. The antibacterial activity of PM-EO against a panel of oral pathogens was investigated in terms of their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) using the broth microdilution method. PM-EO displayed moderate activity against Streptococcus mitis (MIC = 100 µg/mL), S. sanguinis (MIC = 100 µg/mL), S. sobrinus (MIC = 250 µg/mL), and S. salivarius (MIC = 250 µg/mL), and strong activity against S. mutans (MIC = 62.5 µg/mL). The antiproliferative activity in normal (GM07492A, lung fibroblasts) and tumour cell lines (MCF-7, HeLa, and M059 J) was performed using the XTT assay. PM-EO showed 50% inhibition of normal cell growth at 359.8 ± 6.3 µg/mL. Antiproliferative activity was observed against human tumour cell lines, with IC50 values significantly lower than that obtained for the normal cell line, demonstrating IC50 values for MCF-7 cells (254.5 ± 1.6 µg/mL), HeLa cells (324.2 ± 41.4 µg/mL) and M059 J cells (289.3 ± 10.9 µg/mL). Therefore, the cytotoxicity of PM-EO had little influence on the antibacterial effect, since it showed antibacterial activity at lower concentrations. Our results suggest that PM-EO is a promising source of new antibacterial and antitumour agents.

Eugenia Klotzschiana O. Berg Fruits as New Sources of Nutrients: Determination of their Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Composition

Abstract: The Cerrado is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots and Brazil's second largest biome. Many native species of the Brazilian Cerrado provide fruits that have unique sensory characteristics and high nutritional value. This study aimed at characterizing the pulp of Eugenia klotzschiana O. Berg, concerning its proximal composition, bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity. The pulp under study had high moisture (89.47 g kg-1) and caloric (96.07 kcal kg-1) values whereas its contents of protein (0.59 g kg-1) and lipids (2.35 g kg-1) were low. The cerrado pear pulp also had high iron content (16.5 mg kg -1) and dietary fiber (6.45 g kg-1), besides 0.034-0,055 mg kg-1 carotenoids, 8.66 mg kg-1 ascorbic acid and 0.66 mg kg-1 total chlorophyll. Total phenolic compounds (333.41-566.33 mg EAG kg-1) and flavonoids (225-50 mg EQ kg-1) were found by extraction methods named Method 1 (water) and Method 2 (acetone+methanol), respectively. Thus, the cerrado pear can be an alternative to improving nutrient intake and to providing sustainable use of the native flora in the Cerrado.

Essential oils from Piper aduncum inflorescences and leaves: chemical composition and antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Even though essential oils from Piper aduncum (Piperaceae) have different biological activities, little is known about their application to agricultural areas. White mold is a plant disease caused by the phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which needs to be controlled by alternative measures. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of essential oils from P. aduncum leaves (PL-EO) and inflorescences (PI-EO) on the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum. Essential oils from P. aduncum were obtained by hydrodistillation by a Clevenger-type apparatus while their chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Piperitone (23.4 %), myristicin (12.4 %), terpinen-4-ol (12.3 %), ß-caryophyllene (7.2 %), α-humulene (6.9 %), germacrene-D (6.9 %) and dillapiol (6.3 %) were the main constituents found in oils from P. aduncum. The in vitro antifungal activity showed that PI-EO dose above 30 µL inhibited mycelial growth in 100 %, whereas PL-EO at 50 µL inhibited it in 98.74 %. This is the first report of the chemical composition of PI-EO and results suggest that the essential oils under evaluation have high potential to control the phytopathogenic fungus S. sclerotiorum.

Chemical composition and evaluation of antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of the essential oil from leaves of Cryptocarya aschersoniana Mez. (Lauraceae Juss.).

Leishmaniasis is an endemic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which affects around two million people worldwide. One major drawback in the treatment of leishmaniasis is the emergence of resistance to current chemotherapeutics. Medicinal and aromatic plants constitute a major source of natural organic compounds. In this study, the leaf essential oil of Cryptocarya aschersoniana was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and the chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. The essential oil of these species was predominantly constituted by monoterpene hydrocarbons (48.8%). Limonene (42.3%), linalool (9.7%) and nerolidol (8.6%) were the main constituents in the oil of C. aschersoniana. The in vitro activity of the oil was evaluated against the promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. The essential oil of C. aschersoniana showed high activity against L. amazonensis promastigote forms (IC50 = 4.46 µg/mL), however, it also demonstrated a relatively high cytotoxicity on mouse peritoneal macrophages (CC50 = 7.71 µg/mL). This is the first report of the chemical composition and the leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of the leaf essential oil of C. aschersoniana.

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from Citrus aurantifolia leaves and fruit peel against oral pathogenic bacteria.

Tooth decay is a major public health problem which affects a large number of people in several countries. Even though more than 700 bacterial species have been detected in the oral cavity, Streptococcus and Lactobacillus stand out as the genera that cause tooth decay and other periodontal diseases. In this study, essential oils from Citrus aurantifolia leaves (CL-EO) and fruit peel (CP-EO) were obtained by hydrodistillation by a Clevenger-type apparatus whereas their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Limonene (77.5 %), linalool (20.1 %), citronellal (14.5 %) and citronellol (14.2 %) were the main constituents found in the essential oils from C. aurantifolia leaves and fruit peel. Antibacterial activity of essential oils was evaluated in terms of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by the broth microdilution method in 96-well microplates. Both CL-EO and CP-EO displayed some activity against all oral pathogens under investigation; MIC values ranged from 20 to 200 µg/mL. CL-EO and CP-EO not only had promising activity against Streptococcus mutans (MIC = 20 µg/mL) and Lactobacillus casei (31.25 µg/mL), but also displayed antibacterial activity against all studied cariogenic bacteria. Efficacy of essential oils against S. mutans and L. casei is noteworthy and should be further investigated.

Chemical composition of the essential oil of Psidium guajava leaves and its toxicity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum / Composição química do óleo essencial de folhas de Psidium guajava e sua toxicidade contra Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Globally, the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is considered as one of the most important phytopathogens,since it affects the production of several economically important crops. Further, it is difficult to control,thus increasing the use of pesticides. Therefore, the search for new substances, especially thoseextracted from plants, has received special attention to control this plant pathogen. The objective ofthe present study was to evaluate the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil extracted fromthe fresh leaves of guava collected during the rainy and dry seasons, and also to evaluate its toxicityagainst S. sclerotiorum. The experiment was a completely randomized design with five treatmentsand six replicates. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation of the leaves and analyzed bygas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The maincompounds identified in the essential oil were trans-caryophyllene and α-humulene. The essential oilat a concentration of 300 μL exhibited 90% inhibition of the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum. Thisconfirmed the antifungal potential of the essential oil of the guava leaves during both the samplingseasons.(AU)

O fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum é considerado um dos fitopatógenos mais importantes no mundo,pois afeta a produção de diversas culturas de importância econômica, e possui difícil controle,aumentando, assim, a necessidade de crescentes aplicações de defensivos agrícolas. Dessa forma, abusca de novas substâncias, principalmente aquelas extraídas de plantas, tem recebido especial atençãocomo forma de controle desse fitopatógeno. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o rendimento, acomposição química e a toxicidade frente a S. sclerotiorum do óleo essencial extraído de folhas innatura de goiabeira coletadas na época das chuvas e da seca. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramentecasualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. O óleo essencial foi extraído por hidrodestilaçãodas folhas e analisado por CG-DIC e CG-EM. Os compostos majoritários identificados no óleo essencial foram o trans-cariofileno e α-humuleno. O óleo essencial possibilitou taxa de inibição micelial de S.sclerotiorum acima de 90% com o tratamento de 300 μL, confirmando o potencial antifúngico do óleoessencial de folhas de goiabeira em ambas as épocas de coleta avaliadas.(AU)

Chemical composition of the essential oil of Psidium guajava leaves and its toxicity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum / Composição química do óleo essencial de folhas de Psidium guajava e sua toxicidade contra Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Globally, the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is considered as one of the most important phytopathogens,since it affects the production of several economically important crops. Further, it is difficult to control,thus increasing the use of pesticides. Therefore, the search for new substances, especially thoseextracted from plants, has received special attention to control this plant pathogen. The objective ofthe present study was to evaluate the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil extracted fromthe fresh leaves of guava collected during the rainy and dry seasons, and also to evaluate its toxicityagainst S. sclerotiorum. The experiment was a completely randomized design with five treatmentsand six replicates. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation of the leaves and analyzed bygas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The maincompounds identified in the essential oil were trans-caryophyllene and α-humulene. The essential oilat a concentration of 300 μL exhibited 90% inhibition of the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum. Thisconfirmed the antifungal potential of the essential oil of the guava leaves during both the samplingseasons.

O fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum é considerado um dos fitopatógenos mais importantes no mundo,pois afeta a produção de diversas culturas de importância econômica, e possui difícil controle,aumentando, assim, a necessidade de crescentes aplicações de defensivos agrícolas. Dessa forma, abusca de novas substâncias, principalmente aquelas extraídas de plantas, tem recebido especial atençãocomo forma de controle desse fitopatógeno. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o rendimento, acomposição química e a toxicidade frente a S. sclerotiorum do óleo essencial extraído de folhas innatura de goiabeira coletadas na época das chuvas e da seca. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramentecasualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. O óleo essencial foi extraído por hidrodestilaçãodas folhas e analisado por CG-DIC e CG-EM. Os compostos majoritários identificados no óleo essencial foram o trans-cariofileno e α-humuleno. O óleo essencial possibilitou taxa de inibição micelial de S.sclerotiorum acima de 90% com o tratamento de 300 μL, confirmando o potencial antifúngico do óleoessencial de folhas de goiabeira em ambas as épocas de coleta avaliadas.

Comportamentos de risco na adolescência: revisão sistemática de estudos empíricos / Risk taking behavior in adolescence: systematic review of empirical studies / Comportamientos de riesgo en la adolescencia: revisión sistemática de estudios empíricos

A adoção de riscos é um comportamento complexo e multifatorial, relacionado ao processo de desenvolvimento do adolescente. Com o objetivo de analisar o conhecimento sobre comportamentos de risco na adolescência, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática de estudos nacionais e internacionais. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados Scielo, Lilacs, Psycinfo e Science Direct (Elsevier), utilizando as palavras-chave "comportamento de risco" (risk taking) e "adolescência" (adolescence). O uso de drogas, álcool e cigarro, comportamentos sexuais de risco e conduta antissocial foram os temas mais investigados nos estudos. Foi possível identificar a epidemiologia dos comportamentos de risco e os fatores de risco e proteção nas dimensões pessoais, interpessoais e contextuais. Futuros estudos devem considerar diversos comportamentos de risco simultaneamente, assim como fatores pessoais, interpessoais e contextuais envolvidos

Risk taking is a complex and multifactorial behavior that is related to the adolescent’s development process. In order to analyze the knowledge about risk behaviors in adolescence, a systematic review of national and international studies was performed. The search was conducted using the Scielo, Lilacs, Psycinfo and Science Direct (Elsevier) databases focusing on the keywords "risk taking behavior" (comportamento de risco) and "adolescence" (adolescência). The use of drugs, alcohol and cigarette, risky sexual practices and antisocial behavior were the most investigated subjects. It was possible to identify the epidemiology of risk taking behaviors, risk and protective factors in personal, interpersonal and contextual dimensions. Further studies should approach variable risk taking behaviors simultaneously, as well as inherent personal, interpersonal and contextual factors.

La exposición a riesgos es una conducta compleja y multifactorial relacionada con el proceso de desarrollo de los adolescentes. Con el objetivo de analizar el conocimiento acerca de los comportamientos de riesgo en la adolescencia, se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios nacionales e internacionales. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Scielo, Lilacs, Psycinfo y Science Direct (Elsevier), utilizando las palabras clave "risky taking" (comportamento de risco) and "adolescence" (adolescencia). El uso de las drogas, el alcohol y el tabaco, las conductas sexuales de riesgo y el comportamiento antisocial fueron los temas más investigados en los estudios. Fue posible identificar la epidemiología de los comportamientos de riesgo y factores de riesgo y de protección en las dimensiones personales, interpersonales y contextuales. Los estudios futuros deben considerar varios comportamientos de riesgo al mismo tiempo, así como los factores personales, interpersonales y contextuales implicados

Construção e análise das propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Envolvimento Parental na Decisão Vocacional (EEPDV) / Construction and analysis of psychometric properties of the Parental Involvement in Vocational Decision Scale (EEPDV) / Construcción y análisis de las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Participación Parental en la Decisión Vocacional (EEPDV)

O envolvimento dos pais durante o processo de decisão profissional dos filhos tem sido considerado uma variável de apoio importante. Este estudo visa apresentar as etapas de construção e as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Envolvimento Parental na Decisão Vocacional. Esta foi elaborada para avaliar a percepção dos adolescentes sobre as atitudes dos pais diante do processo de escolha profissional. Participaram 390 jovens com idades entre 14 e 20 anos (51,8% do sexo masculino). A partir das análises fatoriais exploratórias, foram extraídos dois fatores (Apoio à tomada de decisão vocacional e Apoio à exploração vocacional), obtendo-se bons valores de consistência interna (α=0,76 a α=0,85). As análises permitiram identificar uma estrutura fatorial adequada e evidências de fidedignidade, indicando que a escala possui potencial para ser utilizada no âmbito da pesquisa e da prática de aconselhamento de carreira. (AU)

Parent's involvement during children's professional decision-making process has been considered a significant support variable. This study aims to present the construction steps and psychometric properties of the Parental Involvement in Vocational Decision Scale. The scale was elaborated to evaluate adolescents' perception of their parents' attitudes towards the professional choice process. A total of 390 youth between 14 and 20 years of age (51.8% males) participated. Two factors were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis (support for vocational exploration and support for vocational decision-making), obtaining good internal consistency values (α=0.76 a α=0.85). The analyses permitted identification of an adequate factorial structure and reliability evidence, indicating that the scale has potential to be used in the scope of the research and practice of career counseling. (AU)

La participación de los padres durante el proceso de decisión profesional de los hijos ha sido considerada una variable de apoyo importante. Este estudio busca presentar las etapas de construcción y las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Participación Familiar en la Decisión Vocacional. Este fue desarrollado para evaluar la percepción de los adolescentes sobre las actitudes de los padres frente el proceso de elección profesional. Participaron 390 jóvenes con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 20 años (51,8% del sexo masculino). A partir de los análisis factoriales exploratorios, se extrajeron dos factores (Apoyo a la toma de decisión vocacional y Apoyo a la exploración vocacional), obteniéndose buenos valores de consistencia interna (α=0,76 a α=0,85). Los análisis permitieron identificar una estructura factorial adecuada y evidencias de fiabilidad, indicando que la escala posee el potencial para ser utilizada en el ámbito de la investigación y la práctica de la orientación profesional. (AU)