Trends in heart failure between 2016 and 2022 in Türkiye (TRends-HF): a nationwide retrospective cohort study of 85 million individuals across entire population of all ages.

Background: Data on the burden of heart failure (HF) outside western countries are limited, but available data suggest it may present differently in other countries. The aim of this study was to examine the incidence, prevalence, and survival rates of HF in Türkiye, with a specific focus on how these rates vary according to age, sex, comorbidities, and socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: We harnessed the extensive National Electronic Database of the Turkish Ministry of Health, covering Turkey's entire population from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2022, to identify 2,722,151 cases of HF and their associated comorbidities using ICD-10 codes. Analyzing the primary endpoint of all-cause mortality, our study utilized anonymized data to examine patient demographics, comorbidities, socioeconomic status, and survival patterns, employing statistical techniques to delve into relationships and trends. The data were segmented by gender, socioeconomic status, and age, involving cross-tabulations and statistical metrics to explore connections, odds ratios, and survival rates. Findings: The estimated prevalence of HF was 2.114% in Türkiye at the end of 2022, with an annual incidence ranging between 3.00 and 6.06 per 1000 person years. Females were older than males (69.8 ± 13.9 years vs. 66.8 ± 13.9 years, respectively). The most common comorbidities were congenital heart diseases and anemia under the age of 20, and hypertension and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the adult population. Only 23.6% (643,159/2,722,151) of patients were treated with any triple guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) and 3.6% (96,751/2,722,151) of patients were on quadruple GDMT. The survival rates for patients with HF at 1, 5, and 7 years were 83.3% (95% CI: 83.2-83.3), 61.5% (95% CI: 61.4-61.6), and 57.7% (95% CI: 57.6-57.8) among females, and 82.1% (95% CI: 82.0-82.2), 58.2% (95% CI: 58.1-58.3), and 54.2% (95% CI: 54.0-54.3) among males. Despite a tendency for an increase from the highest to the lowest SES, the prevalence of HF and mortality were paradoxically lowest in the lowest SES region. Interpretation: The prevalence, incidence, and survival rates of HF in Türkiye were comparable to western countries, despite the notable difference of HF onset occurring 8-10 years earlier in the Turkish population. Drug usage statistics indicate there is a need for effective strategies to improve treatment with GDMT. Funding: None.

The effect of urgent blood pressure reduction on left atrial strain in patients with hypertensive attack : Blood pressure lowering affects LA strain.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial (LA) strain is a robust measure of LA function and is a useful parameter to assess left ventricular filling pressure. While initially considered as a "load-independent" parameter of LA function, later studies have found that acute changes in LA preload may affect LA reservoir and contractile strains. Acute alterations in blood pressure (BP) induces a change in left ventricular (LV) filling pressure without imposing a volume load, thus providing an opportunity to assess the effects of the change in LA afterload on LA mechanics. This study aims to understand the effect of acute BP changes on LA strain. METHODS: A total of 40 patients admitted to the emergency department with hypertensive urgency were included. All patients underwent a comprehensive echocardiographic examination including measurement of LA reservoir, conduit and contractile strains. A repeat set of measurements were obtained after BP lowering. RESULTS: Average drop in mean BP following intervention was 18.1 ± 5.4%. LV end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, as well as maximum and minimum LA volumes were decreased significantly after BP reduction. The absolute increases in reservoir and contractile strains were 2.3 ± 4.7% (7.9% ± 13.8% relative to baseline) and 2.5 ± 3.3% (13.5 ± 19.0% relative to baseline), respectively, with both changes being statistically significant (p = 0.003 for reservoir and p < 0.001 for contractile strains). There were no significant changes in conduit strain after BP intervention (p = 0.79). The change in both LA reservoir and contractile strains were more evident in those with a previous diagnosis of hypertension and those with a smaller degree of change in mean BP after intervention. CONCLUSION: In patients with an acute hypertension, lowering BP leads to an acute improvement in LA reservoir and contractile strains. Thus, acute changes in systemic BP should be considered when LA mechanics are evaluated.

Which is the best for the warfarin monitoring: Following up by fixed or variable physician?

Objective: Warfarin therapy has some difficulties in terms of close monitoring and dosage. This study aims to evaluate the effect of same-fixed versus different-variable physician-based monitoring of warfarin therapy on treatment quality and clinical end-points. Methods: A total of 625 consecutive patients requiring warfarin treatment were enrolled at seven centers. INR values of the patients measured at each visit and registered to hospital database were recorded. Time in therapeutic range (TTR) was calculated using linear interpolation method (Rosendaal's method). A TTR value of ≥65% was considered as effective warfarin treatment. If a patient was evaluated by the same-fixed physician at each INR visit, was categorized into the same-physician (SP) group. In contrast, if a patient was evaluated by different-variable physicians at each INR visit, was categorized into variable physician (VP) group. Enrolled patients were followed up for bleeding and embolic events. Results: One hundred and fifty-six patients (24.9%) were followed by SP group, 469 (75.1%) patients were followed by VP group. Median TTR value of the VP group was lower than that of SP group (56.2% vs. 65.1%, respectively, p=0.009). During median 25.5 months (9-36) of follow-up, minor bleeding, major bleeding and cerebral embolic event rates were higher in VP group compared to SP group (p<0.001, p=0.023, p<0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, INR monitoring by VP group was found to be an independent predictor of increased risk of bleeding events (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.64-3.96, p<0.001) and embolism (OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.66-7.04, p=0.001). Conclusion: INR monitoring by same physician was associated with better TTR and lower rates of adverse events during follow-up. Hence, it is worth encouraging an SP-based outpatient follow-up system at least for where warfarin therapy is the only choice.

Frontal QRS-T angle may predict reverse dipping pattern in masked hypertensives.

AIMS: The frontal QRS-T (fQRST) angle is associated with worse cardiovascular outcome. The study aimed to assess the effect of reverse dipping pattern on f(QRST) angle in newly diagnosed masked hypertensive (MH) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Newly diagnosed 244 consecutive MH patients were included. According to dipping pattern, patients were grouped into three: dipper (n = 114), non-dipper (n = 106), and reverse dipper (n = 24) patterns. The f(QRST) angle, QT and corrected QT interval, and QT dispersion were measured from the 12-lead surface electrocardiogram and compared between groups. RESULTS: Of all, 51.2% (n = 125) were male. No gender difference was observed. Reverse dipper MH group had a significantly higher f(QRST) angle than the non-dipper and dipper MH groups (77.9 ± 8.6 vs. 32.4 ± 18.8 and 26.0 ± 18.5, respectively, p < .001). The cutoff value for f(QRST) angle of 51 predicts reverse dipping pattern (AUC: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.77-0.90; p < .001), with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 78%. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that f(QRST) angle is gradually increased starting from the dipper, non-dipper to reverse dipper masked hypertensives. The f(QRST) angle appears as an easy marker for the detection and risk stratification of hypertensive patients.

Heart rate variability and cardiac autonomic functions in post-COVID period.

BACKGROUND: The heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive, objective and validated method for the assessment of autonomic nervous system. Although acute manifestations of COVID-19 were widely researched, long-term sequela of COVID-19 are still unknown. This study aimed to analyze autonomic function using HRV indices in the post-COVID period that may have a potential to enlighten symptoms of COVID long-haulers. METHODS: The 24-h ambulatory electrocardiography (ECG) recordings obtained >12 weeks after the diagnosis of COVID-19 were compared with age-gender-matched healthy controls. Patients who used drugs or had comorbidities that affect HRV and who were hospitalized with severe COVID-19 were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Time domain indices of HRV analysis (standard deviation of normal RR intervals in 24 h (SDNN 24 h) and root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD)) were significantly higher in post-COVID patients (p < 0.05 for all). Among frequency domain indices, high frequency and low frequency/high frequency ratio was significantly higher in post-COVID patients (p = 0.037 and p = 0.010, respectively). SDNN >60 ms [36 (60.0%) vs. 12 (36.4%), p = 0.028)] and RMSSD >40 ms [31 (51.7%) vs. 7 (21.2%), p = 0.003)] were more prevalent in post-COVID patients. Logistic regression models were created to evaluate parasympathetic overtone in terms of SDNN >60 ms and RMSSD >40 ms. After covariate adjustment, post-COVID patients were more likely to have SDNN >60 msn (OR: 2.4, 95% CI:1.2-12.8) and RMSSD >40 ms (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.4-9.2). CONCLUSION: This study revealed parasympathetic overtone and increased HRV in patients with history of COVID-19. This may explain the unresolved orthostatic symptoms occurring in post-COVID period which may be associated with autonomic imbalance.

Predictive value of the age, creatinine and ejection fraction score in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention with bail-out tirofiban therapy.

INTRODUCTION: In patients who have undergone interventional cardiac procedures, the risk of bleeding is higher than in patients who received conservative treatment due to multiple medications and comorbidities. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the age, creatinine and ejection fraction (ACEF) score for predicting bleeding events and to compare short- and long-term clinical outcomes according to the ACEF score in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) with bail-out tirofiban therapy (BOTT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 2,543 patients were included and divided into three groups according to the following ACEF score tertiles: T1 (ACEFlow ≤ 1.033), T2 (1.033 < ACEFmid ≤ 1.371), and T3 (ACEFhigh > 1.371). The main outcomes measured were the incidence rates of relevant bleeding events and mortality within 30 days and 3 years after the procedure. RESULTS: A total of 73 (2.9%) patients had Bleeding Academic Research Consortium bleeding events of grades 3, 4 or 5 and 104 (4%) patients died in a 30-day period. The ACEF score was effective at predicting 30-day bleeding (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC): 0.658, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.579-0.737; p < 0.001), 30-day mortality (AUC = 0.701, 95% CI: 0.649-0.753; p < 0.001) and 3-year mortality (AUC = 0.778, 95% CI: 0.748-0.807; p < 0.001) events. Considering the ACEF score tertiles, T3 patients presented greater 30-day bleeding (1.6%, 2.8% and 4.1%; odds ratio (OR) = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.37-4.80), 30-day mortality (1.7%, 3.5% and 7.1%; OR = 4.53, 95% CI: 2.51-8.18) and 3-year mortality (6.4%, 11% and 19.8%; hazard ratio = 3.56, 95% CI: 2.58-4.91) risks. CONCLUSIONS: The ACEF score is a user-friendly tool with excellent predictive value for bleeding events and mortality in patients undergoing pPCI with BOTT.

Differences in clinical and echocardiographic variables and mortality predictors among older patients with pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: An increase in short-term mortality can be found among older patients with hemodynamically stable acute pulmonary embolism (APE) who have signs of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. AIMS: This study was designed to assess whether any difference exists among clinical, laboratory, electrocardiography and echocardiography parameters between older and younger patients diagnosed with APE. METHODS: The study sample included a total of 635 patients with confirmed APE who were divided into two groups of older (65 years and older) and younger (younger than 65 years) individuals. Comparisons were performed between these groups in terms of clinical, predisposing factors and laboratory, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters. RESULTS: Analyses of 295 (46.4%) older and 340 (53.6%) younger patients diagnosed with APE were performed. Female sex, Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index score and baseline creatinine levels were higher in the older group. Also, the frequency of atrial fibrillation, RV outflow tract parasternal long-axis proximal diameter, RV end-diastolic diameter (RV-EDD) basal (apical four-chamber) and RV systolic pressure were significantly greater in older patients with APE. A total of 30 (4.7%) deaths were observed during the in-hospital period [21 (7.1%) older vs 9 (2.6%) younger patients; p < 0.01]. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, white blood cell count (WBC), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), RV-EDD basal and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) of less than 16 mm were found to be independently associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Older patients might experience greater rates of RV dilatation, RV dysfunction and atrial fibrillation during APE. In addition to age; elevated WBC, low LVEF, increased RV-EDD basal and TAPSE of less than 16 mm were independent predictors of mortality among study population.

Comparison of quantitative and qualitative coronary angiography: computer versus the eye.

OBJECTIVE: Since visual estimation of the extent of vessel stenosis may vary between operators, we aimed in this study to investigate both inter-observer variability and consistency between the estimation of an operator and quantitative coronary analysis (QCA) measurements. METHODS: A total of 147 elective percutaneous coronary intervention patients with 155 lesions between them were consecutively enrolled in the study. These patients were evaluated for visual estimation of lesion severity by three operators. The lesions were also evaluated with QCA by an operator who was blinded to the visual assessments. Reference diameter, minimal lumen diameter, percentage diameter of stenosis, percentage area of stenosis and diameter of lesion length from the proximal lesion-free segment to the distal lesion-free segment were calculated using a computerised QCA software program. RESULTS: There was a moderate degree of concordance in the categories 70-89% (κ: 0.406) and 90-99% (κ: 0.5813), whereas in the categories < 50% and 50-69% there was a low degree of concordance between the visual operators (κ: 0.323 and κ: 0.261, respectively). There was a low to moderate grade of concordance between visual estimation and percentage area of stenosis by QCA (κ: 0.30) but there was no concordance between visual estimation and percentage diameter of stenosis by QCA (κ: -0.061). Also, there was a statistically significant difference between QCA parameters of percentage diameter of stenosis and percentage area of stenosis (58.4 ± 14.5 vs 80.6 ± 11.2 %, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Visual estimation may overestimate a coronary lesion and may lead to unnecessary coronary intervention. There was low concordance in the categories < 50% and 50-69% between the visual operators. Percentage area of stenosis by QCA had a low to moderate grade of concordance with visual estimation. Percentage area of stenosis by QCA more closely reflected the visual estimation of lesion severity than percentage diameter of stenosis.

An unusual "mass" within the left atrium: Localized aneurysm of a patent foramen ovale tunnel.

Masses on the interatrial septum are usually caused by myxomas or thrombi within a patent foramen ovale. We report a 53-year-old male patient with a hollow mass within the left atrium that was incidentally found during a routine transthoracic echocardiography. Further investigation of the mass with transesophageal two- and three-dimensional echocardiography has revealed that the mass was a localized aneurysm of a patent foramen ovale tunnel. While aneurysms of interatrial septum are relatively common in normal population, to the best of our knowledge, present case is the first report of a localized aneursym of a patent foramen ovale tunnel.

Drug Adherence in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Taking Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in Turkey: NOAC-TR.

Adherence to non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) is an important factor for ensuring efficacy and safety in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). There are controversial results regarding NOAC adherence in real-world data and there are no data about NOAC adherence in Turkish population. This study investigated the NOAC adherence based on self-report, factors affecting nonadherence, and the relation of the adherence level with efficacy and safety outcomes. This multicenter cross-sectional study included 2738 patients (59% female) using NOAC (dabigatran, apixaban, and rivaroxaban) due to NVAF for more than 3 months with >30 days of supply between September 1, 2015, and February 28, 2016. To measure the adherence level, an 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale was used. The mean age of the patients was 70 ± 10 years. Of the 2738 patients, 44% were receiving dabigatran, 38% rivaroxaban, and 18% apixaban. A total of 630 (23%) patients had high medication adherence, 712 (26%) moderate adherence, and 1396 (51%) low adherence. Nonadherence had related to stroke (5.6% vs 2.5%, P < .001) and minor (21.2% vs 11.1%, P < .001) and major (6.1% vs 3.7%, P = .004) bleeding rates. The adherence to NOAC was found to be quite low in Turkey. Nonadherence is associated with bleeding and thromboembolic cardiovascular events. Age, taking NOAC twice a day, and the additional noncardiac diseases, depression, and dementia were the independent factors affecting poor medication adherence.

Early changes in atrial conduction times in hypertensive patients with elevated pulse pressure.

OBJECTIVE: Pulse pressure (PP) is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and is an independent predictor of atrial fibrillation (AF). In this study we investigated the relationship between PP and atrial conduction times. METHODS: The study included 157 patients with essential hypertension. PP of 60 mmHg or more was regarded as elevated (n=56). Atrial electromechanical delay (EMD) was assessed with tissue Doppler echocardiography and P-wave dispersion (Pd) was calculated from the electrocardiogram. RESULTS: Left atrial volume index (23.6±4.9 ml/m2 vs. 25.2±6.5 ml/m2, p=0.141), left ventricular mass index (77.3±13.5 g/m2 vs. 80.9±19.6 g/m2, p=0.180) and grade I diastolic dysfunction (42% vs. 53%, p=0.242) were similar between groups. Inter-atrial (33.6±9.2 ms vs. 41.5±11.3 ms, p<0.001), intra-left atrial (23.0±8.8 ms vs. 28.2±10.6 ms, p=0.001) and intra-right atrial (10.5±5.8 ms vs. 13.2±4.9 ms, p=0.004) EMD were found to be higher in patients with elevated PP. P-maximum (108±8 ms vs. 114±9 ms, p<0.001) and Pd (30±13 ms vs. 38±13 ms, p<0.001) were also prolonged in patients with elevated PP. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that PP was independently associated with inter-atrial EMD (ß=0.379, t=4.088, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed that elevated PP is associated with prolonged atrial EMD and Pd. Atrial conduction is disturbed in hypertensive patients with elevated PP before the development of significant structural remodeling.

One-year results of primary stenting for TASC II D lesions of the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the safety and the efficacy of primary stenting to treat Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus II (TASC) D femoropopliteal lesions. Background Advances in wire, balloon and stent design have been reported to improve the durability of stenting of longer femoropopliteal lesions. Methods A total of 57 limbs of 53 patients with Rutherford stage 3 to 6 due to TASC D femoropopliteal lesions were treated with a self-expanding nitinol stent in a prospective, single-centre, observational study. End points of interest included primary and secondary patency, target lesion revascularization, in-stent restenosis, major adverse cardiovascular events, Rutherford class improvement and change in walking capacity at 1 year. Results A total of 53 patients (57 lesions) were treated with a self-expanding nitinol stent and final procedural success was 91.2%. The median length of the treated segment was 330 ± 96 mm. The median stented segment was 366 ± 71 mm and the mean number of the stents was 2.1 ± 0.9. At 1 year, primary and secondary patency rates were 63.9% and 82.1%, respectively. Major adverse cardiovascular events occurred in 11 patients (22.9%), and[[strike_start]] [[strike_end]]significant benefits were observed in Rutherford class and walking distance (both P < 0.001). Conclusions Primary implantation of self-expanding nitinol stents for the treatment of TASC D femoropopliteal lesions appears to be safe and effective, especially in patients who have multiple co-morbidities and a high risk for surgical bypass. The risk of restenosis was higher when long stenting was extended to the popliteal artery.

Which Coronary Lesions Are More Prone to Cause Acute Myocardial Infarction? / Quais Lesões Coronarianas São Mais Propensas a Causar Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio?

Abstract Background: According to common belief, most myocardial infarctions (MIs) are due to the rupture of nonsevere, vulnerable plaques with < 70% obstruction. Data from recent trials challenge this belief, suggesting that the risk of coronary occlusion is, in fact, much higher after severe stenosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not acute ST-elevation MIs result from high-grade stenoses by evaluating the presence of coronary collateral circulation (CCC). Methods: We retrospectively included 207 consecutive patients who had undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-elevation MI. Collateral blood flow distal to the culprit lesion was assessed by two investigators using the Rentrop scoring system. Results: Out of the 207 patients included in the study, 153 (73.9%) had coronary collateral vessels (Rentrop 1-3). The Rentrop scores were 0, 1, 2, and 3 in 54 (26.1%), 50 (24.2%), 51 (24.6%), and 52 (25.1%) patients, respectively. Triglycerides, mean platelet volume (MPV), white cell (WBC) count, and neutrophil count were significantly lower in the group with good collateral vessels (p = 0.013, p = 0.002, p = 0.003, and p = 0.021, respectively). Conclusion: More than 70% of the patients with acute MI had CCC with Rentrop scores of 1-3 during primary coronary angiography. This shows that most cases of acute MI in our study originated from underlying high-grade stenoses, challenging the common believe. Higher serum triglycerides levels, greater MPV, and increased WBC and neutrophil counts were independently associated with impaired development of collateral vessels.

Resumo Fundamento: Há uma crença geral de que a maioria dos infartos agudos do miocárdio (IAM) ocorrem devido à ruptura de placas vulneráveis, não graves, com obstrução < 70%. Dados de ensaios recentes desafiam esta crença, sugerindo que o risco de oclusão coronariana é, na realidade, muito maior após estenose grave. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a presença ou não de IAM com supradesnível do segmento ST resulta de estenoses de alto grau através da avaliação da presença de circulação colateral coronariana (CCC). Métodos: Nós incluímos retrospectivamente 207 pacientes consecutivos submetidos à intervenção coronariana percutânea primária devido à ocorrência de IAM com supradesnível do segmento ST. O fluxo sanguíneo colateral distal à lesão culpada foi avaliado por dois investigadores com utilização do sistema de escores de Rentrop. Resultados: Dos 207 pacientes incluídos no estudo, 153 (73,9%) apresentavam vasos coronarianos colaterais (Rentrop 1-3). Os escores Rentrop foram de 0, 1, 2 e 3 em 54 (26,1%), 50 (24,2%), 51 (24,6%) e 52 (25,1%) pacientes, respectivamente. Triglicérides, volume plaquetário médio (VPM), contagem de células brancas (CCB) e contagem de neutrófilos estiveram significativamente mais baixos no grupo com bons vasos colaterais (p = 0,013, p = 0,002, p = 0,003 e p = 0,021, respectivamente). Conclusão: Mais de 70% dos pacientes com IAM apresentaram CCC com escores de Rentrop de 1-3 durante angiografia coronariana primária. Isto demonstra que a maioria dos casos de IAM em nosso estudo originou a partir de estenoses subjacentes de alto grau, contrariamente à sabedoria comum. Níveis séricos mais elevados de triglicérides, maior VPM e elevação na CCB e na contagem de neutrófilos estiveram independentemente associados com comprometimento no desenvolvimento de vasos colaterais.

Which Coronary Lesions Are More Prone to Cause Acute Myocardial Infarction?

BACKGROUND:: According to common belief, most myocardial infarctions (MIs) are due to the rupture of nonsevere, vulnerable plaques with < 70% obstruction. Data from recent trials challenge this belief, suggesting that the risk of coronary occlusion is, in fact, much higher after severe stenosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not acute ST-elevation MIs result from high-grade stenoses by evaluating the presence of coronary collateral circulation (CCC). METHODS:: We retrospectively included 207 consecutive patients who had undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-elevation MI. Collateral blood flow distal to the culprit lesion was assessed by two investigators using the Rentrop scoring system. RESULTS:: Out of the 207 patients included in the study, 153 (73.9%) had coronary collateral vessels (Rentrop 1-3). The Rentrop scores were 0, 1, 2, and 3 in 54 (26.1%), 50 (24.2%), 51 (24.6%), and 52 (25.1%) patients, respectively. Triglycerides, mean platelet volume (MPV), white cell (WBC) count, and neutrophil count were significantly lower in the group with good collateral vessels (p = 0.013, p = 0.002, p = 0.003, and p = 0.021, respectively). CONCLUSION:: More than 70% of the patients with acute MI had CCC with Rentrop scores of 1-3 during primary coronary angiography. This shows that most cases of acute MI in our study originated from underlying high-grade stenoses, challenging the common believe. Higher serum triglycerides levels, greater MPV, and increased WBC and neutrophil counts were independently associated with impaired development of collateral vessels. FUNDAMENTO:: Há uma crença geral de que a maioria dos infartos agudos do miocárdio (IAM) ocorrem devido à ruptura de placas vulneráveis, não graves, com obstrução < 70%. Dados de ensaios recentes desafiam esta crença, sugerindo que o risco de oclusão coronariana é, na realidade, muito maior após estenose grave. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a presença ou não de IAM com supradesnível do segmento ST resulta de estenoses de alto grau através da avaliação da presença de circulação colateral coronariana (CCC). MÉTODOS:: Nós incluímos retrospectivamente 207 pacientes consecutivos submetidos à intervenção coronariana percutânea primária devido à ocorrência de IAM com supradesnível do segmento ST. O fluxo sanguíneo colateral distal à lesão culpada foi avaliado por dois investigadores com utilização do sistema de escores de Rentrop. RESULTADOS:: Dos 207 pacientes incluídos no estudo, 153 (73,9%) apresentavam vasos coronarianos colaterais (Rentrop 1-3). Os escores Rentrop foram de 0, 1, 2 e 3 em 54 (26,1%), 50 (24,2%), 51 (24,6%) e 52 (25,1%) pacientes, respectivamente. Triglicérides, volume plaquetário médio (VPM), contagem de células brancas (CCB) e contagem de neutrófilos estiveram significativamente mais baixos no grupo com bons vasos colaterais (p = 0,013, p = 0,002, p = 0,003 e p = 0,021, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO:: Mais de 70% dos pacientes com IAM apresentaram CCC com escores de Rentrop de 1-3 durante angiografia coronariana primária. Isto demonstra que a maioria dos casos de IAM em nosso estudo originou a partir de estenoses subjacentes de alto grau, contrariamente à sabedoria comum. Níveis séricos mais elevados de triglicérides, maior VPM e elevação na CCB e na contagem de neutrófilos estiveram independentemente associados com comprometimento no desenvolvimento de vasos colaterais.

Right Ventricular Dysfunction Complicates Time in Therapeutic Range in Heart Failure Patients Receiving Warfarin.

AIM: We aimed to evaluate the effect of echocardiographically demonstrated right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) on time in therapeutic range (TTR) in heart failure (HF) patients receiving warfarin therapy. METHODS: A total of 893 consecutive HF patients were included and classified into 4 different subgroups: HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) without RVD (n = 373), HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) without RVD (n = 215), HFpEF with RVD (n = 106) and HFrEF with RVD (n = 199). Groups were compared according to baseline, demographic and clinical data and the characteristics of warfarin therapy. RESULTS: Presence of RVD yielded lower median TTR values both in HFpEF and HFrEF patients. RVD, current smoking, New York Heart Association functional class III/IV, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, pulmonary disease, prior transient ischemic attack or stroke, chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 4/5 and CKD stage 3 were found to be independent predictors of poor anticoagulation control in multivariate logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that presence of RVD in HF increases the risk for poor anticoagulation.

Atrial Electromechanical Coupling in Patients with Lichen Planus.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A chronic inflammatory disease, lichen planus may cause disturbance of atrial electromechanical coupling and increase the risk of atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study was to evaluate atrial electromechanical delay with both electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography in patients with lichen planus (LP). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Seventy-two LP patients (43 males [59.7%], mean age: 44.0±16.7 years) were enrolled in this cross-sectional case-control study. The control group was selected in a 1:1 ratio from 70 patients in an age and sex matched manner. P wave dispersion was measured by ECG to show atrial electromechanical delay. All of the patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography for measuring inter- and intra-atrial electromechanical delays. RESULTS: The baseline characteristics of the patients and the control group were similar except for the presence of LP. P-wave dispersion measured by ECG was significantly higher in patients with LP (p<0.001). Patients with LP had significantly prolonged intra- and interatrial electromechanical delays when compared to the control group (p<0.001). In addition, all of these variables were significantly correlated with high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels. CONCLUSION: Atrial electromechanical coupling, which is significantly correlated with increased hsCRP levels, is impaired in patients with LP.

The practical value of technetium-99m-MIBI SPET to differentiate between ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure presenting with exertional dyspnea.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to differentiate ischemic heart failure (HF) from non-ischemic HF in patients presenting with non-acute onset exertional dyspnea using technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile gated single photon emission tomography ((99m)Tc-MIBI gSPET) imaging. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy nine consecutive patients with exertional dyspnea without concomitant chest pain referred to (99m)Tc-MIBI gSPET imaging were included in this study. All patients had a newly diagnosed HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Imaging findings were compared between ischemic HF and non-ischemic HF groups. RESULTS: Of the 179 patients, 127 had ischemic HF and 52 had non-ischemic HF. There was no difference between ischemic and non-ischemic groups in terms of age, gender, body mass index, any smoking history, diabetes mellitus, history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Global dysfunction of left ventricle was more common in non-ischemic HF group than ischemic HF group (82.7% vs 41.7% respectively, P<0.001). Presence of severe (3+/4+) ischemia and large perfusion defect were higher in ischemic HF group compared to non-ischemic HF group (45.7% vs 15.4%, P<0.001 and 23.6% vs 3.8%, P=0.003, respectively). Summed stress score (SSS), summed rest score and summed difference score were higher in ischemic HF group compared to non-ischemic HF group (P<0.001, P<0.001, and P=0.021, respectively). In multivariate analysis, absence of global dysfunction (P<0.001, OR=10.338, 95%CI: 3.937-27.405) and SSS (P<0.001, OR=1.208, 95%CI: 1.090-1.339) were the independent predictors of ischemic HF. Absence of global dysfunction had 58.3% sensitivity and 86.7% specificity for diagnosis of ischemic HF at gSPET imaging in patients presenting with newly diagnosed HF and exertional dyspnea without concomitant chest pain (AUC=0.705, 95%CI: 0.632-0.771, P<0.001), whereas SSS>8 had 65.4% sensitivity and 75.0% specificity (AUC=0.732, 95%CI: 0.661-0.795, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Absence of global dysfunction and SSS on SPET imaging were the independent predictors of ischemic etiology of HF presenting with dyspnea without concomitant chest pain. These findings had a low sensitivity, but acceptable specificity.

The effects of air pollution and weather conditions on the incidence of acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective study, we investigated the association between air pollution and weather conditions with the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the city of Kutahya. METHODS: A total of 402 patients who were admitted with acute ST segment elevation MI and non-ST segment elevation MI were included in the study in 1 year. Daily maximum, minimum, and mean ambient temperature and mean barometric pressure data were obtained from the Kutahya Meteorology Department. Daily air pollution data were obtained from the Web site of National Air Quality Observation Network (http://www.havaizleme.gov.tr). RESULTS: Increase in ambient air temperature in the day of MI and 2 days before the day of MI according to their control days was correlated with increase in number of MI cases. When we grouped the patients according to ages as 30-54, 55-65, and >65 years, we found that there was a relation between sulfur dioxide (SO2) and the occurrence of AMI for the age group of 30-54 for the same day (D0) (P<.017). The number of AMIs was the lowest in fall season, whereas the number of AMIs was the highest in winter season. CONCLUSION: There was no statistically significant association between the particulates with diameter b=10 µm, SO2 concentrations, air pressure, and the risk of AMI, but there was statistically significant relation between occurrence of MI and SO2 for the patients under age of 55 years. The number of AMIs was the lowest in fall season, whereas the number of AMIs was the highest in winter season.

Atrial Electromechanical Properties in Coeliac Disease.

BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune and inflammatory disorder of the small intestine. There is reasonable evidence linking inflammation to the initiation and continuation of atrial fibrillation (AF) in inflammatory conditions. Atrial electro-mechanic delay (EMD) was suggested as an early marker of AF in previous studies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate atrial electromechanical properties measured by tissue Doppler imaging and simultaneous electrocardiography (ECG) tracing in patients with CD. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with coeliac disease (CD), and 26 healthy volunteers, matched for age and sex, were enrolled in the study. Atrial electromechanical properties were measured by using transthoracic echocardiography and surface ECG. Interatrial electro-mechanic delay (EMD), left intraatrial EMD, right intratrial EMD were calculated. RESULTS: There was no difference between CD patients and healthy volunteers in terms of basal characteristics. Patients with CD had significantly prolonged left and right intraatrial EMDs, and interatrial EMD compared to healthy controls (p= 0.03, p= 0.02, p<0.0001, respectively). Interatrial EMD was positively correlated with age, disease duration, anti-gliadin IgG, anti-endomysium and disease status. In multiple linear regression, interatrial EMD was independently associated with disease duration, anti-endomysium and disease status after adjusting for age and sex. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, atrial EMDs were found significantly higher in patients with CD compared with healthy individuals. Measurement of atrial EMD parameters might be used to predict the risk of development of AF in patients with CD.

Red cell distribution width predicts mortality in infective endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a recently recognized biomarker of adverse outcome in a number of acute and chronic conditions. AIM: To investigate the relationship between RDW and 1-year survival in patients with IE. METHODS: Clinical records from two tertiary centres were used to analyze data from patients with definite IE. Clinical, echocardiographic and biochemical variables were evaluated along with RDW. One-year survival status after index hospitalization was identified for each patient. RESULTS: One hundred consecutive patients (mean age 47.8±16.7 years; 61% men) with definite IE were enrolled. According to receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the optimal RDW cut-off value for predicting mortality was 15.3% (area under the curve 0.70; P=0.001). Forty-one patients (41%) died within 1 year; of these, 88% had RDW results>15.3%. Univariate Cox proportional-hazards analysis showed that RDW>15.3%, heart failure, renal failure, cardiac abscess, severe valvular regurgitation and presence of dehiscence were associated with increased mortality. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards analysis revealed that renal failure (hazard ratio [HR] 3.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-7.59; P=0.008), heart failure (HR 2.77, 95% CI 1.1-6.97; P=0.03) and RDW>15.3% (HR 3.07, 95% CI 1.06-8.86; P=0.03) were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE. CONCLUSION: According to our results, mortality is high in patients with IE. RDW is a promising biomarker for predicting 1-year survival rates in these patients.