The Trend of CEACAM3 Blood Expression as Number Index of the CTCs in the Colorectal Cancer Perioperative Course.

Pathological stage seems to be the major determinant of postoperative prognosis of solid tumors, but additional prognostic determinants need to be better investigated. The most important tumor marker for colorectal cancer (CRC) is the cell-surface antigen, Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), and its assessment is considered a valuable index of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). In this paper, CEACAM3 evaluation was applied given its great specificity in the CRC. Whole blood from the basilic vein of 38 CRC patients was collected before and at various time intervals after the curative resection. Also, from 20 of them, we have obtained two additional intraoperative samples. CEACAM3 expression was evaluated in all the samples by RT-PCR. CEACAM3 duct values showed a decreasing trend from preoperative through early and later postoperative to 6th-month samples (p < 0.001). The average values of CEACAM3 were related to the cancer size (T stage) (p = 0.034) and WHO stage (p = 0.035). A significant effect of the baseline value of CEACAM3 dCt on the temporal trend has been observed (p < 0.001). In this study, we have demonstrated the CEACAM3 specificity and a perioperative trend of CTCs which is coherent with the clinical/pathological considerations and with previous experimental findings in different cancer types.

Tissue invasion and metastasis: Molecular, biological and clinical perspectives.

Cancer is a key health issue across the world, causing substantial patient morbidity and mortality. Patient prognosis is tightly linked with metastatic dissemination of the disease to distant sites, with metastatic diseases accounting for a vast percentage of cancer patient mortality. While advances in this area have been made, the process of cancer metastasis and the factors governing cancer spread and establishment at secondary locations is still poorly understood. The current article summarizes recent progress in this area of research, both in the understanding of the underlying biological processes and in the therapeutic strategies for the management of metastasis. This review lists the disruption of E-cadherin and tight junctions, key signaling pathways, including urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene (PI3K/AKT), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), ß-catenin/zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB-1) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß), together with inactivation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity as key targets and the use of phytochemicals, or natural products, such as those from Agaricus blazei, Albatrellus confluens, Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos and Silybum marianum, together with diet derived fatty acids gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and inhibitory compounds as useful approaches to target tissue invasion and metastasis as well as other hallmark areas of cancer. Together, these strategies could represent new, inexpensive, low toxicity strategies to aid in the management of cancer metastasis as well as having holistic effects against other cancer hallmarks.

Cerebrospinal fluid T-regulatory cells recognize Borrelia burgdorferi NAPA in chronic Lyme borreliosis.

The NapA protein of B. burgdorferi is essential for the persistence of spirochetes in ticks. One of the most intriguing aspects of NapA is its potential to interfere with the host immune system. Here, we investigated the role of the acquired immune responses induced by NapA in the cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of patients with chronic Lyme borreliosis. We evaluated the cytokine profile induced in microglia cells and CSF T cells following NapA stimulation. We report here that NapA induced a regulatory T (Treg) response in the CSF of patients with chronic Lyme borreliosis and it is able to expand this suppressive response by promoting the production of TGF-beta and IL-10 by microglia cells. Collectively, these data strongly support a central role of NapA in promoting both Treg response and immune suppression in the CSF of patients with chronic Lyme borreliosis and suggest that NapA and the Treg pathway may represent novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of the disease.

Vav1 haploinsufficiency in a common variable immunodeficiency patient with defective T-cell function.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immune disorder characterized by impaired antibody production, which is in many instances secondary to defective T cell function (T-CVID). We previously identified a subset of T-CVID patients characterized by defective expression of Vav1, a guanine nucleotide exchanger which couples the T-cell antigen receptor to reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Here we have addressed the possibility that an intrinsic defect in the Vav1 gene might underlie the reduction in Vav protein observed in T cells from these patients. We report the identification in one T-CVID patient of a heterozygous deletion in Vav1. The gene deletion, spanning exons 2-27, accounts for the reduction in Vav1 mRNA and protein in T cells from this patient. The disease-related pedigree of this patient suggests a de novo origin of the Vav1 deletion. The findings highlights Vav1 as an autosomal dominant disease gene associated with CVID with defective T-cell function.

New therapeutic approaches by using microorganism-derived compounds.

The role of natural products as a source for remedies has been recognized since ancient times. Despite major scientific and technological progress in combinatorial chemistry, drugs derived from natural product still make an enormous contribution to drug discovery today. Nature is an attractive source of new therapeutic candidate compounds since a tremendous chemical diversity is found in millions of species of plants, animals, marine organisms and microorganisms. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi have been invaluable to discover drugs and lead compounds. These microorganisms produce a large variety of antimicrobial agents which have evolved to give their hosts an advantage over their competitors in the microbiological world. The screening of microorganisms became highly popular after the discovery of penicillin but in recent years the list of antibacterial agents (bacteria- or fungi-derived) has increased considerably with the arrival of cephalosporins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, rifamycins, and chloramphenicol. Although most of the drugs derived from microorganisms are used in antibacterial therapy, some microbial metabolites have provided lead compounds in other fields of medicine. For example: the fungal metabolite lovastatin, which was the lead compound for a series of drugs that lower cholesterol levels, the ciclosporin (fungal metabolite) currently used to suppress the immune response after transplantation operations and sirolimus- a bacterium-derived macrolide- used in the treatment of some cancers. The aim of this review is to analyze the current uses and the future applications in therapeutic treatments of microorganism-derived products (MdPs) and discuss the results obtained in the some clinical trials.

Stimulation of TH1 response by Helicobacter pylori neutrophil activating protein decreases the protective role of IgE and eosinophils in experimental trichinellosis.

Th2 responses seem to play an important role in defence against Trichinella spiralis (Ts). The neutrophil Activating protein of Helicobacter pylori (HP-NAP), that induces IL-12, and IL-23 expression and shifts to Th1 allergen-specific Th2 cells in vitro was used as an anti-Th2 agent in BALB/c mice infected with T. spiralis. The muscle larvae (ML) burden was lower (p < 0.02) in untreated infected animals than those infected treated with HP-NAP. In both groups there was an inverse relationship between ML burden of each animal and total IgE level (controls: r -0.617, p = 0.0013 and HP-NAP-treated: r -0.678, p = 0.0001) or eosinophil count, evaluated in the same mouse on day 42 (r -0.390, p = 0.0592 and r -0.803, p = 0.0001, respectively). Inflammatory response around the nurse cell-parasite complex was significantly higher in HP-NAP-treated infected animals than in those untreated infected, on the contrary the number of eosinophils, counted around each complex was significantly lower in the first animal group. This study provides evidence of a powerful anti-Th2 activity in vivo by HP-NAP and for the partial protective effect of Th2 responses in T. spiralis infection.

A novel recessive mutation of fibroblast growth factor-23 in tumoral calcinosis.

BACKGROUND: Tumoral calcinosis is a rare disease characterized by hyperphosphatemia due to hypophosphaturia and by ectopic calcifications. Phosphatonins are important hormones that regulate phosphorus homeostasis. Tumoral calcinosis is a rare congenital disorder in which the differential diagnosis from other syndromes associated with extraskeletal calcifications may be difficult. Mutations in the UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-3 (GALNT3) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) genes have been described. Mutational analysis is important for the early recognition of the disorder, for prevention of its complications, and for family screening strategies. We examined two unrelated white patients affected by tumoral calcinosis. METHODS: The first patient was a woman with a history of an ectopic calcification in the left shoulder. The second patient was a man with a history of an ectopic calcification in the right buttock. Routine biochemistry and FGF-23 assays were performed on serum samples. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. The FGF23 and GALNT3 genes were analyzed by direct sequencing. RESULTS: A new homozygous H41Q codon 41, C-->A transversion at position 123 (c.123C>A) in exon 1 of the FGF23 gene was evidenced in both patients. No mutation of the GALNT3 gene was detected in these patients. As determined by an ELISA assay, intact FGF-23 circulating protein was low in both patients. CONCLUSIONS: This is the fourth mutation of the FGF23 gene described in subjects with tumoral calcinosis.

Plant-derived recombinant F1, V, and F1-V fusion antigens of Yersinia pestis activate human cells of the innate and adaptive immune system.

Plague is still endemic in different regions of the world. Current vaccines raise concern for their side effects and limited protection, highlighting the need for an efficacious and rapidly producible vaccine. F1 and V antigens of Yersinia pestis, and F1-V fusion protein produced in Nicotiana benthamiana administered to guinea pigs resulted in immunity and protection against an aerosol challenge of virulent Y. pestis. We examined the effects of plant-derived F1, V, and F1-V on human cells of the innate immunity. F1, V, and F1-V proteins engaged TLR2 signalling and activated IL-6 and CXCL-8 production by monocytes, without affecting the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-12, IL-10, IL-1beta, and CXCL10. Native F1 antigen and recombinant plant-derived F1 (rF1) and rF1-V all induced similar specific T-cell responses, as shown by their recognition by T-cells from subjects who recovered from Y. pestis infection. Native F1 and rF1 were equally well recognized by serum antibodies of Y. pestis-primed donors, whereas serological reactivity to rF1-V hybrid was lower, and that to rV was virtually absent. In conclusion, plant-derived F1, V, and F1-V antigens are weakly reactogenic for human monocytes and elicit cell-mediated and humoral responses similar to those raised by Y. pestis infection.

Moraxella catarrhalis-specific Th1 cells in BAL fluids of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients airway mucosa is infiltrated by macrophages and T lymphocytes, potentially reactive to pathogens. We studied the antigen-specificity and the effector functions of in vivo activated T lymphocytes isolated from BAL (Bronchoalveolar lavage) of 5 Moraxella catarrhalis (Mc)-infected and 5 Mc-non-infected COPD patients. Mc-specific T cells were detected only in BAL or peripheral blood of Moraxella catarrhalis-infected patients. The majority of BAL Mc-specific T cells expressed the T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokine profile with high cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activity. Upon antigen stimulation, all Mc-specific T clones were able to help the immunoglobulin production by autologous B cells and the MMP (Matrix MetalloProteinase)-12 activity by monocytes. Our results suggest a role for Th1-driven response to Moraxella catarrhalis in the genesis of COPD.

The increase of endothelial progenitor cells in the peripheral blood: a new parameter for detecting onset and severity of sepsis.

Sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by non-specific inflammatory response with evidence of profound changes in the function and structure of endothelium. Recent evidence suggests that vascular maintenance, repair and angiogenesis are in part mediated by recruitment from bone marrow (BM) of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). In this study we were interested in whether EPCs are increasingly mobilized during sepsis and if this mobilization is associated with sepsis severity. Our flow cytometry data demonstrate that in the CD34+ cell gate the number of EPCs in the blood of patients with sepsis had a four-fold increase (45 +/- 4.5% p < 0.001) compared to healthy controls (12 +/- 3.6%) and that this increase was already evident at 6 hours from diagnosis (40.6 +/- 4.2 percent), reaching its maximum at 72 hours. Also the percentage of cEPCs identified in the patients with sepsis (35 +/- 4.6% of the CD34+ cell) was statistically different (p < 0.001) compared to that found in the blood of patients with severe sepsis (75 +/- 4.9%). In addition, we proved that at six hours after sepsis diagnosis, VEGF, CXCL8 and CXCL12 serum levels were significantly higher in septic patients compared to healthy volunteers 559 +/- 82.14 pg/ml vs 2.9 +/- 0.6 (p < 0.0001), 189.8 +/- 67.3 pg/ml 15 vs 11.9 +/- 1.6 (p = 0.014) and 780.5 +/- 106.5 pg/ml; vs 190.2 +/- 71.4 (p < 0.001). Our data suggest that the cEPC evaluation in peripheral blood, even at early times of diagnosis, in patients with sepsis can be envisaged as a valuable parameter to confirm diagnosis and suggest further prognosis.

Human gastric epithelium produces IL-4 and IL-4delta2 isoform only upon Helicobacter pylori infection.

Recent evidence suggests that interleukin-4 (IL-4) is related to mucosal tolerance by which an injurious immune response is prevented, suppressed or shifted to a non-injurious response. We investigated the expression of IL-4 and its splice variant isoform IL-4delta2 in gastric epithelial cells of healthy subjects and gastritis patients infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) with or without the cag pathogenicity island (cag-PAI). IL-4 and IL-4delta2 mRNAs were evaluated in microdissected gastric epithelium and in AGS cell lines co-cultured with H. pylori B128 or SS1 strains. IL-4 mRNA was consistently detected in microdissected gastric epithelial cells from healthy subjects. The IL-4 mRNA expression was low in H. pylori?infected patients, and markedly reduced in cag-PAI-positive ones. IL-4delta2 mRNA was expressed on gastric epithelium of H. pylori-infected patients, but not in healthy subjects. The IL-4delta2 expression was lower in cag-PAI-positive than in cag-PAI-negative H. pylori infected patients. AGS cells also produced IL-4 mRNA upon SS1 strain stimulation, whereas IL-4delta2 mRNA expression was detected in AGS co-cultured with either SS1 or B128 strains. An inverse correlation was documented between IL-4 and IL-4delta2 mRNA expression by microdissected gastric epithelial cells and the score of gastritis. IL-4, but not IL-4delta2, is expressed by gastric epithelium of healthy subjects, whereas IL-4delta2 and lesser IL-4 mRNA are detectable in the gastric epithelium of H. pylori-infected patients. Data suggest that gastric epithelial cells might regulate the balance between tolerance and immune response by the fine tuning of IL-4 and IL-4delta2 expression.

Neonatal bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination induces adult-like IFN-gamma production by CD4+ T lymphocytes.

The immaturity of the neonatal immune system in mice is associated with defective IFN-gamma production and Th2-biased immune responses. In this study, infants vaccinated at birth with BCG produced similar concentrations of IFN-gamma in response to PPD and showed similar frequencies of IFN-gamma-producing lymphocytes as compared to immune adults. Infants and adults produced only low concentrations of IL-4 and IL-5. CD4+ T lymphocytes were the main source of IFN-gamma. Similar proportions of Th1 and Th0 PPD-specific T cell clones were observed in infants and adults. This study demonstrates that the human neonatal immune response to BCG is not biased towards Th2 and is characterized by the predominant production of IFN-gamma by CD4+ T lymphocytes.

Preferential Th1 profile of T helper cell responses in X-linked (Bruton's) agammaglobulinemia.

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency of the B-cell compartment caused by a defective gene encoding for the tyrosine kinase (btk) essential for B cell differentiation. Affected males undergo recurrent pyogenic infections and deficient immunoglobulin production. Peripheral blood T cells from 6 XLA patients and 6 matched healthy controls were stimulated with either PHA or tetanus toxoid (TT) and T cell clones obtained were compared for their cytokine profile. In the series of PHA-induced or TT-specific CD4(+) T cell clones derived from XLA patients, the Th1 profile was predominant (63 and 65 %, respectively). Upon stimulation with TT, the proportion of activated T cells from XLA that expressed the IFN-gamma -associated LAG-3 activation molecule was higher than in control T cells (51 vs. 25 %), whereas the expression of the IL-4-associated CD30 molecule was lower (5 vs. 21 %). In a cohort of 31 XLA patients, plasma levels of soluble (s)LAG-3 and sCD30, chosen as indirect indicators of the Th1 / Th2 activity in vivo, were significantly higher and lower, respectively, than those measured in 31 healthy controls. Likewise, plasma levels of interferon-inducible protein 10 and of macrophage-derived chemokine in XLA patients were significantly higher and lower, respectively, than in healthy controls.

Polymorphism of the aromatase gene in postmenopausal Italian women: distribution and correlation with bone mass and fracture risk.

Conversion of C(19) steroids to estrogens is catalyzed by the aromatase enzyme. Inactivating mutations of the aromatase gene are associated with decreased bone mineral density in both men and women. Genetic studies suggest that several genes contribute to the regulation of bone mass via interaction with the modeling and remodeling processes. Among these genes, the aromatase gene is a potential candidate to be evaluated for segregation with bone metabolism and bone mass. A tetranucleotide simple tandem repeat polymorphism in intron 4 at the human aromatase cytochrome P-450 gene has been recently described. In the present study we evaluated the distribution of this polymorphism in a cohort of Italian postmenopausal women, both normal and osteoporotic. We observed that the NN genotype was significantly more frequent in nonosteoporotic women than in osteoporotic women (72.7% vs. 27.2%), whereas the DN genotype was significantly more represented in osteoporotic women (90.48% vs. 9.5%; Pearson's chi(2) test = 42.8; df = 10; P = or < 0.01). The allele containing the longer TTTA repeats was statistically more represented in nonosteoporotic women (Pearson's chi(2) test = 19.14; df = 2; P = 0.00007). In addition, women with a high number of TTTA repeats had a significantly higher lumbar bone mineral density than women with alleles containing 8-11 TTTA repeats (P = 0.03). Finally, considering the spine fractures, a significantly higher incidence was observed in women with shorter TTTA repeats than in those with longer TTTA repeats (Pearson's chi(2) test = 7.3; df = 2; P = 0.02), equivalent to a relative risk of 4.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.19-13.87). In conclusion, the aromatase gene can be one of the several genes potentially involved in the maintenance of bone mass and in the regulation of bone mass loss.

Polarization of PPD-specific T-cell response of patients with tuberculosis from Th0 to Th1 profile after successful antimycobacterial therapy or in vitro conditioning with interferon-alpha or interleukin-12.

The T helper (Th) 1/Th2 balance in the T-lymphocyte response to purified protein derivative (PPD) was evaluated at the clonal level in six Italian and five Gambian patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) before and after antimycobacterial therapy, as well as in five Gambian and four Italian healthy immune control subjects. In untreated patients, most PPD-specific clones derived from either peripheral blood or pleural effusions showed a Th0 cytokine profile (production of both interferon [IFN]-gamma and interleukin [IL]-4/IL-5). After 6 mo of therapy and clinical healing, most PPD-specific clones showed a polarized Th1 profile (production of IFN-gamma but not IL-4/IL-5) in both Italian and Gambian patients. The Th1 polarization was less marked in Gambian than in Italian patients and failed to occur in another group of four Italian patients who experienced treatment failure. The cytokine profile observed after successful therapy in patients with TB was similar to that found in healthy control subjects. T-cell clones of undefined specificity generated from PPD-stimulated cultures showed a similar Th0/Th2 bias in Gambian individuals and Italian patients with treatment failure. The Th0/Th2-biased responses in Gambian patients before therapy could be modulated in vitro by IFN-alpha or IL-12, which induced a Th1 polarization of both PPD-specific and bystander T cells. Our data show that active TB associates with a predominant Th0 response to mycobacterial antigens that could play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Adjunctive immunotherapy using Th1-polarizing cytokines could increase host defense against mycobacteria and accelerate healing.

H(+),K(+)-atpase (proton pump) is the target autoantigen of Th1-type cytotoxic T cells in autoimmune gastritis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The proton pump H(+),K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase (H(+),K(+)-ATPase) of parietal cells is the major humoral autoantigen in both human and experimental autoimmune gastritis (AIG) characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate in the gastric mucosa and loss of parietal cells. The aim of this study was to detect H(+),K(+)-ATPase-specific T cells in the gastric mucosa of patients with AIG and to define their functional properties. METHODS: In vivo-activated T cells from the infiltrates of the gastric mucosa of 5 patients with AIG were isolated and cloned. The ability of gastric T-cell clones to proliferate and to produce cytokines in response to H(+),K(+)-ATPase, as well as their expression of B-cell help, perforin-mediated cytotoxicity, and Fas-Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis in target cells, were assessed. RESULTS: A proportion (25%) of the CD4(+) clones from the gastric corpus of AIG patients proliferated in response to porcine H(+),K(+)-ATPase. Most of these clones (88%) showed a Th1 profile, whereas a few secreted both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Virtually all of the H(+),K(+)-ATPase-specific clones produced tumor necrosis factor alpha and provided substantial help for B-cell immunoglobulin production, and most of them expressed perforin-mediated cytotoxicity against antigen-presenting cells and induced Fas-Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis in target cells. CONCLUSIONS: Activation of proton pump-specific Th1 cytotoxic/proapoptotic T cells in the gastric mucosa can represent an effector mechanism for the target cell destruction in AIG.

Defective recruitment and activation of ZAP-70 in common variable immunodeficiency patients with T cell defects.

We have previously identified a subset of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients with defective T cell function associated with impaired activation of the TCR-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation cascade. Here we have assessed the structural and functional integrity of the principal components involved in coupling the TCR/CD3 complex to intracellular tyrosine kinases in two of these patients. We show that ZAP-70 fails to bind the signaling-competent CD3zeta tyrosine phosphorylation isoform and to become activated following TCR engagement, suggesting that defective recruitment of ZAP-70 might underlie the TCR signaling dysfunction in these patients. Determination of the nucleotide sequences encoding the intracellular domains of the CD3/zeta subunits and ZAP-70 did not reveal any mutation. Furthermore, ZAP-70 from these patients could interact in vitro with recombinant phospho-zeta, ruling out genetic defects at the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif/SH2 domain interface responsible for ZAP-70 recruitment to the activated TCR. No defect was found in expression, activity or subcellular localization of Lck, which is thought to be primarily responsible for CD3zeta phosphorylation. Hence, while the T cell defect in these CVID patients can be pinpointed to the interaction between ZAP-70 and CD3zeta, the integrity in the components of the signaling machinery involved in this process suggests that additional components might be required for completion of this step.

In vitro expression of proalpha1(I) collagen mRNA by human pre-osteoclastic cells.

In vitro studies have demonstrated that the extracellular matrix modulates the cell phenotype. In the present study we have investigated in vitro proalpha1(I) collagen mRNA expression in a human pre-osteoclastic cell line (FLG 29.1 cells) in basal condition and after various stimuli. In addition, in order to evaluate the effect of cell-cell interactions on collagen type I mRNA expression, we have cultured the human pre-osteoclastic cells FLG 29.1 with either the human osteoblast-like cell line Saos-2 or the bovine bone endothelial cell line BBE. We showed that the FLG 29.1 cells express proal (I) collagen mRNA, whose expression is modulated by phorbol esters (TPA). Co-culturing FLG 29.1 cells with either Saos-2 or BBE cells induced decrease of proalpha1(I) collagen mRNA expression.

Usefulness of (13)C-urea breath test in the diagnosis of gastric helicobacter pylori infection.

Helicobacter pylori chronically infects half of the human population and is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. (13)C-urea breath test (UBT) is the main in vivo tool for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection. In this study, the safety and the accuracy of UBT were evaluated. A group of 492 dyspeptic patients was studied by UBT, the results were expressed as the difference over baseline at 30 min (DOB30). All patients were evaluated for systemic, gastrointestinal or allergic-type adverse reactions after ingestion of 75 mg (13)C-urea and citric acid in aqueous solution. The first 256 patients enrolled also underwent endoscopy and gastric biopsy. Patients positive on histology were considered infected. UBT was well tolerated and none of the 492 patients had any systemic or allergic-type adverse reaction. Among the 256 patients studied with histology, 116 were H. pylori positive on biopsies. Using 4 %o as cut-off value for DOB30,115 out of the 256 patients were positive on UBT, with only 2 false positive and 3 false negative. With this threshold, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the UBT were 97.4%, 98.5%, and 98.0%, respectively. (13)C-UBT has proven to be a safe and simple, yet accurate, test for the non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of H. pylori infection.

Impaired T-cell regulation of B-cell growth in Helicobacter pylori--related gastric low-grade MALT lymphoma.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Neoplastic B cells of the Helicobacter pylori-related low-grade gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma are responsive to T helper cells and sensitive to withdrawal of H. pylori-induced T-cell help. METHODS: The clonal progeny of T cells from the gastric mucosa of 5 patients with MALT lymphoma was compared with that of T-cell clones obtained from 5 H. pylori-infected patients with chronic gastritis. RESULTS: T-cell clones were assessed for specificity to H. pylori, cytokine profile, help for B-cell proliferation, and perforin- or Fas-mediated cytotoxic regulation of B-cell growth. Twenty-eight of 165 CD4(+) gastric clones from MALT lymphoma and 33 of 178 CD4(+) clones from chronic gastritis recognized H. pylori antigens. Cytokine production was similar in the 2 series of clones. All MALT lymphoma-derived clones dose-dependently increased their B-cell help, whereas clones from chronic gastritis lost helper activity at T-to-B-cell ratios greater than 1 because of concomitant cytolytic killing of B cells. T-cell clones from MALT lymphoma had both reduced perforin-mediated cytotoxicity and poor ability to induce Fas-mediated apoptosis. These defects were limited to gastric T cells. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori-induced T cell-dependent B-cell activation and deficient cytotoxic control of B-cell growth may link H. pylori infection, local T-cell response, and genesis of low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma.