Emerging presence of Actinomyces in perianal and pilonidal infection.

Actinomyces is a rare aetiology of infections affecting the perianal region and natal cleft. Recognition of this microorganism is essential to deliver targeted antimicrobial therapy following surgical intervention. We present a series of 15 pilonidal and perianal infections associated with this microorganism. Actinomyces turicensis was the only strain of Actinomyces isolated. A total of 14 out of 15 cases had concomitant microorganisms isolated from microbiology specimens. Mixed anaerobes (n = 14) were the most common concomitant pathogens followed by Streptococcus milleri (n = 3), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1), Citrobacter (n = 1) and Coliform bacteria (n = 1). All patients, except one who was pregnant at time of diagnosis, underwent surgical drainage with or without further oral antibiotic therapy. Coloproctologists need to consider Actinomyces as a clinically significant pathogen in the context of perianal and pilonidal infections.

Surgical Staplers: The History of Conception and Adoption.

The paper explores not well-known aspects of the development of surgical staplers. It is based on the review of the selected literature. It covers the novel idea of using metal staples that was successfully executed in 1908 by the Hungarian surgeon Hültl, and acknowledges contribution of Soviet specialists to the development of the mechanical suturing devices for many thoracic, abdominal, and vascular procedures. The paper also reflects on an almost detective story of how Ravitch, an American surgeon visiting the USSR in 1957, managed to bring to the United States a Russian stapler, which became a prototype for modern devices.

Preoperative Computerized Tomographic Assessment of Regional Lymph Node and Extramural Vascular Invasion in Colonic Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: There have been recent attempts to transfer well-established principles of rectal cancer management to colonic cancer, thereby offering neoadjuvant chemotherapy to high-risk patients at least in the trial settings. Traditionally, postoperative chemotherapy is offered to patients with colonic tumors that metastasize into regional lymph nodes and have features of extramural vascular invasion (EMVI). If the same criteria are used for the selection of patients with colonic cancer for neoadjuvant chemotherapy, then their accurate preoperative detection becomes of paramount importance. The aim of the study was to establish the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the computerized tomographic (CT) assessment of lymph node involvement and EMVI in colonic cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 53 consecutive adult patients (35 males and 18 females; median age, 72 years) who had complete preoperative CT staging of colonic cancer followed by its surgical resection during a 12-month period from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2012. Patients with rectal and colonic tumors presenting as an emergency who did not have complete preoperative CT imaging were excluded. Preoperative CT findings on regional lymph node status and EMVI were compared with the final histopathological staging of resected specimens calculating sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the test. RESULTS: In predicting regional lymph node metastases, CT scan had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 24%. PPV was calculated as 63% and NPV as 50%. In predicting EMVI, it had a sensitivity of 69% and a specificity of 49%. PPV was 37% and NPV was 78%. CONCLUSION: Preoperative CT scan does not allow an accurate detection of regional lymph node metastases and EMVI and has a tendency to overstage colonic cancer.

Good surgeon: A search for meaning.

The art and philosophy of surgery are not as often discussed as scientific discoveries and technological advances in the modern era of surgery. Although these are difficult to teach and pass on to the next generations of surgeons they are no less important for training good surgeons and maintaining their high standards. The authors of this review and opinion article tried to define what being a good surgeon really means and to look into the subject by analysing the essential conditions for being a good surgeon and the qualities that such a specialist should possess. In addition to a strong theoretic knowledge and practical skills and among the several described professional and personal characteristics, a good surgeon is expected to have common sense. It enables a surgeon to make a sound practical judgment independent of specialized medical knowledge and training. The possible ways of developing and/or enhancing common sense during surgical training and subsequent practice require separate analysis.

What operation for recurrent rectal prolapse after previous Delorme's procedure? A practical reality.

AIM: To report our experience with perineal repair (Delorme's procedure) of rectal prolapse with particular focus on treatment of the recurrence. METHODS: Clinical records of 40 patients who underwent Delorme's procedure between 2003 and 2014 were reviewed to obtain the following data: Gender; duration of symptoms, length of prolapse, operation time, ASA grade, length of post-operative stay, procedure-related complications, development and treatment of recurrent prolapse. Analysis of post-operative complications, rate and time of recurrence and factors influencing the choice of the procedure for recurrent disease was conducted. Continuous variables were expressed as the median with interquartile range (IQR). Statistical analysis was carried out using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Median age at the time of surgery was 76 years (IQR: 71-81.5) and there were 38 females and 2 males. The median duration of symptoms was 6 mo (IQR: 3.5-12) and majority of patients presented electively whereas four patients presented in the emergency department with irreducible rectal prolapse. The median length of prolapse was 5 cm (IQR: 5-7), median operative time was 100 min (IQR: 85-120) and median post-operative stay was 4 d (IQR: 3-6). Approximately 16% of the patients suffered minor complications such as - urinary retention, delayed defaecation and infected haematoma. One patient died constituting post-operative mortality of 2.5%. Median follow-up was 6.5 mo (IQR: 2.15-16). Overall recurrence rate was 28% (n = 12). Recurrence rate for patients undergoing an urgent Delorme's procedure who presented as an emergency was higher (75.0%) compared to those treated electively (20.5%), P value 0.034. Median time interval from surgery to the development of recurrence was 16 mo (IQR: 5-30). There were three patients who developed an early recurrence, within two weeks of the initial procedure. The management of the recurrent prolapse was as follows: No further intervention (n = 1), repeat Delorme's procedure (n = 3), Altemeier's procedure (n = 5) and rectopexy with faecal diversion (n = 3). One patient was lost during follow up. CONCLUSION: Delorme's procedure is a suitable treatment for rectal prolapse due to low morbidity and mortality and acceptable rate of recurrence. The management of the recurrent rectal prolapse is often restricted to the pelvic approach by the same patient-related factors that influenced the choice of the initial operation, i.e., Delorme's procedure. Early recurrence developing within days or weeks often represents a technical failure and may require abdominal rectopexy with faecal diversion.

Thoracoscopic collagen pleurodesis in the treatment of malignant pleural effusions.

OBJECTIVE: Pleurodesis is of a potential benefit in pleural carcinomatosis and symptomatic malignant effusions, but the best way of achieving this is still uncertain. The aim of this prospective study was to analyse the results of pleurodesis after intra-pleural thoracoscopic administration of collagen powder. METHODS: 45 patients (19 men and 26 women; median age of 64 years, range from 36 to 73 years) with malignant pleural effusions underwent thoracoscopic collagen pleurodesis. The procedure involved thoracoscopic drainage of pleural effusion and intra-pleural insufflation of 1 g of bovine dermal collagen powder under general anaesthesia. Assessment of the immediate side effects and pH estimation of drained pleural fluid took place whilst inpatient. The patients were subsequently followed up for 1 year at 3-monthly intervals including outpatient clinical review and chest radiography. Prognostic value of pleural fluid pH in relation to the outcome of pleurodesis and patients' survival was statistically analysed. RESULTS: The procedure was well tolerated and there were no serious complications or deaths. Thoracoscopic collagen pleurodesis resulted in immediate resolution of malignant pleural effusion and all patients remained free of re-accumulated fluid for at least 1 month. Only 5 (11%) patients later developed recurrent effusion and required its repeat drainage at some point during the follow-up period. In the vast majority (89%) patients, thoracoscopic collagen pleurodesis proved successful in complete and permanent resolution of pleural fluid collection. Acid medium (pH < 7.3) of plural fluid was associated with poor survival (P < 0.05), but did not influence the clinical and radiological outcome of collagen pleurodesis (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Thoracoscopic collagen pleurodesis is a simple and effective method of treatment of malignant pleural effusions.