Measles Induced Encephalitis: Recent Interventions to Overcome the Obstacles Encountered in the Management Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Encephalitis, a well-known complication of measles, is inflammation of the brain parenchyma which is mostly due to the viral invasion of neurons. It presents with a variety of symptoms ranging from mild to severe depending on the extent of the damaged neurons. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms such as fever, headache, altered level of consciousness, focal neurological deficits, etc. A detailed history and physical examination facilitate the diagnosis. Investigations include blood tests for measles-specific antibodies, CT, MRI, and analysis of the CSF. The management of measles-induced encephalitis mainly revolves around prevention against contracting the disease and providing supportive care if acquired. The administration of the measles vaccine is the major means of preventing this disease in childhood. Two doses are required to achieve sufficient immunity against measles, the first at the age of 12-15 months and the second at 4-6 years of age. Supportive care includes administering acetaminophen for fever, oral rehydrating salt (ORS) for diarrhea and vomiting, antibiotics for otitis media and pneumonia, and using anti-epileptics such as sodium valproate for seizures. Vitamin A can be given to prevent severe effects in children. The specific treatment would depend on the type of encephalitis the patient has developed.

Joubert syndrome a rare entity and role of radiology: A case report.

Introduction and importance: Joubert syndrome (JS) is defined by the characteristic set of cerebellum and midbrain abnormalities that communally result in the indicative "molar tooth sign" on the axial MRI report. The incidence of estimated to be from 1:80,000 to 1:100,000. Case presentation: Clinical features can be noticed shortly after birth that includes hypotonia episodic tachypnea and apnea that may be followed by developmental delays and speech apraxia. Polydactyly, cleft lip or palate, tongue abnormalities, hypotonia, encephalocele, meningocele, hydrocephalus, kidney problems, pituitary abnormality, and autistic-like behavior are the other deformities that can be seen with JS. Seizures may also occur. Motor disability and mental health range from mild to severe forms. Clinical discussion: Treatment for JS is symptomatic and supportive. The prognosis depends on cerebellar vermis development. Conclusion: JS can be missed if special attention were not given to radiological findings.