A comparative review on mucocutaneous reactions caused by Covid-19 infection versus Covid-19 vaccination.

The prevalence and severity of mucocutaneous manifestations in Covid-19 infection are generally higher than those reported in Covid vaccines. Therefore, comparing the mucocutaneous reactions of the Covid-19 infection and vaccination is necessary to enhance our knowledge about such reactions and guide us to evaluate the risk of infection or vaccination. A thorough literature search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO (LISTA), and 2069 articles were downloaded. After screening, 11 studies remained for the final review. The literature review revealed that the prevalence and severity of postvaccine mucocutaneous adverse reactions have been less common compared to Covid-19 infection. Postvaccine adverse reactions primarily occurred after the first dose administration and such reactions were manageable with antihistamines and corticosteroids administration. This comparative analysis highlights the frequency and potential severity of mucocutaneous reactions due to Covid-19 infection and Covid-19 vaccination. It also affirmed that potentially critical (serious) mucocutaneous reactions are more likely to occur in Covid-19 infection compared to Covid vaccination. Moreover, postvaccine reactions predominantly happened after the first dose and were reported to be non-life-threatening, self-manageable and with a lower incidence of potentially critical events. It was also concluded that the incidence of mucocutaneous reactions decreased in the following doses. Hence, given the low rate of such reactions following Covid-19 vaccination, vaccines have a lower risk of mucocutaneous reactions occurrence than Covid-19 infection. Further, due to the limited number of studies, we recommend that large-scale trials evaluate such reactions comparing various types of Covid-19 vaccines in healthy individuals and those with autoimmune skin disorders.

Association between respiratory viruses and exacerbation of COPD: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory viral infection is the main cause of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in all age groups. The present study aimed to find out the association between viral infection in exacerbated and stable patients with COPD as well as evaluating the frequency of respiratory viruses in the Iranian exacerbated patients. METHODS: The study included 170 patients as the sample group with acute exacerbations and a control group consisting of 96 stable patients over a period of 3 years. Reverse transcription- nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) and nested PCR methods were used to diagnose the presence of 16 respiratory viruses. RESULTS: Viral infection was detected in 81 (47.6%) exacerbations and 24 (25%) stable patients (p < 0.05). Adenovirus was more frequent among the exacerbated patients than the stable patients (p < 0.05). Furthermore, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and enterovirus turned out to be the most common viruses in both groups. Moreover, respiratory viral co-infection has a possible role in exacerbation, severity, and longer hospitalization. Muscle pain and fever were found as significant symptoms in the infected patients with exacerbations. CONCLUSIONS: The current study investigated the probable roles of the respiratory viruses, and dual infections during acute exacerbations of COPD. Since climate-dependent respiratory viral incidence patterns in Iran are often dissimilar, preparing a comprehensive global model of respiratory infections with seasonal details in different geographical zones might decrease the morbidity and mortality rate in exacerbations of COPD.