Collection of cardiac masses. Up-to-date echocardiography and cardiac MRI tools.

Heart masses, including tumors (primary and secondary) and pseudotumor (cysts and thrombus), are rare entities, but of increasing interest in cardiac imaging areas. The clinical manifestations are related to the intracardiac effect of mass, embolization, and systemic symptoms in the case of tumors; however, some of them are detected incidentally. Nowadays, imaging techniques and the advancement of their tools perform the morphological, functional, and tissue characterization of the masses, and additionally know the anatomical relationships, which are crucial factors for the treatment and surgical planning.

Histopathological maladaptive changes in the explanted human mitral leaflets correlate with changes in echocardiographic leaflet morphology and the severity of ischaemic mitral regurgitation.

AIMS: Several changes of the mitral valve (MV) morphology have been previously documented in ischaemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) upon macro and microscopic examination. This study aimed to correlate echocardiographic MV thickening with IMR severity and to delineate the histopathological basis of valve thickening from the explanted leaflets. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty patients were included in the echo-group; of these, 48 patients (19.2%) underwent surgical mitral valve replacement (MVR), including them in the histology-group. By echocardiography, the thickness of the anterior and posterior leaflet was more extensive in moderate to severe IMR, P < 0.001. Histology-group: patients were divided into two groups based on the median thickness: those with cusp thickness <0.42 cm in Group 1, and ≥0.42 cm in Group 2. The thickness of the base and cusp was more significant in Group 2, P < 0.05 in both. Group 2 biopsies were characterized by involvement of the three leaflet segments, myxoid tissue, and fibrosis deposition. Thicker leaflets were associated with a greater degree of mitral regurgitation (MR), P < 0.0001. In the echo-group, a median leaflet thickness of 3.5 mm of the anterior and posterior MV was independently associated with moderate to severe ischaemic MR [odds ratio (OR) 2.88, P < 0.01] and (OR 10.8, P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION: In ischaemic MR, the thicker the cusps, the worse the MR. Leaflet thickening was due to the myxoid and fibrosis deposition and was detected by echocardiography. Therefore, this method can be helpful in the evaluation of valve remodelling.

Bioprosthesis in aortic valve replacement: long-term inflammatory response and functionality.

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of long-term inflammatory response and function in postoperative patients with aortic valve replacement (AVR) deserves special analysis because it is important to try to prevent reoperation and improve durability and functionality of the prostheses. It is our objective METHODS: In this study, we included a cohort of patients with aortic valve damage treated by AVR with mechanical prosthesis, bio prosthesis and we included a control group. RESULTS: We found that IL-4 and osteopontin levels were higher in patients with mechanical vs biological prostheses (p=0.01 and p=0.04, respectively), osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels were decreased (p=0.01), women had lower levels of ET-1 and IL-6, (p=0.02) (p=0.04), respectively. Patients older than 60 years had decreased levels of IL-1ß p<0.001) and a higher concentration of IL-4 p<0.05). IL-1ß, OPG and TNFα were higher in patients with less than 5 years of evolution vs more than 10 years (p=0.004, p=0.02 and p=0.03, respectively). Factors such as age, gender, prosthetic and elevated IL-1B and ET-1 levels are associated with valve dysfunction prosthetic. These results indicate that the inflammatory involvement present prior to valve replacement may be perpetuated by various factors in the long term. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide us with the opportunity to effectively treat patients with AVR in the postoperative period, which could prolong the functionality of the bio prostheses. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04557345.

Vasodilator Strain Stress Echocardiography in Suspected Coronary Microvascular Angina.

Background: In patients with Ischemia and non-obstructive coronary artery stenosis (INOCA) wall motion is rarely abnormal during stress echocardiography (SE). Our aim was to determine if patients with INOCA and reduced coronary flow velocity reserve (CVFR) have altered cardiac mechanics using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2DSTE) during SE. Methods: In a prospective, multicenter, international study, we recruited 135 patients with INOCA. Overall, we performed high dose (0.84 mg/kg) dipyridamole SE with combined assessment of CVFR and 2DSTE. The population was divided in patients with normal CVFR (>2, group 1, n = 95) and abnormal CVFR (≤2, group 2, n = 35). Clinical and 2DSTE parameters were compared between groups. Results: Feasibility was high for CFVR (98%) and 2DSTE (97%). A total of 130 patients (mean age 63 ± 12 years, 67 women) had complete flow and strain data. The two groups showed similar 2DSTE values at rest. At peak SE, Group 1 patients showed lower global longitudinal strain (p < 0.007), higher mechanical dispersion (p < 0.0005), lower endocardial (p < 0.001), and epicardial (p < 0.0002) layer specific strain. Conclusions: In patients with INOCA, vasodilator SE with simultaneous assessment of CFVR and strain is highly feasible. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is accompanied by an impairment of global and layer-specific deformation indices during stress.

Infected thrombus in a Fontan circulation.

The Fontan operation was introduced in 1968 as a palliative treatment for patients with univentricular heart physiology. Natural history and outcomes are poor. By 10 years after Fontan operation, most patients will develop any complication such as tachyarrhythmias, any spectrum of Fontan-associated liver disease, protein-losing enteropathy, heart failure, thrombosis, and infective endocarditis among others. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the first-line diagnostic tools for detecting such complications. Clinical and imaging follow-up are a mainstay for the evaluation of this patients.

Right ventricular free wall strain predicts functional capacity in patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.

To investigate the role of right ventricular free wall strain (RVFWSL) to predict low functional capacity in repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF). We prospectively enrolled 33 patients with rTOF with moderate to severe PR who underwent rest and peak exercise echocardiography on a semisupine cycloergometer. Conventional function and strain imaging parameters of both ventricles were measured. Patients performing < 7 METS were defined to have low functional capacity. Logistic regression was used to identify parameters associated with low functional capacity. Eleven patients (33.3%) had low functional capacity. These patients were shorter (height 155 ± 7 vs 163 ± 9 cm, p = 0.023), more frequently female (27.3 vs 72.7%, p = 0.024) and had history of Blalock-Taussig shunt (45.5 vs 9.1%, p = 0.027). On multivariate analysis RVFWSL was the only predictor of low functional capacity OR 1.39 (CI 95%, 1.06-1.83., p = 0.018) per % change. A RVFWSL < 17% (absolute value) had an AUC of 0.785, sensitivity of 81.8% and specificity of 77.3% to predict low functional capacity. Right ventricular free wall strain is an independent predictor of low functional capacity in repaired tetralogy of Fallot with moderate to severe PR. A value < 17% might be useful in deciding when to perform pulmonary valve replacement, when functional capacity cannot be objectively measured.

Coexisting bicuspid aortic and pulmonary valves diagnosed by 3D transthoracic echocardiography.

Coexisting bicuspid aortic and pulmonary valves is an extremely rare condition, and there have been few published cases. Diagnosis of bicuspid aortic valve is straightforward with 2D echocardiography; however, analysis of the morphology of the pulmonary valve is challenging. In this study, we report on a case of a 32-year-old man with bicuspid aortic and pulmonary valves diagnosed by 2D and 3D transthoracic echocardiography. The enlarged pulmonary artery without any obvious etiology led us to suspect a pulmonary valve anomaly; thus, we comprehensively evaluated it with 2D and 3D echocardiography, which confirmed the diagnosis of bicuspid pulmonary valve.

Deformación sistólica longitudinal del ventrículo izquierdo en pacientes pediátricos con antecedente de enfermedad de Kawasaki / Left ventricular longitudinal systolic strain in children with history of Kawasaki disease

Resumen Objetivo La enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK) es una vasculitis sistémica cuya complicación más grave es la formación de lesiones coronarias, las cuales pueden llevar a infarto del miocardio y muerte súbita. El estudio ecocardiográfico es parte del seguimiento obligado de los pacientes con EK. La deformación sistólica longitudinal (DSL) medida mediante speckle tracking es una herramienta precisa para evaluar la función de la fibra miocárdica (longitudinal) del ventrículo izquierdo. No se ha establecido la utilidad en la práctica clínica de la DSL en niños con antecedente de EK. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar si la presencia de lesiones coronarias condiciona alteraciones en la DSL segmentaria y su correspondencia con el territorio coronario en donde se encuentra la lesión. Método Serie de casos. Se realizó un estudio ecocardiográfico completo y la evaluación de la DSL a niños con antecedente de EK al menos 6 meses después de la fase aguda. Resultados Se estudiaron 9 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de 6 años (mínimo 2 y máximo 17). El 56% era de sexo masculino. El 77% presentó aneurismas coronarios. La DSL resultó alterada en el 56% de la muestra estudiada. Dentro de los pacientes que presentaron una DSL anormal, todos mostraron aneurismas coronarios y lesiones estenóticas u oclusivas demostradas mediante cateterismo de arterias coronarias, además de alteraciones de la perfusión miocárdica en estudio de Medicina Nuclear. Conclusiones En la muestra estudiada, los pacientes en quienes se encontró una DSL anormal, resultaron tener lesiones coronarias que condicionaban isquemia o infarto.

Abstract Objective Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis that affects young children. Coronary artery aneurisms, ectasia and stenosis are its main complications and may lead to ischemic heart disease or sudden death. Echocardiography evaluation it's mandatory in all patients with history of KD. Left ventricular longitudinal systolic strain (LVLSS) measured by speckle tracking it's an accurate tool to evaluate global and segmental left ventricle mechanics. Clinical utility of LVLSS in children with KD hasn't been established. The goal of this study was to analyse if the presence of coronary lesions alters segmental LVLSS and if there is a relationship with the affected coronary territory. Method Case series. A complete transthoracic echocardiography with LVLSS was performed in children with history of KD with at least 6 months after the acute phase. Results Nine patients where studied, with a median age of 6 years (minimum 2 and maximum 17). A percentage of 56 were male, and 77% had coronary aneurisms. An abnormal LVLSS was found in 56% of the population studied. All of the patients that had an abnormal LVLSS had coronary aneurisms with stenosis or complete occlusion confirmed by invasive coronary angiography and abnormal Nuclear Medicine perfusion scans. Conclusions On the population studied, all patients with an abnormal LVLSS had obstructive coronary lesions and ischemic heart disease.

Echocardiographic and Histologic Correlations in Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis: Influence of Overweight and Obesity.

BACKGROUND: Severe aortic stenosis (AS), leads to pathological left ventricular remodeling that may worsen with concomitant overweight and obesity (OW/O). METHODS: We aimed to prospectively analyze the impact of OW/O on ventricular remodeling in severe AS, by evaluating the percentage of intraendomyocardial fibrosis (PIEF) and the percentage of infiltrating intraendocardial lipid vacuoles (PIELV) and its relationship to global longitudinal strain (GLS) in patients with OW/O. RESULTS: 44 patients with severe AS were included, 13 non-obese (29%) and 31 OW/O (71%), all of them with left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 55%. GLS was evaluated with 2D speckle tracking. During valve replacement, an endocardial biopsy was obtained, where PIEF and PIELV were analyzed. Patients with higher PIEF and PIELV had greater body mass index (p < 0.0001) and worse GLS (p < 0.0053). A GLS cut-off point < -14% had a sensitivity of 75%, and a specificity of 92.8% to detect important PIEF (AUC: 0.928, 95% confidence interval: 0.798-1.00). On multivariate analysis, OW/O and PIELV were independently associated to the PIEF, and OW/O and PIEF were independently associated to GLS. A high correlation between the amount of PIELV and PIEF were found. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe AS and OW/O have greater PIEF and PIELV, suggesting more pathological remodeling. GLS is useful to detect subclinical myocardial injury and is potentially useful for endomyocardial fibrosis detection. The presence of higher PIELF may be a trigger factor for the development of intraendomyocardial fibrosis.

[Left ventricular longitudinal systolic strain in children with history of Kawasaki disease]. / Deformación sistólica longitudinal del ventrículo izquierdo en pacientes pediátricos con antecedente de enfermedad de Kawasaki.

OBJECTIVE: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis that affects young children. Coronary artery aneurisms, ectasia and stenosis are its main complications and may lead to ischemic heart disease or sudden death. Echocardiography evaluation it's mandatory in all patients with history of KD. Left ventricular longitudinal systolic strain (LVLSS) measured by speckle tracking it's an accurate tool to evaluate global and segmental left ventricle mechanics. Clinical utility of LVLSS in children with KD hasn't been established. The goal of this study was to analyse if the presence of coronary lesions alters segmental LVLSS and if there is a relationship with the affected coronary territory. METHOD: Case series. A complete transthoracic echocardiography with LVLSS was performed in children with history of KD with at least 6 months after the acute phase. RESULTS: Nine patients where studied, with a median age of 6 years (minimum 2 and maximum 17). A percentage of 56 were male, and 77% had coronary aneurisms. An abnormal LVLSS was found in 56% of the population studied. All of the patients that had an abnormal LVLSS had coronary aneurisms with stenosis or complete occlusion confirmed by invasive coronary angiography and abnormal Nuclear Medicine perfusion scans. CONCLUSIONS: On the population studied, all patients with an abnormal LVLSS had obstructive coronary lesions and ischemic heart disease.

Excessive Weight and Obesity Are Associated to Intra-Ventricular Asynchrony: Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Excessive weight and obesity (EwO) are independent factors in the development of heart failure; they lead to a state of myocardiopathy via inflammatory and hormonal mechanisms. If excessively accumulated, epicardial fat favors a proinflammatory state. Ventricular asynchrony is a marker of heart failure progression and has been poorly studied in EwO. The objective was evaluate the relation between epicardial fat, body mass index (BMI) and mechanical synchrony measured by echocardiography, in healthy individuals with EwO. METHODS: We included 55 healthy individuals between the ages of 18 and 35, 17 had a BMI < 25 kg/m(2) (30.9%) and 38 had a BMI > 25 kg/m(2) (EwO group) (69.09%), anthropometric measurements, transthoracic echocardiogram and synchrony evaluation were obtained. RESULTS: Left atrial volume, telediastolic and telesystolic left ventricular volumes and the baseline volume of the right ventricle were greater in the EwO group (20 mL/m(2) vs. 15 mL/m(2), p = 0.001; 106 mL vs. 82 mL, p = 0.0149 vs. 32 mL, p = 0.001 and 34 mm vs. 31 mm, p = 0.02, respectively). The Yu index also correlated with epicardial fat, r = 0.53, p < 0.01, whereby the greater the amount of epicardial fat, the greater the dispersion timing of ventricular activation. The systolic synchrony index also correlated with the BMI, p = 0.01. CONCLUSION: Mechanical intraventricular asynchrony is associated to EwO and the amount of epicardial fat; hence, asynchrony may be one more factor leading to heart failure in EwO individuals.

Evaluación postquirúrgica por ecocardiografía del paciente sometido a cambio valvular aórtico: ¿Se aplican las recomendaciones de las guías? / Echocardiographic evaluation of patients after aortic valve replacement: Do we follow the guidelines?

Objetivo: Determinar la metodología de evaluación ecocardiográfica empleada en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología (hospital de tercer nivel) en pacientes operados de cambio valvular aórtico. Método: Se incluyeron a todos los pacientes consecutivos mayores de 18 años con estenosis aórtica que fueron llevados a cirugía de cambio valvular aórtico en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", durante el periodo de enero del 2011 a junio del 2012. Se determinó la fecha de cirugía, tipo de prótesis y el número y fecha de ecocardiogramas realizados después del evento quirúrgico. Resultados: Se encontró que en el 81% de los pacientes el primer ecocardiograma postquirúrgico se realizó durante su internamiento. Esta primera evaluación fue realizada dentro de las primeras 24 a 48 horas a 42 pacientes (51.8%); entre los 3 y los 7 días a 27 pacientes (33.3%); entre los 8 y los 14 días a 7 pacientes (8.6%) y posterior a los 14 días a 5 pacientes (6.1%). A 19 pacientes no se les realizó ecocardiograma. Conclusiones: En el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", se realiza una evaluación y seguimiento ecocardiográfico de los pacientes operados de cambio valvular aórtico distinto a las recomendaciones internacionales.

Objective: To determine the methodology for the echocardiographic evaluation of patients with aortic valve replacement at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología. Method: We included all consecutive patients, 18 years old or more with aortic valve replacement secondary to aortic stenosis at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", between January 2011 and June 2012. We described the date of the surgery, type of prosthetic valve and the number and date of the echocardiograms after the valve replacement. Results: Between January 2011 and June 2012, 100 patients underwent aortic valve replacement. In 81% the first echocardiogram was made during hospitalization. The first evaluation was made within the first 24-48 hours in 42 patients (51.8%), between the 3rd and 7th day in 27 patients (33.3%), between the 8th and the 14th day in 7 patients (8.6%) and after 14 days in 5 patients (6.1%). No echocardiogram was made in 19 patients. Conclusions: At the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez" we made an echocardiographic evaluation and follow up different from the international recommendations for patients with valve replacement.

[Aortic valve calcification evaluated by echocardiography associated with baseline conduction abnormalities as a predictor for pacemaker placement after aortic valve replacement]. / La extension de la calcificación aórtica evaluada mediante ecocardiografia asociada a trastornos de la conducción como predictors de marcapasos dedinitivos en el postoperatorio de cambio valvular aórtico.

INTRODUCTION: Aortic valve replacement in patients with severe aortic stenosis may be complicated by complete atrioventricular block (CAVB), requiring a permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation. Predicting this complication could help to plan the surgical. OBJECTIVE: Determine whether electrocardiography and echocardiography are useful methods for predicting the need for PPM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, observational and transversal study was performed. An echocardiography based semi-quantitative classification was implemented to graduate the extent of calcification of the aortic valve. RESULTS: We included 95 patients; 10 of them required PPM implantation (10.52%). In the pre-surgical basal electrocardiogram we observed that 90% of patients that required PPM had conduction abnormalities as opposed to only 24.7% in the other group, p = 0.001. A 1st and 2nd degree AV block (AVB 1 and 2) was identified in 8 patients that subsequently needed PPM (80%) vs. 5 patients (5.9%), in the group that did not required it, p = 0.001.OR 41.7, IC 95% 6.5-68. We found a grade 3 calcification extent in 80% of patients who required PPM implant compared with only 17.6% of patients in the other group, p = 0.04, OR 4.8, IC 95% 0.76-29. The AVB 1 and 2 were the single predictor in multivariate analysis but the calcification 3 + AVB 1 and 2, increased sensibility. CONCLUISON: In patients with aortic stenosis in whom aortic valve replacement was performed, identifying AVB 1 and 2 on the basal electrocardiogram is a useful tool in order to identify requirement of PPM. The grade 3 of calcification extent increased the sensibility of this prediction.

Function and mechanics of the left ventricle: from tissue Doppler imaging to three dimensional speckle tracking.

One of the most common indications in echocardiography is the evaluation of left ventricular function. The traditional measurement of ejection fraction is based upon tracing the left ventricular borders and calculating left ventricular volumes using geometric assumptions. Now, with the introduction of three-dimensional echocardiography, the evaluation of left ventricular function is easier to carry out and with superior accuracy and reproducibility. However, regional myocardial function is more difficult to evaluate because it relies on visual assessment of endocardial motion and wall thickening. Currently, new techniques like tissue Doppler and speckle tracking imaging allow regional and global quantification of myocardial function through new parameters, like deformation/strain, rotation and twist. In this regard, speckletracking echocardiography (STE) has been introduced as a technique for angle-independent quantification of multidirectional myocardial strain and rotation. With the arrival of three-dimensional systems, the entire left ventricle can be evaluated with this technique, lacking the inherent weakness of two- dimensional and tissue Doppler methods. Three dimensional speckle tracking (3DST) has potential to be an ideal tool to assess not only global myocardial function but regional function through deformation, rotation, twist and untwisting parameters.

Function and mechanics of the left ventricle: from tissue Doppler imaging to three dimensional speckle tracking / Función y mecánica del ventrículo izquierdo: de la imagen con Doppler tisular al reconocimiento de patrones acústicos con imágenes tridimensionales

One of the most common indications in echocardiography is the evaluation of left ventricular function. The traditional measurement of ejection fraction is based upon tracing the left ventricular borders and calculating left ventricular volumes using geometric assumptions. Now, with the introduction of three-dimensional echocardiography, the evaluation of left ventricular function is easier to carry out and with superior accuracy and reproducibility. However, regional myocardial function is more difficult to evaluate because it relies on visual assessment of endocardial motion and wall thickening. Currently, new techniques like tissue Doppler and speckle tracking imaging allow regional and global quantification of myocardial function through new parameters, like deformation/strain, rotation and twist. In this regard, speckletracking echocardiography (STE) has been introduced as a technique for angle-independent quantification of multidirectional myocardial strain and rotation. With the arrival of three-dimensional systems, the entire left ventricle can be evaluated with this technique, lacking the inherent weakness of two-dimensional and tissue Doppler methods. Three dimensional speckle tracking (3DST) has potential to be an ideal tool to assess not only global myocardial function but regional function through deformation, rotation, twist and untwisting parameters.

La evaluación de la función ventricular es una indicación común en ecocardiografía. La medición de la fracción de expulsión como medida de función ventricular se basa en el trazado del endocardio ventricular y el cálculo de volúmenes ventriculares a través de suposiciones geométricas. Con el advenimiento de la tecnología tridimensional en ecocardiografía, la valoración de la función ventricular se puede realizar de manera más rápida, sencilla, precisa y reproducible. Sin embargo, la estimación de la función regional es una tarea difícil de realizar ya que ésta se basa en la apreciación visual del engrasamiento y movimiento del endocardio ventricular. Actualmente nuevas técnicas como el Doppler tisular y el reconocimiento de patrones acústicos (speckle tracking) han permitido cuantificar la función ventricular regional y global a través del uso de parámetros de deformación, rotación y torsión. El reconocimiento de patrones por ecocardiografía es una técnica que no depende del ángulo de insonación del haz de ultrasonido y que permite la cuantificación multidireccional de la deformación y la rotación del miocardio. Hoy en día, la aplicación de esta técnica a los sistemas de ecocardiografía tridimensional ha permitido una mejor estimación de la función ventricular sin los inconvenientes de la ecocardiografía Doppler y bidimensional. El seguimiento de patrones por ecocardiografía tridimensional tiene el potencial de ser una herramienta ideal para la cuantificación de la función ventricular global y regional a través de parámetros de deformación, rotación y torsión.