Kidney stones are common in patients with short-bowel syndrome receiving long-term parenteral nutrition: A predictive model for urolithiasis.

BACKGROUND: In short-bowel syndrome (SBS) treated with parenteral nutrition (PN), multiple complications can occur. The etiology of kidney stones may be linked to the underlying disease thrombosis, surgical complications, complications of therapy for cancer, Crohn's disease, metabolic abnormalities resulting from morphological and functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract, and to treatment used. We analyzed all these parameters in a large cohort of patients receiving home PN (HPN), to define the incidence of stones and groups of patients particularly at risk of stone formation. One of the objectiveswas to develop a predictive model of urolithiasis. METHODS: This observational retrospective study included 459 patients with SBS recieving HPN in a single center. Patient records were evaluated for demographics, SBS etiology, and underlying disease, anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, intestinal failure classification, nutrition regimen, and presence of urolithiasis. RESULTS: Kidney stones were diagnosed in 24% of patients. Nodifferences in incidence were noted between the various etiologic groups. The incidence in patients with a colon in continuity and those with an end stoma was similar. The length of residual small bowel did not play a role in stone formation. There were no differences between patients according to the severity of intestinal failure. In patients treated with PN and limited oral feeding, the risk of urolithiasis was twice as high as in patients receiving PN only. CONCLUSIONS: Patients developed urolithiasis with no relation to the SBS etiology. The risk of kidney stone formation was higher in patients recieving PN with oral feeding.

Management of bleeding in patients hospitalized in the intensive cardiac care unit: expert opinion of the Association of Intensive Cardiac Care and Section of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy of the Polish Cardiac Society in cooperation with specialists in other fields of medicine.

Nowadays, the intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU) provides care for patients with acute coronary syndrome, acute and exacerbated chronic heart failure, cardiogenic shock, sudden cardiac arrest, electrical storm, as well as with indications for urgent cardiac surgical treatment. Most of these patients require the use of 1, 2, or frequently even 3 drugs that act on the blood coagulation pathway. While antithrombotic drugs prevent thromboembolic events, they are associated with a higher risk of bleeding. In this population of patients, bleeding may often have a worse impact on prognosis than the primary disease. In this expert opinion of the Association of Intensive Cardiac Care, we presented practical guidelines on the management of bleeding in patients hospitalized at the ICCU, including bleeding risk reduction and treatment recommendations. Because of multiple comorbidities and diverse organs that may be the source of bleeding, we provided also recommendations from specialists in other fields of medicine. We hope that this document will facilitate the management of one of the most challenging populations at the ICCU.

Macroscopic hematuria-a leading urological problem in patients on anticoagulant therapy: is the common diagnostic standard still advisable?

All urological standards of care are based on the past definition of the clinical importance of macroscopic hematuria. The aim of the study was to assess the phenomenon of iatrogenic hematuria in current clinical practice and analyze its origins in patients receiving anticoagulant drugs. Retrospective analysis of clinical documentation of 238 patients that were consulted for hematuria in 2007-2009 by 5 consultant urologists was performed. In the group of 238 patients with hematuria, 155 (65%) received anticoagulants. Abnormalities of urinary tract were found in 45 (19%) patients. Estimated cost of a single neoplasm detection reached the value of 3252 Euro (mean 3-day hospitalization). The strong correlation between the presence of hematuria and anticoagulant treatment was observed. Authors suggest to redefine the present and future role of hematuria from a standard manifestation of serious urological disease to a common result of a long-term anticoagulant therapy.

Pooled sample-based GWAS: a cost-effective alternative for identifying colorectal and prostate cancer risk variants in the Polish population.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are the most commonly diagnosed cancers and cancer-related causes of death in Poland. To date, numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with susceptibility to both cancer types have been identified, but their effect on disease risk may differ among populations. METHODS: To identify new SNPs associated with PCa and CRC in the Polish population, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using DNA sample pools on Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP 6.0 arrays. A total of 135 PCa patients and 270 healthy men (PCa sub-study) and 525 patients with adenoma (AD), 630 patients with CRC and 690 controls (AD/CRC sub-study) were included in the analysis. Allele frequency distributions were compared with t-tests and χ(2)-tests. Only those significantly associated SNPs with a proxy SNP (p<0.001; distance of 100 kb; r(2)>0.7) were selected. GWAS marker selection was conducted using PLINK. The study was replicated using extended cohorts of patients and controls. The association with previously reported PCa and CRC susceptibility variants was also examined. Individual patients were genotyped using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays. RESULTS: The GWAS selected six and 24 new candidate SNPs associated with PCa and CRC susceptibility, respectively. In the replication study, 17 of these associations were confirmed as significant in additive model of inheritance. Seven of them remained significant after correction for multiple hypothesis testing. Additionally, 17 previously reported risk variants have been identified, five of which remained significant after correction. CONCLUSION: Pooled-DNA GWAS enabled the identification of new susceptibility loci for CRC in the Polish population. Previously reported CRC and PCa predisposition variants were also identified, validating the global nature of their associations. Further independent replication studies are required to confirm significance of the newly uncovered candidate susceptibility loci.

Blood loss during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy - is it significant or not?

INTRODUCTION: The traditional assessment of blood loss during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) is based on the blood volume collected intraoperatively in the suction device bottles. While this method is not perfect, analysis of changes in blood cell count (BCC) resulting from LRP is advisable. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 71 men were submitted to LRP due to prostate cancer in our institution over an 18-month time period. From this group, we isolated 60 men with clinically minimal intraoperative blood loss (<200 ml) and included them into the study. Mean age of the cohort was 62.8 years. We performed standard BCC on the day before and 6 hours after the surgery. At the same time points, we measured creatinine serum concentration and calculated eGFR to avoid the data misinterpretation resulting from impaired renal function in the postoperative period. RESULTS: Statistically and clinically significant differences regarding all BCC parameters measured pre- and postoperatively were observed. The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit diminished by 17.5% (4.68T/l vs. 3.86T/l, p <0.02), 17.0% (8.93 mmol/l vs. 7.41 mmol/l, p < 0.02), and 17.9% (0.429 vs. 0.352, p <0.02), respectively. Simultaneously, renal function was stable with no significant change in eGFR (82.9 ml/min/1.73 m^2 vs. 79.09 ml/min/1.73 m^2, p = 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: Standard LRP brings on a significant blood loss. While clinically insignificant, this blood loss seems to be as high as approx. 600 ml based on laboratory findings. BCC seems to be a more accurate method of intraoperative blood loss estimation compared to measurement of blood volume collected intraoperatively in the suction device bottles.

Lack of evidence for increased level of circulating urothelial cells in the peripheral blood after transurethral resection of bladder tumors.

PURPOSE: Aggressive intervention against the bladder wall during transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) causes damage and leakage from blood vessels to the bladder lumen. The aim of this study was to determine whether TURBT could increase the level of circulating urothelial cells. METHODS: Expression of tumor markers, discriminative for nucleated blood cells and urothelium, was evaluated by quantitative (q) RT-PCR on RNA isolated from peripheral blood samples of 51 patients who underwent TURBT for ≥cT1c bladder tumors. RESULTS: Four of 14 studied genes, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Collagen α-1(I) chain, Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (KIT) and CD47, exhibited significant differences in gene expression between controls and cancer patients. While TURBT did not significantly increase the number of PCR-positive results of any transcripts, positive RT-PCR detection for EGFR was significantly less frequent on day 30 compared to results obtained before surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Although the results of our study do not provide evidence for increased tumor cell release into the peripheral blood after TURBT, they seem to indicate that EGFR mRNA measurement in the blood may provide useful information for urologists.

Renal function and adaptive changes in patients after radical or partial nephrectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Renal function after renal surgery depends on the volume of renal parenchyma loss and improves in the postoperative period. However, the knowledge on kidney function after radical (RN) and partial (PN) nephrectomy is still insufficient. The aim of this study is to analyze the global renal function and compensatory hyperfunction of the non-operated kidney in patients with renal cancer after RN or PN. METHODS: Fifty-one patients of mean age 62.2 years with renal cancer were included. Thirty-three RN and eighteen PN were performed. We measured creatinine serum concentrations, and we estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) preoperatively and postoperatively at two time intervals: 3 and 12 months after surgery. Additionally, we assessed effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) in dynamic scintigraphy preoperatively and 12 months after surgery. RESULT: At the baseline, all mean measured values were comparable in RN and PN groups (P > 0.05). Three months after surgery, creatinine level increased in both groups, more remarkably in RN group (128 mmol/l vs. 95 mmol/l; P < 0.05), while eGFR diminished (47 ml/min/1.73 m(2) vs. 70 ml/min/1.73 m(2); P < 0.05). Similar biochemical values were observed 12 months after surgery. The mean ERPF of the non-operated kidney 12 months after surgery in RN and PN groups increased by 3.8% (232 ml/min) and 0.1% (200 ml/min), respectively (P > 0.05). The mean ERPF of the operated kidney in PN group decreased by 24.7% (149 ml/min). CONCLUSION: The deterioration of renal function after partial nephrectomy is nearly insignificant clinically. In 1-year postoperative observation, the renal function does not improve. This causes potential compensatory mechanisms to be insufficient.

Extraperitoneal laparoscopic Millin prostatectomy using finger enucleation.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the feasibilty, safety and results of extraperitoneal laparoscopic Millin prostatectomy using finger enucleation through an additional 1 cm suprapubic incision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 66 consecutive laparoscopic simple prostatectomies were performed with this technique in men with symptomatic bladder outflow obstruction and a prostate gland larger than 70 cc on transrectal ultrasound. Data such as operating time, intraoperative blood loss, transfusion rate, complications, catheterization period, hospitalization time and surgical specimen weight were prospectively collected and evaluated. Preoperative and 3-month postoperative International Prostate Symptom Score and urinary flow rates were used to assess the surgical outcome. RESULTS: Average operating time was 55 minutes with a mean estimated blood loss of 200 ml. No blood transfusion was necessary, and no conversion, complications or mortality was present. The mean postoperative catheterization period was 7.3 days with a mean hospital stay of 5.2 days. Mean enucleated tissue weight was 85.5 gm. At 3 months postoperatively the International Prostate Symptom Score improved to a mean of 5.8 (from a mean preoperative score of 29.5) while maximum urine flow improved to a mean of 18.5 ml per second (from a mean preoperative rate of 5.8 ml per second). CONCLUSIONS: This procedure is safe and fast with excellent functional outcomes. However, prolonged catheterization and hospitalization are still required.

GreenLight™ laser in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement.

For more than a decade, laser technology has facilitated a minimally invasive surgical method to treat patients with bladder outlet obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. This article critically assesses the features of the GreenLight™ laser and its potential use in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients. Recently, a significant body of evidence in the literature on good clinical outcomes in 1-year follow-up periods has been enriched with the findings from a few randomized trials, in which this device is compared with other minimally invasive or standard approaches. In turn, very few patients in the GreenLight laser study groups reach the end point of a 3- or 5-year follow-up time. However, most patients who underwent GreenLight laser treatment were treated successfully with a good clinical outcome and a minor rate of peri- and post-operative complications. Furthermore, it can be implemented in high-risk patients who are undergoing anticoagulation therapy. Bearing in mind the inherent characteristics of using a laser for treatment, one obvious consequence is that no pathological specimen remains for further study. This implies the necessity of suitable patient selection in whom the risk of prostate cancer should be minimal. In terms of cost-effectiveness, one should consider applying this method when dealing with patients who have a moderately enlarged prostate volume.

Kidney removal: the past, presence, and perspectives: a historical review.

More than 140 years have passed since the first documented planned nephrectomy. Throughout all these years, people gained significant knowledge on the renal functions and diseases, and what is more, the surgical workshop underwent considerable improvement. Initially, the kidney removal operations were performed due to ureterovaginal fistulas and renal lithiasis. Later, they were executed mainly in patients with renal tumors, whereas today, the number of these surgeries tend to decrease to the benefit of nephron sparing procedures. Current nephrectomies are more and more often performed in case of organ donation, what will probably remain the most significant indication for the kidney removal in close future. While the first surgeries were executed with classical surgical methods, nowadays, after years of studies concerning nephron sparing and minimally invasive operations, we can see surgeries carried out through natural body orifices with robotic assistance. In relation to simple surgical operation based on ligation of 3 tubular anatomic structures, we can perceive the true scope of the progress that occurred in surgery. The aim of this article is to present the evolution of indications and operating techniques utilized to remove the kidney in chronological aspect.

Renal carcinoma infiltrating inferior vena cava and combined valvular heart disease--one-stage uro-cardiological procedure: a case report.

Standard treatment of patients with coexisting cardiac and non-cardiac diseases includes two separate operations. We report a case of 55-year-old man with combined valvular heart disease and renal carcinoma infiltrating inferior caval vein, who underwent one-stage cardio-urologic procedure. In the first step, mitral and tricuspid valvuloplasty were performed by cardiac surgeons. Then, urologists performed radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy. The postoperative course was uneventful. In twelve months follow-up the patient shows no signs of recurrence and he had no symptoms of cardiac disease. To the best of our knowledge such a case has never been reported before in the literature.

Technique of transurethral needle core biopsy to confirm invasive bladder cancer staging.

INTRODUCTION: Transurethral, cystoscopically-guided needle core biopsy (TUcoreBxBT) seems to be a less invasive diagnostic method than transurethral resection (TURBT) offering a simple way to confirm cancer infiltration of the bladder. The aim of this study was to assess the technique of TUcoreBxBT in the diagnosis of bladder cancer infiltrating the detrusor muscle. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In every 96 pts the suspicion of invasive bladder cancer (IBC) was evaluated on the basis of radiological examinations, cystoscopy and bimanual examination. TUcoreBxBT were performed using a rigid cystoscope with a direct working channel and tru-cut automatic (COOK Quick-Core(®) Biopsy-Needle) 18 G/480 mm needle or self construction tru-cut 16 G/400 mm needle, adapted to work with a standard biopsy gun. At least three cores were taken in each patient, followed by regular TURBT. RESULTS: There were no complications of the bladder biopsy procedure. The average size of cores was 15 mm (8-17 mm). In every case TUcoreBxBT revealed muscle infiltration and was in agreement with all microscopic examinations of TURBT. CONCLUSIONS: TUcoreBxBT in cases of clear suspicion of invasive bladder cancer is a simple, short and safe procedure which makes it possible to collect reliable material for microscopic examination. TUcoreBxBT is less invasive than standard TURBT only in diagnosis and staging of invasive tumours, and seems to be effective in selected cases to confirm malignancy before radical cystectomy.

Clinical significance of transurethral tru-cut biopsy in confirmation of bladder tumor invasive character.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of resection (TURBT) replacement in patients with strong suspicion of invasive bladder tumor by transurethral tru-cut biopsy carried out during cystoscopy. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients (52 men and six women; mean age 65 years, range 43-79) presenting with extensive bladder tumor suggested by ultrasound and computed tomography were included in the study. Each patient was submitted to transurethral, cystoscopically-guided tru-cut biopsy of bladder tumor before the planned TURBT. Comparison of histopathological assessment of tissue cores, resection and radical cystectomy specimens was carried out. RESULTS: Histopathological analysis of resection specimens and tissue cores were in complete accordance with previous tissue cores assessment in terms of type and grade of bladder cancer. Histological type of bladder tumor revealed by tru-cut biopsy and radical cystectomy was identical in 56 (96.6%) cases. Tumor grade was the same in biopsy cores and radical cystectomy specimens in 55 (95%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic tru-cut bladder tumor biopsy allows us to collect sufficient amounts of tissue material for histopathological confirmation of detrusor muscle infiltration in patients presenting with bladder tumors suspected to cause muscle invasiveness. The procedure is carried out under cystoscopic control and is fast, efficient, safe, easy to perform and less invasive than standard TURB in cases of an extensive bladder tumor.

Anti-inflammatory effect of sulodexide during acute peritonitis in rats.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Peritonitis is one of the complications of peritoneal dialysis. We demonstrate the systemic and intraperitoneal anti-inflammatory action of sulodexide given systemically. METHODS: Dialysis was performed in male Wistar rats with acute peritonitis induced by addition of endotoxin to the fluid. Sulodexide (10 mg/kg b.w.) was used acutely as supplement to the dialysis fluid or chronically, during 7 days preceding the study by intramuscular (i.m.) injection. RESULTS: In rats given i.m. sulodexide the dialysate cell count was lower by 45% (p < 0.001) versus untreated rats with peritonitis. Dialysate elastase activity in i.m. sulodexide-treated rats was lower by 22% (p < 0.05) compared to peritonitis. In rats treated with i.m. sulodexide the increase of plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha was reduced by 53% (p < 0.002). Pretreatment with i.m. sulodexide reduced transperitoneal loss of total protein and albumin during peritonitis by 26% (p < 0.002) and by 16% (p < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: Sulodexide given systemically reduces the intraperitoneal and vascular inflammatory response during acute peritonitis in rats.